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74-519: The Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg ( German pronunciation ) (Short: OVGU ) is a public research university founded in 1993 and is located in Magdeburg , the Capital city of Saxony-Anhalt . The university has about 13,000 students in nine faculties . The university is named after the physicist and former mayor of Magdeburg Otto von Guericke . The main research areas of the university are in

148-538: A Free Imperial City within the territory of Bavaria . On 25 April 1606, the Lutheran majority of the town barred the Catholic residents of the town from holding an annual procession on St. Mark's Day, to show the rule of their confession over the town. The Catholics, led by five monks, wanted to pass through the town and on to the nearby village of Ausesheim, showing their flags and singing hymns. They were permitted to do so by

222-684: A bid to make himself the primary leader of Northern Europe. The league's army fought and defeated the Danish on 26–27 August 1626 at the Battle of Lutter , destroying more than half the fleeing Danish army. Because this and other victories by Wallenstein, Denmark was forced to sue for peace at the Treaty of Lübeck . Supported by the Catholic princes and their victorious League army, the emperor now moved to denounce Protestantism as illegal in many territories of Northern Germany. In March 1629, emperor Ferdinand II passed

296-489: A convent here about 937 and was later buried in the cathedral. He granted the abbey the right to income from various tithes and to corvée labour from the surrounding countryside. The Archbishopric of Magdeburg was founded in 968 at the synod of Ravenna ; Adalbert of Magdeburg was consecrated as its first archbishop. The archbishopric under Adalbert included the bishoprics of Havelberg , Brandenburg , Merseburg , Meissen and Naumburg-Zeitz . The archbishops played

370-541: A height of 104 m (341.21 ft), making it the tallest church building of eastern Germany. It is notable for its beautiful and unique sculptures, especially the "Twelve Virgins" at the Northern Gate, the depictions of Otto I the Great and his wife Editha as well as the statues of St Maurice and St Catherine . The predecessor of the cathedral was a church built in 937 within an abbey, called St. Maurice. Emperor Otto I

444-572: A prominent role in the German colonisation of the Slavic lands east of the Elbe river. In 1035 Magdeburg received a patent giving the city the right to hold trade exhibitions and conventions. This formed the basis of German town law to become known as the Magdeburg rights . These laws were adopted and modified throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Visitors from many countries began to trade with Magdeburg. The town

518-419: A separate league for nine years. Already having been crowned King of Bohemia in 1617, Ferdinand II and his Catholic governors were deposed by rebelling Protestant Czech nobles in the second defenestration of Prague in 1618. The Bohemian estates went on to elect Frederick V, Elector Palatine as their king, on 26 and 27 August 1619. After his election as German Emperor on August 28, Ferdinand conferred with

592-618: A state of emergency and said they expected the Elbe river to rise higher than in 2002. In Magdeburg, with water levels of five metres (16 ft) above normal, about 23,000 residents had to leave their homes on 9 June. Intel will build its largest plant in Europe in the south of the city by 2027. Magdeburg is one of the major towns along the Elbe Cycle Route (Elberadweg). Its area is 201.03 km (77.62 sq mi). The city of Magdeburg

666-527: A state that had officially chosen either Catholicism or Lutheranism could not practice the religion differing to that of the state. Although the Peace created a temporary end to hostilities, the underlying basis of the religious conflict remained unsolved. Both parties interpreted it at their convenience, the Lutherans in particular considering it only a momentary agreement. Further, Calvinism spread quickly throughout

740-542: A ten day siege . This could have meant the end of the war. With the exception of the still besieged fortress of Frankenthal , the Electoral Palatinate was occupied by League forces while Count Frederick was in Dutch exile. Alas, in 1623, Frederick had Christian of Brunswick , raise another army to continue the fight. However, Christian found little success and no allies on his short campaign. When Tilly approached with

