118-447: Overly Attached Girlfriend (OAG) is a fictional character and an Internet meme originating in a YouTube video published on June 6, 2012. The character was created by Laina Morris (born June 22, 1991). The video was a submission to a contest held by Justin Bieber who challenged fans to create a "Girlfriend" counterpart to his hit song " Boyfriend ". The video, which satirized elements of
236-583: A social club in London . Smiths' song, " To Anacreon in Heaven " (or "The Anacreontic Song"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. This setting, renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner", soon became a popular patriotic song. With a range of 19 semitones, it is known for being very difficult to sing, in part because the melody sung today is the soprano part. Although the poem has four stanzas , only
354-541: A composition contest to nominate a national anthem. They selected the text of America The Beautiful ; 901 compositions were submitted for the $ 1,500 prize (equivalent to $ 26,310 in 2023). Frank Damrosch , Frederick Converse , Felix Borowski , and Peter Lutkin judged the compositions but nominated no winner. On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not! , saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem". In 1930, Veterans of Foreign Wars started
472-584: A footprint in the media through which they propagate (for example, social networks) that renders them traceable and analyzable. However, before internet memes were considered truly academic, they were initially a colloquial reference to humorous visual communication online in the mid-late 1990s among internet denizens; examples of these early internet memes include the Dancing Baby and Hampster Dance . Memes of this time were primarily spread via messageboards , Usenet groups, and email , and generally lasted for
590-411: A form of lived religion . Aguilar et al. of Texas A&M University identified six common genres of religious memes: non-religious image macros with religious themes, image macros featuring religious figures, memes reacting to religion-related news, memes deifying non-religious figures such as celebrities , spoofs of religious images, and video-based memes. Social media platforms can increase
708-516: A gentler, more playful side. This has involved a new "attachment" to her Kia Soul , comedy skits on "LifeAccordingToJimmy", reporting from the red carpet at the American Music Awards , videos starring her dogs Luna and Gilly, and "Dare to Share" for charity . She did revisit the character but with a twist, playing an "Overly Attached Computer" on November 12, 2012, in a commercial published by Samsung displaying its 840 SSD . The reaction
826-468: A host of improvisations. It was one of Franklin's last public appearances before her 2018 death. Black Eyed Peas singer Fergie gave a controversial performance of the anthem in 2018. Critics likened her rendition to a jazzy "sexed-up" version of the anthem, which was considered highly inappropriate, with her performance compared to that of Marilyn Monroe 's 1962 performance of " Happy Birthday, Mr. President ". Fergie later apologized for her performance of
944-522: A longer time than modern memes. As the Internet protocols evolved, so did memes. Lolcats originated from imageboard website 4chan , becoming the prototype of the " image macro " format (an image overlaid by large text). Other early forms of image-based memes included demotivators (parodized motivational posters), photoshopped images, comics (such as rage comics ), and anime fan art , sometimes made by doujin circles in various countries. After
1062-619: A meme, which involved mutation by random change and spreading through accurate replication as in Darwinian selection. Dawkins explained that Internet memes are thus a "hijacking of the original idea", evolving the very concept of a meme in this new direction. Nevertheless, by 2013, Limor Shifman solidified the relationship of memes to internet culture and reworked Dawkins' concept for online contexts. Such an association has been shown to be empirically valuable as internet memes carry an additional property that Dawkins' "memes" do not: internet memes leave
1180-413: A modern form of the political cartoon , offering a way to democratize political commentary. Among the earliest political memes were those arising from the viral Dean scream , an excerpt from a speech delivered by Vermont governor Howard Dean . Over time, Internet memes have become an increasingly important element in political campaigns, as online communities contribute to broader discourse through
1298-437: A new meaning by merging political and cultural references from distinct contexts. Internet memes can also function as in-jokes within specific online communities, where they convey insider knowledge that may be incomprehensible to outsiders. This fosters a sense of collective identity within the group. Conversely, some memes achieve widespread cultural relevance, being understood and appreciated by broader audiences outside of
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#17328772973091416-517: A new meme from scratch. Fashion house Gucci employed the former strategy, launching a series of Instagram ads that reimagined popular memes featuring its watch collection. The image macro "The Most Interesting Man in the World" is an example of the latter, a meme generated from an advertising campaign for the Dos Equis beer brand. Products may also gain popularity through internet memes without intention by
1534-529: A petition for the United States to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem. Five million people signed the petition. The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31, 1930. On the same day, Elsie Jorss-Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for
1652-639: A physician who resided in Upper Marlboro, Maryland , was arrested by British forces in his home after the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria . A friend of Key's, Beanes was accused of aiding the detention of several British Army stragglers who were ransacking local homesteads in search of food. On September 2, 1814, Key wrote a letter from his home in Georgetown to his mother, ending with: I am going in
1770-428: A significant aspect of Internet culture and are the subject of academic research. They appear across a broad spectrum of contexts, including marketing, economics, finance, politics, social movements, religion, and healthcare. While memes are often viewed as falling under fair use protection, their incorporation of material from pre-existing works can sometimes result in copyright disputes. Internet memes derive from
1888-445: A social media-based approach to marketing that was initially met with success (resulting in an almost 50% profit growth that year), but received criticism after sharing a controversial Pepe meme that was negatively perceived by consumers. Meme stocks are a phenomenon where stock values for a company rise significantly in a short period due to a surge in interest online and subsequent buying by investors. Video game retailer GameStop
2006-458: A typical person to sing. The committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote. The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year. The Senate passed the bill on March 3, 1931. President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4, 1931, officially adopting "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States of America. As currently codified,
2124-421: A video featuring a montage of clips from her past uploads, reactions by viewers, and television appearances, to celebrate the first anniversary of the original OAG video. On June 13, 2013, she uploaded her first political video, a parody of the U.S. national anthem in which she is dressed as Uncle Sam and sings about watching you through Skype , Facebook , and Google because she "cares" but does not mention
2242-474: Is Pepe the Frog, which has been used as a symbol for the alt-right political movement, as well as for pro-democracy ideologies in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. Internet memes can be powerful tools in social movements, constructing collective identity and providing platform for discourse. During the 2010 It Gets Better Project for LGBTQ+ empowerment, memes were used to uplift LGBTQ+ youth while negotiating
2360-518: Is a cultural item (such as an idea, behavior, or style) that spreads across the Internet , primarily through social media platforms like YouTube , Twitter , and Reddit . Internet memes manifest in a variety of formats, including images , videos , GIFs , and other viral content . Key characteristics of memes include their tendency to be parodied , their use of intertextuality , their viral dissemination, and their continual evolution. The term " meme "
2478-409: Is disputed whether the use of memes constitutes copyright infringement. Fair use is a defence under U.S. copyright law which protects work made using other copyrighted works. Section 107 of the 1976 Copyright Act outlines four factors for analysis of fair use: The first factor implies the secondary use of a copyrighted work should be "transformative" (that is, giving novel meaning or expression to
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#17328772973092596-556: Is recognised as the first meme stock. r/WallStreetBets , a subreddit where participants discuss stock trading , and Robinhood Markets , a financial services company, became notable in 2021 for their involvement in the popularisation of meme stocks. "YOLO investors" are a phenomenon that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic , who are less risk averse in their investments compared to their traditional counterparts. Additionally, memes have developed an association with cryptocurrency with
2714-532: Is reinterpreted to suit the specific needs and desires of those communities, often diverging from the creator’s original intent. Modifications to memes can lead them to transcend social and cultural boundaries. Memes spread virally, in a manner similar to the SIR (Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered) model used to describe the transmission of diseases. Once a meme has reached a critical number of individuals, its continued spread becomes inevitable. Research by Coscia examined
2832-624: Is the "E" meme, a picture of YouTuber Markiplier photoshopped onto Lord Farquaad from the film Shrek , in turn photoshopped into a scene from businessman Mark Zuckerberg 's hearing in Congress and captioned with a lone 'E'. Elizabeth Bruenig of the Washington Post described this as a "digital update to the surreal and absurd genres of art and literature that characterized the tumultuous early 20th century". Many modern memes make use of humorously absurd and even surrealist themes. Examples of
2950-405: Is the source of memes such as the "Renegade" dance. In 2022, the term brain rot became used to reflect a shift in how memes, particularly TikTok videos, were being interacted with. The term describes content lacking in quality and meaning, often associated with slang and trends popular among Generation Alpha , such as " skibidi ", " rizz ", " gyatt ", and " fanum tax ". The name comes from
3068-460: The 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in the Vietnam War -era U.S. was generally negative. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" heard in the years since. One week after Feliciano's performance,
3186-607: The American Colonization Society 's practice of buying slaves and setting them free in what is now Liberia . Key's poem, according to Clague, "in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery ." However, Clague's interpretation of the song has been criticised for going against mainstream academic historical consensus, as the majority of recent scholars who have written about slavery during the War of 1812, such as Gene A. Smith , Marc Leepson and David Roediger have alleged that Key
3304-595: The British Empire is defeated. This interpretation is consistent with what Celticist Michael Newton has written about how, during the American Revolution , "slavery" and "oppression" were routinely used as Patriot code words for continued "British rule" over the United States . Also according to Clague, Francis Scott Key freed four of the seven slaves he inherited and was involved in his later years with