814-593: Is twinned with: Catholic League (German) Notwithstanding the league's founding, as had the founding of the Protestant Union, it further exacerbated long standing tensions between the Protestant reformers and the adherents of the Catholic Church which thereafter began to get worse with ever more frequent episodes of civil disobedience , repression , and retaliation that would eventually ignite into

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888-416: Is a student organization which provides a mensa (canteen) and dormitories for students. There are more than 10 dormitories near or on the university's campus. A sample of alumni and lecturers of the university includes: Magdeburg Magdeburg ( German: [ˈmakdəbʊʁk] ; Low German: [ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐ̯x] ) is the capital of the German state Saxony-Anhalt . The city

962-412: Is divided into 40 Stadtteile (districts). Three of these, the former municipalities Beyendorf-Sohlen, Pechau and Randau-Calenberge, have a special status as Ortschaften . The Stadtteile of Magdeburg are: Magdeburg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ; Trewartha : Dobk ) according to Köppen climate classification . The weather is damp and chilly in winters, with 71.7 days per year in which

1036-506: Is more common in spring and summer than other times of the year, while hail exclusively occurs in spring and summer months. The Magdeburg weather station has recorded the following extreme values: As of 2021, Magdeburg has a population of about 237,000. Its population grew rapidly after the end of 19th century due to industrialization. In 1885, the population was 100,000, and doubled after only five years. Magdeburg reached its greatest population in 1940, at approximately 346,000. At that time

1110-526: Is situated at the Elbe river. Otto I , the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, was buried in the city's cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law , known as Magdeburg rights , spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. In the Late Middle Ages , Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of

1184-514: Is situated on Autobahn 2 and Autobahn 14 , and hence is at the connection point of Eastern Europe ( Berlin and beyond) with Western Europe , as well as the north and south of Germany. For the modern city, the most significant industries are: machine industry , healthcare industry , mechanical engineering , environmental technology , circular economy , logistics , culture industry , wood industry and information and communications technology . There are numerous cultural institutions in

1258-464: Is the network for international PhD students at OvGU. This association helps to create and enhance the contact between international PhD students in order to promote the social and academic integration of young scientists. MIPS offers support and advice in various areas, e.g. to learn about Magdeburg and the German language, to give information about scholarships and job opportunities. Studentenwerk Magdeburg

1332-582: The Volkssturm and Hitler Youth , and surviving prisoners were sent on death marches towards the Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. Magdeburg was heavily bombed by British and American air forces during the Second World War. The RAF bombing raid on the night of 16 January 1945 destroyed much of the city centre. The death toll is estimated at 2,000–2,500. Near the end of World War II ,

1406-676: The Battle of Wimpfen , scattering the enemy. The Battle of Höchst on June 20 proved to be the decisive victory for 1622. After that battle the Protestant forces still fighting for Frederick V of the Palatinate withdrew over the Rhine and allowed the Catholic League army freedom of action. Consequently, Tilly captured the city of Heidelberg , Frederick's main city, following an eleven-week siege on September 19. Mannheim followed on November 2, after

1480-472: The Electoral Palatinate to occupy, as well as the electoral seat of Frederick V. Moreover, Oñate exceeded his duties by guaranteeing Ferdinand Spanish support in dealing with the Bohemian rebels. Based on the terms of the treaty, Maximilian, leader of the Catholic League, made his Bavarian forces available to Emperor Ferdinand. Now the formation of a confederate army began. With 7,000 men, Bavaria supplied

1554-476: The German Democratic Republic . In 1990 Magdeburg became the capital of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt within reunified Germany. Huge parts of the city and its centre were also rebuilt in a modern style. Its economy is one of the fastest-growing in the former East German states. In 2005 Magdeburg celebrated its 1200th anniversary. The city was hit by 2013 European floods . Authorities declared

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1628-529: The Hanseatic League . One of the most notable people from the city was Otto von Guericke , famous for his experiments with the Magdeburg hemispheres . Magdeburg has experienced three major devastations in its history. In 1207 the first catastrophe struck the city, with a fire burning down large parts of the city, including the Ottonian cathedral . The Catholic League sacked Magdeburg in 1631, resulting in