3422-499: The British military during the war, as Britain offered them freedom and the opportunity to join the Corps of Colonial Marines to fight against U.S. forces. Key was also a slaveholder throughout much of his life, and "white freedom and white lives were what mattered" to Key. According to The Nation , Key's "message to the blacks fighting for freedom was unmistakable—we will hunt you down and
3540-749: The Canadian and U.S. national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the "away" anthem being performed first). It is also usual for both U.S. and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors respectively, the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on
3658-629: The MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League , which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based. Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks . On September 12, 2001, Elizabeth II ,
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3776-622: The National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program. Aboard the ship that morning, Key began writing his lyrics on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. Late afternoon on September 16, Key, Skinner and Beanes were released from the fleet and they arrived in Baltimore that evening. He completed
3894-754: The Patapsco River and then south, down the Chesapeake Bay . As recorded in the British ships' logs, on September 6, they had rendezvoused with HMS Royal Oak and several British troopships near the mouth of the Patuxant . There they learned Beanes was aboard HMS Tonnant further down in the Bay. Rear Admiral Pulteney Malcolm assigned the frigate Hebrus to escort the American sloop to Tangier Island, where he thought Tonnant
4012-457: The SABR publication The Fenway Project . "The Star-Spangled Banner" has been performed regularly at the beginning of NFL games since the end of WWII by order of NFL commissioner Elmer Layden . The song has also been intermittently performed at baseball games since after WWI . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both
4130-635: The United States Code states that "[t]he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem." Although all four stanzas of the poem officially compose the National Anthem, only the first stanza is generally sung, the other three being much less well known. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of U.S. officialdom. " Hail, Columbia " served this purpose at official functions for most of
4248-448: The "rockets' red glare", while the heavy-mortar bomb ships HMS Terror , Volcano , Devastation , Meteor and Aetna provided the "bombs bursting in air". Around 1,500 to 1,800 bomb shells and over 700 rockets were fired at the fort but with minimal casualties and damage being done. Four men died and 24 were wounded in the fort. The ships were forced to fire from their maximum range (with minimal accuracy) to stay out of range of
4366-431: The 19th century, and bands played it during public events such as Independence Day celebrations. A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making "The Star Spangled Banner" the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892. Colonel Caleb Carlton, post commander, established the tradition that the song be played "at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts." Carlton explained
4484-567: The 19th century. " My Country, 'Tis of Thee ", whose melody is identical to " God Save the King ", the United Kingdom's national anthem, also served as a de facto national anthem. Following the War of 1812 and subsequent U.S. wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them " America the Beautiful ", which itself was being considered before 1931 as a candidate to become
4602-514: The Bieber song that have been perceived as clingy, featured Morris staring at the camera with a fixed smile while singing about Facebook -stalking her boyfriend and other themes. In 2019, Morris announced her departure from YouTube and posted a video on July 24, 2019, detailing that she is no longer going to make videos and is quitting YouTube altogether. She talked about the depression and anxiety that she experienced off camera. Prior to this announcement, she had only posted one video to YouTube in
4720-720: The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave. O! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand, Between their lov'd home and the war's desolation, Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land, Praise the Power that hath made and preserv'd us a nation! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto—"In God is our Trust;" And the star-spangled Banner in triumph shall wave, O'er
4838-498: The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave. Alternative lyrics In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads: "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight". Fifth stanza In 1861, poet Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. penned an unofficial fifth verse during the beginning of the American Civil War , looking hopefully at the emancipation of slaves . When our land
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4956-486: The National Anthem at a football game, and her emotional, groundbreaking performance (one of the most critically acclaimed renditions of all time) led the Fox network to the highest ratings of any program in the company's history and remains so today. In 2016, Aretha Franklin performed a rendition before the nationally-televised Minnesota Vikings-Detroit Lions Thanksgiving Day game lasting more than four minutes and featuring
5074-614: The Queen of the United Kingdom , broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain's ally. The following day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence. The Star Spangled Banner
5192-414: The United States. A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10–16 in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Barack Obama on Defenders Day , September 12, 2014, at Fort McHenry. In addition, the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including
5310-627: The ability of a meme to spread, is promoted by factors such as humor (such as the comically translated video game line " All your base are belong to us "), intertextuality (as in the various pop culture-referencing renditions of the " Star Wars Kid " viral video), and juxtaposition of seemingly incongruous elements (exemplified in the Bert is Evil meme). Finally, longevity is essential for a meme’s continued circulation and evolution over time. Internet memes can either remain consistent or evolve over time. This evolution may involve changes in meaning while retaining
5428-461: The adaptation and transformation of a meme through imitation or parody, either by reproducing the meme in a new context ("mimicry") or by remixing the original material ("remix"). In mimicry, the meme is recreated in a different setting, as seen when different individuals replicate the viral video " Charlie Bit My Finger ." Remix, on the other hand, involves technological manipulation, such as altering an image with Photoshop , while retaining elements of
5546-427: The anthem was in the news again when U.S. athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a medal ceremony . Rock guitarist Jimi Hendrix often included a solo instrumental performance at concerts from 1968 to his death in 1970. Using high gain and distortion amplification effects and the vibrato arm on his guitar, Hendrix
5664-440: The application Vine , a format of memes emerged in the form of short videos and scripted sketches. An example is the "What's Nine Plus Ten?" meme, a Vine video depicting a child humorously providing an incorrect answer to a math problem. After the shutdown of Vine in 2017, the de facto replacement became Chinese social network TikTok , which similarly utilises the short video format. The platform has become immensely popular, and
5782-402: The blog Get Digital for publishing the "Socially Awkward Penguin" meme without permission. Under United States copyright law, copyright protection subsists in "original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression, now known or later developed, from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device". It
5900-679: The bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large U.S. flag , with 15 stars and 15 stripes, known as the Star-Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort after the battle. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society ,
6018-552: The community's collective identity. In 2014, the viral Ice Bucket Challenge raised money and awareness for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Motor Neurone Disease (ALS/MND). Furthermore, internet memes proved an important medium in the discourse surrounding the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement. Internet memes have also been used in the context of religion . They create a participatory culture that enable individuals to collectively make meaning of religious beliefs, reflecting
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#17328772973096136-501: The copyright holders) have made money through sale of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in auctions . Ben Lashes, a manager of numerous memes, stated their sales as NFTs made over US$ 2 million and established memes as serious forms of art. One example is Disaster Girl , based on a photo of Zoe Roth at age 4 taken in Mebane, North Carolina , in January 2005. After this photo became famous and
6254-434: The courage of the American soldiers, both black and white, who helped defend the fortress and the city. The controversial phrase, "the hireling and the slave", according to Clague, actually refers to British armed forces personnel and their American collaborators regardless of race, who are promised either death on the battlefield or, similarly to United Empire Loyalists after the American Revolution , permanent exile once
6372-421: The current NSA leaking controversy specifically. On May 20, 2015, Delta Air Lines posted a safety video that included OAG and other Internet memes. On July 25, 2019, Morris uploaded a video announcing her retirement from YouTube. Morris has cited multiple reasons for the announcement, including depression, stress and mental health. On June 6, 2022, Morris uploaded a video celebrating the 10th anniversary of
6490-527: The custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who "promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia." Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion, Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont issued an order that it "be played at every Army post every evening at retreat." In 1889, the U.S. Navy officially adopted "The Star-Spangled Banner". In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military and other appropriate occasions. The playing of
6608-503: The dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming? And the Rockets' red glare, the Bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our Flag was still there; O! say does that star-spangled Banner yet wave, O'er the Land of
6726-428: The development of meme currencies such as Dogecoin , Shiba Inu Coin, and Pepe Coin. Meme cryptocurrencies have suggested comparisons between meme value and monetary markets. Internet memes are a medium for fast communication to large online audiences, which has led to their use by those seeking to express a political opinion or actively campaign for (or against) a political entity. In some ways, they can be seen as
6844-463: The earliest examples of internet memes, specifically the smiley emoticon ":-)", introduced by Scott Fahlman in 1982. The concept of memes in an online context was formally proposed by Mike Godwin in the June 1993 issue of Wired . In 2013, Dawkins characterized an Internet meme as being a meme deliberately altered by human creativity—distinguished from biological genes and his own pre-Internet concept of