1702-779: The Stadtfest , Christopher Street Day , Elbe in Flames , and the Europafest Magdeburg . The autumn fair (formerly men's fair) of Magdeburg goes back to Germany's oldest folk festival. The tradition dates back to September 1010, when the holy feast of the Theban Legion was celebrated in Magdeburg (then called Magathaburg). One of Magdeburg's most impressive buildings is the Lutheran Cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice with

1776-519: The Thirty Years' War , by Albrecht von Wallenstein , a Protestant convert to Catholicism. However, in 1631, imperial troops under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly , stormed the city and massacred the inhabitants , killing about 20,000 and burning the city. After the war, a population of only 4,000 remained. Under the Peace of Westphalia (1648), Magdeburg was to be assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia after

1850-553: The Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2024, the university is placed at 601–800 globally and 46–48 within the country. IKUS is an inter-cultural association for international students. It contributes to cultural synergies between the countries. Students actively participate in and celebrate cultural festivals frequently. A large number of foreign students organize the days for each country. MIPS (= Magdeburg International PhD Students)

1924-532: The neurosciences , biosystems technology, disease prevention , automotive research, digital engineering and renewable energies . One of the best-known alumni and professors is the Leibniz Prize winner Axel Ockenfels . The university was founded in 1993 and is therefore one of the youngest universities in Germany. The roots of the university lie in the three higher education institutions that previously existed in

1998-740: The resolutions of Ratisbon and even resigned the post as president, when Archduke Maximilian III of Austria, the Prince Elector of Mainz and the Prince Elector of Trier, protested the inclusion of the Bishop of Augsburg , and the Provost of Ellwangen in the Bavarian Directory . On 27 May 1617, with the Prince-Bishops of Bamberg, Eichstädt, Würzburg, and the Prince-Provost of Ellwangen, Bavaria formed

2072-534: The Edict of Restitution. It was specifically aimed at restoring the situation of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg in ecclesiastical territories that had strayed from "legal" Catholic faith and rule, in the decades since then. Bremen and Magdeburg were the biggest examples of territories to be restituted. Afraid that the Catholic League's army would be sent to enforce this new law, if challenged, their protestant authorities again looked abroad for allies to protect them. While

2146-555: The Fowler against the Magyars and Slavs . In 929 King Otto I granted the city to his English-born wife Edith as dower . Queen Edith loved the town and often resided there; at her death she was buried in the crypt of the Benedictine abbey of Saint Maurice , later rebuilt as the cathedral. In 937, Magdeburg was the seat of a royal assembly. Otto I repeatedly visited Magdeburg, establishing

2220-504: The Great was buried here beside his wife in 973. St. Maurice burnt to ashes in 1207. The exact location of that church remained unknown for a long time. The foundations were rediscovered in May 2003, revealing a building 80 m (262.47 ft) long and 41 m (134.51 ft) wide. The construction of the new church lasted 300 years. The cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice was the first Gothic church building in Germany. The building of

2294-641: The Holy Roman Empire, adding a third major Christian worldview to the region, but its position was not supported in any way by the Augsburg terms, since Catholicism and Lutheranism were the only permitted creeds. The best documented reason of the foundation of the Catholic League was an incident called the Kreuz- und Fahnengefecht  [ de ] ( lit.   ' Cross and Flag engagement ' ) in Donauwörth ,

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2368-727: The League army, the Protestants made for the Dutch border. Tilly cut them off five miles short of it in the Battle of Stadtlohn on August 6, destroying another Protestant army. This victory marked the end of the Bohemian-Palatinate phase of the war. Armed opposition against the Emperor and his anti-Protestant policies had ceased. This caused Denmark's king Christian IV to enter the Thirty Years' War in 1625 to protect Protestantism and also in