6962-513: The factors contributing to a meme’s propagation and longevity, concluding that while memes compete for attention—often resulting in shorter lifespans—they can also collaborate, enhancing their chances of survival. A meme that experiences an exceptionally high peak in popularity is unlikely to endure unless it is uniquely distinct. Conversely, a meme without such a peak, but that coexists with others, tends to have greater longevity. In 2013, Dominic Basulto, writing for The Washington Post , argued that
7080-492: The first day. Arising from the success of the video, 'OAG' became an Internet meme that features the image macro of the young woman featured in the video, smiling and staring maniacally at the camera that has been captioned in a way that portrays her to be a stalker, jealous, or committed to her love interest to an unhealthy degree. The image still came from the video and was made into an image macro which also became very popular and spread across many social media websites and
7198-518: The first is commonly sung today. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was first recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889. On March 3, 1931, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution (46 Stat. 1508 ) making the song the official national anthem of the United States, which President Herbert Hoover signed into law. The resolution is now codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301(a) . On August 28, 1814, William Beanes,
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#17328772973097316-411: The former include "they did surgery on a grape", a video depicting a Da Vinci Surgical System performing test surgery on a grape, and the "moth meme", a close-up picture of a moth with captions humorously conveying the insect's love of lamps . Surreal memes incorporate layers of irony to make them unique and nonsensical, often as a means of escapism from mainstream meme culture. After the success of
7434-421: The fort's formidable cannon fire. Key was inspired by the U.S. victory and the sight of the large U.S. flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag (as well as the storm flag), with 15 stars and 15 stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner , and is today on display in
7552-405: The fort's smaller "storm flag" (17 by 25 feet (5.2 by 7.6 m)) continued to fly, but once the bomb and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. On the morning of September 14, the storm flag had been lowered and the large garrison flag (30 by 42 feet (9.1 by 12.8 m)) had been raised. During the bombardment, HMS Erebus provided
7670-436: The free and the home of the brave? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines on the stream, 'Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it wave O'er
7788-495: The increasing influence of memes; as part of the 2020 US presidential campaign , Michael Bloomberg sponsored a number of Instagram accounts (with over 60 million followers collectively) to post memes related to the Bloomberg campaign. The campaign was faulted for treating memes as a commodity that can be bought. Beyond their use in elections, Internet memes can become symbols for various political ideologies. A salient example
7906-427: The land of the free and the home of the brave. And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country should leave us no more? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave, From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave, And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave, O'er
8024-427: The medium to disseminate information on the virus and its vaccine . Since many memes are derived from pre-existing works, it has been contended that memes violate the copyright of the original authors. However, some view memes as falling under the ambit of fair use in the United States. This dilemma has caused conflict between meme producers and copyright owners: for example, Getty Images ' demand for payment from
8142-437: The meme while thanking her fans for support. She appears both in and out of character in the clip. The user behind the meme is Laina Morris from Denton, Texas , and has been named by Mashable as one of "15 People Made Famous by the Internet in 2012". She identifies herself in videos only as Laina with many articles leaving out her last name on her request. Morris has tried to add to the "Overly Attached" image by showcasing
8260-491: The meme’s structure, or vice versa, with such transformations occurring either by chance or through deliberate efforts like parody. A study by Miltner examined the lolcats meme, tracing its development from an in-joke within computer and gaming communities on the website 4chan to a broader source of humor and emotional support. As the meme entered mainstream culture, it lost favor with its original creators. Miltner explained that as content moves through different communities, it
8378-479: The morning of September 4. He located Col. John Stuart Skinner, an American agent for prisoners of war, who leased a 60-foot (18.3 m) sloop-rigged packet ship belonging to John and Benjamin Ferguson, brothers who owned a cargo and passenger service between Baltimore and Norfolk. The ship had a nine-man crew and was captained by a co-owner, John Ferguson. They sailed from Baltimore the next day (September 5) out through
8496-658: The morning to Baltimore to proceed in a flag-vessel to Genl Ross. Old Dr Beanes of Marlbro' is taken prisoner by the Enemy, who threaten to carry him off – Some of his friends have urged me to apply for a flag & go & try to procure his release. I hope to return in about 8 or 10 days, though [it] is uncertain, as I do not know where to find the fleet. – As soon as I get back I hope I shall be able to set out for Fred[ericksburg] – ... Under sanction from President Madison , on September 3, Key traveled 40 miles (64 km) by land from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore , where he arrived on
8614-407: The motto. The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a twelfth . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus : In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it