2442-545: The League was now declared "a Christian legal defense". The membership of the Habsburg monarchy made the League part of the struggles between the emperor and his Protestant vassals in Bohemia and Lower Austria , that would lead to the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. The first half of the war would see the emperor using the Catholic League forces as the most important part of his Imperial army . Duke Maximilian refused to accept

2516-524: The League. This was the real beginning of the Catholic League. The Pope , the Emperor and the King of Spain , who had been informed by Maximilian, were all favorably disposed towards the undertaking. The main problem of the League was the unreadiness of its members. In April 1610, the contributions of all its members were not yet paid; Maximilian threatened to resign. To prevent him from doing so, Spain, which had made

2590-575: The Munich agreement, provided that Maximilian accepted the Elector of Mainz, arch- chancellor of the Empire, as co-president. To create a structure, several general meetings of the members were arranged. On 10 February 1610, the representatives of all the important Catholic states, except for Austria and Salzburg — and a great number of the smaller ones — met at Würzburg to decide the organization, funding and arming of

2664-607: The Napoleonic Wars, Magdeburg was made the capital of the new Prussian Province of Saxony . In 1912, the old fortress was dismantled, and in 1908, the municipality Rothensee became part of Magdeburg. During World War I , Polish leader Józef Piłsudski and his close associate Kazimierz Sosnkowski were imprisoned in the city by Germany in 1917–1918. During the Weimar Republic the Magdeburger Tageszeitung

2738-585: The Protestant princes formed a military alliance on 14 May 1608, the Protestant Union , whose leader was Frederick IV of Wittelsbach, the Elector Palatine . To create a union of Catholic states as a counterpart to this Protestant Union, early in 1608 Maximilian started negotiations with other Catholic princes. On 5 July 1608, the spiritual electors manifested a tendency in favour of the confederacy suggested by Maximilian. Opinions were even expressed as to

2812-415: The Protestant states of the Empire. It effectively ended the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years' War. The Edict of Restitution of 1629, was effectively revoked, with the terms of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 being reestablished. One of the most important regulations was that formal alliances between states of the Empire were prohibited. The armies of the various states were to be unified with those of

2886-571: The Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus landed his army in Pomerania and tried to make alliances with the leaders of Northern Germany, the League's army laid siege to the city of Magdeburg for two months from 20 March 1631, as the city had promised to support Sweden. On May 20, 40,000 successfully attacked Magdeburg. A massacre of the populace ensued in which 25,000 of the 30,000 inhabitants of the city perished while fires destroyed much of

2960-577: The archbishop, becoming nearly independent from him by the end of the 15th century. Around Easter 1497, the then twelve-year-old Martin Luther attended school in Magdeburg, where he was exposed to the teachings of the Brethren of the Common Life . In 1524, he was called to Magdeburg, where he preached and caused the city's defection from Roman Catholicism . The Protestant Reformation had quickly found adherents in

3034-539: The city of Magdeburg: Technical University, University of Education and Medical Academy. Due to the three predecessor institutions, there are still three campuses today: "Universitätsplatz", "Universitätsklinikum" and "Zschokkestrasse". Since 2022, Otto von Guericke University has been part of the European university network "EU Green" along with eight other universities. This is intended to promote international cooperation in order to adequately meet future social challenges. In

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3108-588: The city of about 340,000 became capital of the Province of Magdeburg . Brabag 's Magdeburg/Rothensee plant that produced synthetic oil from lignite coal was a target of the Oil Campaign of World War II . The Gründerzeit suburbs north of the city, called the Nordfront, were destroyed as well as some of the city's main streets with its Baroque buildings. It was occupied by 9th US Army troops on 18 April 1945 and

3182-589: The city was poised to become a giant metropolis, but the events of WWII changed its future. After the war, in the East Germany era, Magdeburg recovered its industrial base to a degree, particularly the Machine industry , and became one of the important cities of East Germany. In 1991, when Magdeburg became the capital of the state of Saxony-Anhalt , its population was about 275,000. After the German Reunification ,

3256-647: The city, including the Theater Magdeburg and the Museum of Cultural History . The city is also the location of two universities , the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg and the Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences . Founded by Charlemagne in 805 as Magadoburg (probably from Old High German magado for big , mighty and burg for fortress ), the town was fortified in 919 by King Henry

3330-644: The city, where Luther had been a schoolboy. Emperor Charles V repeatedly outlawed the unruly town, which had joined the League of Torgau and the Schmalkaldic League . As it had not accepted the Augsburg Interim decree (1548), the city, by the emperor's commands, was besieged (1550–1551) by Maurice, Elector of Saxony , but it retained its independence. The rule of the archbishop was replaced by that of various administrators belonging to Protestant dynasties. In

3404-510: The city. In 1630, Ferdinand II dismissed his Generalissimus Wallenstein . Now, the Catholic League was in control of all the Catholic armed forces. At the First Battle of Breitenfeld , the Catholic League led by General Tilly was defeated by the Swedish forces. A year later (1632), they met again in the Battle of Rain , and this time General Tilly was killed. The upper hand had now switched from

3478-514: The death of 25,000 non-combatants, the largest loss of the Thirty Years' War . During World War II the Allies bombed the city in 1945 and destroyed much of the city centre. Today, around 46% of the city consists of buildings from before 1950. After World War II, the city belonged to the German Democratic Republic from 1949 to 1990. Since then, many new construction projects have been implemented and old buildings have been restored. Magdeburg celebrated its 1,200th anniversary in 2005. Magdeburg

3552-460: The death of the administrator August of Saxe-Weissenfels , as the semi-autonomous Duchy of Magdeburg . This occurred in 1680. The city made an astonishingly quick recovery, due especially to the energy and dedication of its mayor Otto von Guericke , who was also a noted scientist. Just six years after the end of the terribly destructive war, Magdeburg was the scene of the famous scientific experiment known as The Magdeburg hemispheres by which

3626-423: The defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." The most important regulation of the League was the prohibition of attacks on one another. Instead of fighting, conflicts had to be decided by the laws of the Empire or, if these failed to solve the conflict, by arbitration within the League. Should one member be attacked, it had to be helped with military or alternatively legal support. Duke Maximilian

3700-423: The existence of vacuum - hitherto hotly debated - was empirically proven, with enormous implications for the later developments of physics. In the course of the Napoleonic Wars , the fortress surrendered to French troops in 1806. The city was annexed to the French-controlled Kingdom of Westphalia in the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit . King Jérôme appointed Count Heinrich von Blumenthal as mayor. In 1815, after

3774-426: The first football clubs in Germany. There is also the very successful handball team, SC Magdeburg . They won multiple times the Handball-Bundesliga (HBL) , DHB-Pokal , DHB-Supercup , EHF European League , EHF Champions League , EHF Men's Champions Trophy and the IHF Men's Super Globe . The discus was re-discovered in Magdeburg in the 1870s by Christian Georg Kohlrausch , a gymnastics teacher. Magdeburg

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3848-407: The first phase of the Thirty Years' War roughly a decade later with the act of rebellion and calculated insult known as the Third Defenestration of Prague on 23 May 1618. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed, which confirmed the result of the Diet of Speyer (1526) and ended the violence between the Catholics and the Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire. It stated that: Those occupying

3922-485: The first stage of the League's activity during the Thirty Years' War ended. In the spring of 1622 General Tilly moved the League's army to invade the Electoral Palatinate . They were defeated by General Mansfeld 's troops at the Battle of Mingolsheim on 27 April 1622. Retreating eastwards they were joined by a Spanish army under General Córdoba . When another Protestant army under Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden attacked on May 6, Tilly's League force convincingly won