8732-559: The national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . Between 1918 and 1929, John Charles Linthicum , the U.S. congressman from Maryland at the time, introduced a series of six unsuccessful bills to officially recognize "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem. In 1927, with the thought that "The Star-Spangled Banner" was unsuited for a national anthem, the National Federation of Music Clubs sponsored
8850-469: The national anthem of the United States. In the fourth verse, Key's 1814 published version of the poem is written as, "And this be our motto-"In God is our trust!"" In 1956 when ' In God We Trust ' was under consideration to be adopted as the national motto of the United States by the US Congress, the words of the fourth verse of The Star Spangled Banner were brought up in arguments supporting adoption of
8968-482: The only times the national anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ). Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward, she mocked ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some, including
9086-797: The original concept of " memes " as units of cultural transmission, passed from person to person. In the digital realm, this transmission occurs primarily through online platforms, such as social media . Although related, internet memes differ from traditional memes in that they often represent fleeting trends, whereas the success of traditional memes is measured by their endurance over time. Additionally, internet memes tend to be less abstract in nature compared to their traditional counterparts. They are highly versatile in form and purpose, serving as tools for light entertainment, self-expression, social commentary, and even political discourse. Two fundamental characteristics of internet memes are creative reproduction and intertextuality . Creative reproduction refers to
9204-488: The original meme. Intertextuality in memes involves the blending of different cultural references or contexts. An example of this is the combination of U.S. politician Mitt Romney ’s phrase “ binders full of women ” from the 2012 U.S. presidential debate with a scene from the Korean pop song “ Gangnam Style .” In this case, the phrase "my binders full of women exploded" is superimposed on a frame from Psy ’s music video, creating
9322-435: The original work); many memes fulfil this criterion, placing pieces of media in a new context to serve a different purpose to that of the original author. The second factor favours copied works drawing from factual sources, which may be problematic for memes derived from fictional works (such as films). Many of these memes, however, only use small portions of such works (such as still images), favouring an argument of fair use per
9440-478: The originating subculture. A study by Michele Knobel and Colin Lankshear examined how Richard Dawkins' three characteristics of successful traditional memes—fidelity, fecundity, and longevity—apply to internet memes. It was found that fidelity in the context of internet memes is better described as replicability, as memes are frequently modified through remixing while still maintaining their core message. Fecundity, or
9558-431: The perceived negative psychological and cognitive effects caused by exposure to such content. The practice of using memes to market products or services has been termed "memetic marketing". Internet memes allow brands to circumvent the conception of advertisements as irksome, making them less overt and more tailored to the likes of their target audience. Marketing personnel may choose to utilise an existing meme, or create
9676-432: The phrase reaching mainstream prominence around 2014 and referring to deliberately zany or odd memes with features such as oversaturated colours, compression artifacts , crude humour, and overly loud sounds (termed "ear rape"). The term "dank", which refers to cold, damp places, has been adapted as a way to describe memes as "new" or "cool". The term may also be used to describe memes that have become overused and stale to
9794-634: The plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were prevented from going ashore until after the battle, several days later. From Tonnant , Key, Skinner, and Beanes were transferred to the frigate HMS Surprise on the morning of September 8. The fleet then slowly moved up the Chesapeake toward Baltimore. The truce vessel was in tow with Surprise . On September 11, off the North Point peninsula, Colonel Skinner insisted that they be transferred back to their own truce vessel, which they were allowed to do, under guard. It
9912-529: The poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying, His finished manuscript was untitled and unsigned. When printed as a broadside, the next day, it was given the title "Defence of Fort M'Henry". It was first published nationally in The Analectic Magazine . Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to
10030-527: The point of paradoxically becoming humorous again. The phenomenon of dank memes sprouted a subculture called the "meme market", satirising Wall Street and applying the associated jargon (such as "stocks") to internet memes. Originally started on Reddit as /r/MemeEconomy, users jokingly "buy" or "sell" shares in a meme reflecting opinion on its potential popularity. "Deep-fried" memes refer to those that have been distorted and run through several filters and/or layers of lossy compression . An example of these
10148-555: The popular melody " The Anacreontic Song ", by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive. On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed
10266-539: The presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler. The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues -style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of
10384-514: The previous two years. In April 2021, an image of the Overly Attached Girlfriend was sold as an NFT for $ 411,000. As of December 2021, her YouTube channel has more than 1.25 million subscribers and more than 161 million views. Her username is still "wzr0713" officially, but her display name now identifies her as "Laina". Her video was noticed by the social news website reddit and quickly became popular, gaining more than 170,000 views
10502-416: The producer themselves; for instance, the film Snakes on a Plane became a cult classic after creation of the website SnakesOnABlog.com by law student Brian Finkelstein. Use of memes by brands, while often advantageous, has been subject to criticism for seemingly forced, unoriginal, or unfunny usage of memes, which can negatively impact a brand's image. For example, the fast food company Wendy's began
10620-694: The raised fourth which became the standard deviation from "The Anacreontic Song". The song's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814. By the early 20th century, there were various versions of
10738-472: The release of YouTube in 2005, video-based memes such as Rickrolling and viral videos such as " Gangnam Style " and the Harlem shake emerged. The appearance of social media websites such as Twitter , Facebook , and Instagram provided additional mediums for the spread of memes, and the creation of meme-generating websites made their production more accessible. "Dank memes" are a more recent phenomenon,
10856-407: The search will leave you in terror because, when we find you, your next stop is the gloom of the grave". The reference to slaves, which was perceived as being racist towards Black Americans , purportedly prevented the song being adopted as the U.S. national anthem for almost a century. Conversely, University of Michigan professor Mark Clague and Key's biographer has claimed that the poem celebrates
10974-524: The sitting U.S. president, George H. W. Bush . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics. At Super Bowl XLVIII 's pre-game ceremonies in 2014, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform
11092-452: The song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that
11210-472: The song prior to Super Bowl XLV , replacing the song's fourth line, "o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming", with an alteration of the second line, "what so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming". Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to
11328-639: The song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game, though evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at Opening Day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. The tradition of performing
11446-525: The song, stating that ''I'm a risk taker artistically, but clearly this rendition didn't strike the intended tone". In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem. "The Star-Spangled Banner" has four verses, although the second through fourth verses are not commonly performed. O! say can you see by
11564-459: The song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song quickly became popular; it was ultimately printed in 17 newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star Spangled Banner", although it was originally called "Defence of Fort M'Henry". Thomas Carr's arrangement introduced
11682-475: The speed of dissemination of evidence-based health practices. A study by Reynolds and Boyd found the majority of participants (who were healthcare staff) felt that memes could be an appropriate means of improving healthcare worker's knowledge of and compliance with infection prevention practices. Internet memes were also used in Nigeria to raise awareness of the COVID-19 pandemic , with healthcare professionals using
11800-410: The third factor. With regards to the fourth factor, most memes are non-commercial in nature and thus would not have adverse effects on the potential market for the copyright work. Given these factors, and the overall reliance of memes on appropriation of other sources, it has been argued that they deserve protection from copyright infringement suits. Some individuals who are subjects of memes (and thus
11918-616: The tune of " The Anacreontic Song ". The song, known as "When the Warrior Returns", was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Since the 1990s, the anthem has become controversial due to perceived racism in the anthem's lyrics and Key's involvement in slavery . The anthem's third stanza uses the phrase "the hireling and slave", which had been interpreted by several commentators to refer to American slaves who escaped to
12036-694: The use of memes. For example, Ted Cruz 's 2016 Republican presidential bid was damaged by Internet memes that jokingly speculated he was the Zodiac Killer . Research has shown the use of memes during elections has a role to play in informing the public on political themes. A study explored this in relation to the 2017 UK general election , and concluded that memes acted as a widely shared conduit for basic political information to audiences who would usually not seek it out. They also found that memes may play some role in increasing voter turnout . Some political campaigns have begun to explicitly taken advantage of
12154-741: The views rose to 77,400,000, with the initial JB fan video holding 15,600,000 of those views and her follow-up CRJ fan video holding 18,600,000 views. On June 18, 2012, another video, in which the Overly Attached Girlfriend sang a parody of Carly Rae Jepsen song " Call Me Maybe ", also became very popular. Morris has also made videos of Drake 's " The Motto ", a lip-synced medley of the "stalker songs" " Every Breath You Take " by The Police , " As Long as You Love Me " by Backstreet Boys , " Girlfriend " by Avril Lavigne , " Your Love Is My Drug " by Ke$ ha , " Just Got Started Lovin' You " by James Otto , and " You Belong with Me " by Taylor Swift . A parody of Taylor Swift's " We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together "
12272-465: The widespread use of memes, particularly by the marketing and advertising industries, has led to a decline in their original cultural value. Once considered valuable cultural artifacts meant to endure, memes now often convey trivial rather than meaningful ideas. The word meme was coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene as an attempt to explain how aspects of culture replicate, mutate, and evolve ( memetics ). Emoticons are among