3996-431: The following years, Magdeburg gained a reputation as a stronghold of Protestantism and became the first major city to publish the writings of Martin Luther . In Magdeburg, Matthias Flacius and his companions wrote their anti-Catholic pamphlets and the Magdeburg Centuries , in which they argued that the Roman Catholic Church had become the kingdom of the Antichrist . In 1629 the city withstood its first siege during

4070-541: The giving of a subsidy dependent on Austria's enrollment in the League, waived this condition, and the pope promised a further contribution. The conduct of the Union in the Jülich dispute and the warlike operations of the Union army in Alsace seemed to make a battle between League and Union inevitable. In the year 1613 at Regensburg (Ratisbon), the Austrian Habsburgs joined the League. The assembly now appointed no less than three war-directors: Duke Maximilian, and Archdukes Albert and Maximilian of Austria. The object of

4144-431: The largest contribution to the army, whose strength was fixed at Würzburg in December 1619, as 21,000 infantry and 4000 cavalry. Commander in chief was Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly , a descendant of a Catholic Brabantine family. Facing the superiority of the League army of 30,000 men confronting the Protestant Union's army of 10,000, on 3 July 1620, the Union agreed to cease all hostilities between both parties during

4218-418: The league to Sweden and her allies, who were able to attack and capture or destroy the territories of the Catholic League. Even Munich , the capital of the most powerful member state, Electoral Bavaria , was conquered. Thereafter, the German Catholic League did not play a major role in later events. The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635, was a treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand II, and most of

4292-445: The minimum temperature is below the freezing point, and 15.6 days with maximum temperature below the 0 °C (32 °F) mark. Magdeburg is warm and relatively wet in summer and can sometimes become hot. Annually, 48.9 days have maximum temperature above 25 °C (77 °F), of which 12 days have daily maximum above 30 °C (86 °F). On average, there are 20.9 days with thunder and 0.8 days with hail , annually. Thunder

4366-411: The participants of the Markus procession were thrown out of town. Emperor Rudolf then declared an Imperial ban on the town and ordered Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria to execute the ban. Facing his army, the town surrendered. According to Imperial law, the disciplinary measures should not have been executed by the Catholic duke of Bavaria, but by the Protestant duke of Württemberg , who, like Donauwörth,

4440-430: The population of Magdeburg declined due to some loss of industries, when many residents moved to former West Germany . Since 2011, the population has stabilized at around 240,000. The current mayor of Magdeburg is independent politician Simone Borris since 2022. The most recent mayoral election was held on 24 April 2022, with a runoff held on 8 May, and the results were as follows: The most recent city council election

4514-550: The presidency of Mainz, and the Oberland district, presided by Bavaria; the treasury and the military command were to be considered separate. Maximilian could only lead the whole of the troops when he had to appear in the Rhenish district. On 31 May, the Oberland both groups were established and bound themselves to render mutual help for six years. The Treaty of Munich was signed on 8 October 1619 between Emperor Ferdinand II and Duke Maximilian of Bavaria. Spanish ambassador Oñate persuaded Ferdinand to grant Maximilian any part of

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4588-442: The ruin were used for the building of the cathedral. The presumed remains of the palace were excavated in the 1960s. Magdeburg has a proud history of sports teams. 1. FC Magdeburg currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga , the second division of German football. They are the only East German football club to have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup . The now-defunct clubs SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg and Cricket Viktoria Magdeburg were among

4662-402: The size of the confederate military forces to be raised. In July 1609, the representatives of the Prince-Bishops of Augsburg , Constance , Passau , Regensburg , and Würzburg assembled at Munich . The Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg , having shown disapproval, was not invited, and the Prince-Bishop of Eichstädt hesitated. On 10 July 1609, the participating states concluded an alliance "for