12390-450: Was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key [ sic ] wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror. Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced . Pop singer Christina Aguilera performed wrong lyrics to
12508-522: Was able to simulate the sounds of rockets and bombs at the points when the lyrics are normally heard. One such performance at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 was a highlight of the event's 1970 documentary film , becoming "part of the sixties Zeitgeist ". When asked about negative reactions to his "unorthodox" treatment of the anthem, Hendrix, who served briefly in the U.S. Army, responded "I'm American so I played it ... Unorthodox? I thought it
12626-507: Was beautiful, but there you go." The Woodstock version by Jimi Hendrix was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2009. Marvin Gaye gave a soul -influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano ,
12744-647: Was in a relationship at that time. On March 11, 2013, Morris appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . In May 2013, Morris won a staring contest with Jessica Alba at the Singapore Social Awards, presented by Starcount. In December 2013, she was a guest on The Nerdist podcast with Chris Hardwick . She appeared with the Epic Meal Time team in the 2013 YouTube Rewind. She appeared on TableTop playing Cards Against Humanity . Internet meme An Internet meme , or meme (/miːm/, "MEEM"),
12862-633: Was located. On September 7, around noon, they spotted Tonnant near the mouth of the Potomac . The flagship then anchored and brought Key and Skinner aboard. It was aboard Tonnant , after dinner, that Skinner and Key secured the release of Beanes after conversing with Major-General Robert Ross and Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane . Ross initially refused to release Beanes, but relented after reading letters, brought by Key, written by wounded British prisoners of war praising American doctors for their kind treatment. Because Key and Skinner had overheard details of
12980-446: Was mixed with some labeling her a sell-out and others applauding the move to creating a career from her "meme". On September 25, 2013, Morris appeared with Good Girl Gina, Sheltered College Freshman, and Bad Luck Brian in a "Meme Hunters" commercial for RealPlayer Cloud. Despite the "Overly Attached Girlfriend" being portrayed as a crazed hopeless romantic, Morris confirmed on a viewer fan mail episode on January 22, 2015, that she
13098-615: Was originally introduced by Richard Dawkins in 1972 to describe the concept of cultural transmission. The term "Internet meme" was coined by Mike Godwin in 1993 in reference to the way memes proliferated through early online communities, including message boards, Usenet groups, and email. The emergence of social media platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook , and Instagram further diversified memes and accelerated their spread. Newer meme genres include "dank" and surrealist memes, as well as short-form videos popularized by platforms like Vine and TikTok . Memes are now recognized as
13216-418: Was played by the Coldstream Guards again at Windsor Castle on the 20th anniversary of the attacks. During the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , the anthem was sung by protesters demonstrating outside the U.S. consulate-general in an appeal to the U.S. government to help them with their cause. The 200th anniversary of the "Star-Spangled Banner" occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout
13334-399: Was referencing only American runaway slaves rather than late stage American Loyalists in the passage. In 2016, The New Yorker argued that "[is] The Star-Spangled Banner" racist? The short answer is yes, insofar as almost every older piece of American iconography cannot be rid of the stain of slavery." Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit
13452-628: Was remixed in various ways. During 2021, the still macro image was converted into an NFT and sold by Morris. Morris continued to produce further videos, approximately one a week. While some featured the OAG persona, many branched out from the OAG format, including charity fundraising and attempts to interview celebrities on the red carpet at the AMAs . Exactly a year after the initial JB fan video, Morris had over 595,000 subscribers and 76,500,000 views on YouTube. A week after, her subscriber count went up to 605,000 and
13570-478: Was still tethered to Surprise . Admiral Cochrane then transferred his flag to the shallow-draft Surprise so he could move in with the bombardment squadron. Having advanced into the Patapsco River, the 16-ship attack force began to fire on Fort McHenry at sunrise on September 13; the bombardment would last 25 hours. During the rainy day and through the night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that
13688-509: Was uploaded on December 17, 2012. A parody of " What Makes You Beautiful " by One Direction uploaded on January 14, 2013, was done not as OAG. " Snapchat ," a parody of " Blurred Lines ," was uploaded on July 4, 2013. Morris has also been featured in videos by Shane Dawson , Tyler Oakley and TheBrothersReidell among others, and has been featured in a Teens React by TheFineBros . She continued to bring out new videos every Thursday, often using her signature "smile". On June 6, 2013, she uploaded
13806-484: Was used hundreds of times without permission, Roth decided to sell the original copy as an NFT for US$ 539,973 (equivalent to $ 607,146 in 2023 ), with agreement for a further 10 percent share of any future sales. The Star-Spangled Banner " The Star-Spangled Banner " is the national anthem of the United States . The lyrics come from the " Defence of Fort M'Henry ", a poem written by American lawyer Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814, after he witnessed
13924-533: Was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917, in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure. The song gained popularity throughout
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