4736-422: The spiritual electors at Frankfurt, asking for the support of the League. At the end of 1618, the position of the Emperor in Bohemia as in Lower and Upper Austria gradually became critical. Searching for help, the Emperor tried to restore the League. A meeting of several of the ecclesiastical Princes decided to reconstruct the League on its original basis. It would consist of two groups: the Rhenish district under

4810-429: The steeples was completed as late as 1520. While the cathedral was virtually the only building to survive the massacres of the Thirty Years' War, it suffered damage in World War II. It was soon rebuilt and completed in 1955. The square in front of the cathedral (also called the Neuer Markt , or "new marketplace") was occupied by an imperial palace ( Kaiserpfalz ), which was destroyed in the fire of 1207. The stones from

4884-428: The terms of the Peace of Augsburg . The city council would only allow them to re-enter town without flags and singing. The conflict ended in a brawl. On protest of the bishop of Augsburg , Catholic Emperor Rudolf II of Habsburg threatened an Imperial ban in case of further violation of the rights of the Catholic citizens. Nevertheless, next year similar anti-Catholic incidents of civil disobedience took place, and

4958-452: The war in Austria and Bohemia in the Treaty of Ulm and dissolved the following year. Without the risk of an attack the League could use all its military forces to support the emperor. The same month, the army was relocated to Upper Austria. Tilly won the Battle of White Mountain north of Prague on 8 November 1620, in which half of the enemy forces were killed or captured, losing only 700 men. The Emperor regained control over Bohemia and

5032-426: Was a member of the Swabian Imperial Circle . Maximilian de facto absorbed the former Free Imperial City, which was a violation of Imperial law as well. In the same year, 1607, the Catholic majority of the Reichstag meeting in the Diet of Augsburg resolved that the renewal of the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 should be conditional on the restoration of all church land appropriated since 1552. Acting on these events,

5106-447: Was burnt down in 1188. In the 13th century, Magdeburg became a member of the Hanseatic League . With more than 20,000 inhabitants Magdeburg was one of the largest cities in the Holy Roman Empire . The town had active maritime commerce on the west (towards Flanders ), with the countries of the North Sea , and maintained traffic and communication with the interior (for example Braunschweig ). The citizens constantly struggled against

5180-426: Was founded in 1991. There are 30 direct study programs in five departments in Magdeburg and two departments in Stendal. The university has more than 130 professors and approximately 4,500 students at Magdeburg and 1,900 at Stendal. Magdeburg has a municipal theatre, Theater Magdeburg . Magdeburg is well known for its Christmas market , which is an attraction for 1.5 million visitors every year. Other events are

5254-434: Was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: The Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (German: Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg) was founded in 1993 and is one of the newest universities in Germany. The university in Magdeburg has about 13,000 students in nine faculties. There are 11,700 papers published in international journals from this institute. The Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences

5328-644: Was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945. Post-war the area was part of the Soviet Zone of Occupation and many of the remaining pre-World War II city buildings were destroyed, with only a few buildings near the cathedral and in the southern part of the old city being restored to their pre-war state. Before the reunification of Germany , many surviving Gründerzeit buildings were left uninhabited and, after years of degradation, waiting for demolition. From 1949 until German reunification on 3 October 1990, Magdeburg belonged to

5402-596: Was published as a local newspaper in Magdeburg. During World War II , Magdeburg was the location of 30 forced labour detachments of the Stalag XI-A prisoner-of-war camp for some 4,500 Allied POWs, a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see also Romani Holocaust ), and three subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp , in which mostly Jewish men and boys and Soviet, Polish and Jewish women were imprisoned. In April 1945, dozens of prisoners were massacred by

5476-500: Was to be the president, and the Prince-Bishops of Augsburg, Passau, and Würzburg his councillors. The League was to continue for nine years. The Munich Diet failed to erect a substantial structure for the newly formed League. On 18 June 1609, the Electors of Mainz , Cologne , and Trier had proposed an army of 20,000 men. They had also considered making Maximilian president of the alliance, and on August 30 they announced their adhesion to

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