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81-630: The Ottawa Outlaws were a professional ultimate franchise based in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . They were members of the Eastern Conference of the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL). The Outlaws were founded in 2014 and played from 2015 to 2022. This article about a Canadian sports club is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ultimate (sport) Ultimate frisbee (officially simply called Ultimate )

162-438: A "fast-count"), then the thrower can call a violation, in which the mark then has to subtract two seconds from their previous stall count and slow their counting. There can only be one player defending in a 3 meters (9.8 ft) radius around the person who has the disc unless that player is defending against another offensive player. The marker must stay one disc's diameter away from the thrower and must not wrap their hands around

243-518: A goal line, advancing the disc by passing, no travelling with the disc, and turnovers on interceptions or incomplete passes. Kass, an instructor and dorm advisor, taught this game to high school student Joel Silver during the summer of 1967 or 1968 at Northfield Mount Hermon School summer camp. Joel Silver , along with fellow students Jonny Hines, Buzzy Hellring , and others, further developed ultimate beginning in 1968 at Columbia High School, Maplewood, New Jersey, US (CHS). The first sanctioned game

324-511: A greater number of traditional athletes, raising the level of competition and athleticism and providing a challenge to its laid back, free-spirited roots. In 2010, Anne Watson , a Vermont teacher and ultimate coach, launched a seven-year effort to have ultimate recognized as full varsity sport in the state's high schools. Watson's effort culminated on November 3, 2017, when the Vermont Principals Association, which oversees

405-409: A hand, and the team on defense will throw the disc to the other team. This throw is called a "pull". When the pull is released, all players are free to leave their end zones and occupy any area on the field. Both teams should not leave the end-zone before the pull is released. Thus, the defending team must run most of the field length at speed to defend immediately, and a good pull is designed to hang in

486-442: A high school. Students would attend, drop out, and return based on the family's economic needs back home. In 1903, the schools reportedly enrolled 1,200 students and received at least four applicants for every vacancy. On campus, the schools tended to provide a "community life of minimum expenditure." The schools operated a campus farm, and all students (both boys and girls) were required to perform some kind of labor to help fund

567-646: A national champion every year since 1979. Glassboro State College defeated the Santa Barbara Condors 19–18 at the first UPA Nationals in 1979. In 2010, the UPA rebranded itself as USA Ultimate . The first European Championship tournament for national teams was held in 1980 in Paris . Finland won, with England and Sweden finishing second and third. In 1981 the European Flying Disc Federation (EFDF)

648-409: A player disagrees with a foul that was called on them, they can choose to "contest" the infraction. In many instances, a conversation ensues between both parties involved in the foul, and a verdict is determined as to whether the disc will be returned and a "do-over" will commence, or if the person guilty of the foul has no objections to the call. A common infraction, intentional or not, is a "pick" where

729-554: A popular option for students seeking to bolster their academic and athletic resumes before applying to college. In 2014, the Harvard Crimson wrote that NMH "has become the standard layover destination for [postgraduate basketball] players in the Ivy League ." (The previous year, 47.7% of Ivy League men's basketball players had prep school experience. ) According to the NMH website, "[o]ver

810-504: A testing match with rapid turnovers, heightening the pressure of play. From its beginnings in the American counterculture of the late 1960s , ultimate has resisted empowering any referee with rule enforcement. Instead, it relies on the sportsmanship of players and invokes the "spirit of the game" to maintain fair play. Players call their own fouls, and dispute a foul only when they genuinely believe it did not occur. Playing without referees

891-513: Is a non-contact team sport played with a disc flung by hand . Ultimate was developed in 1968 by Joel Silver in Maplewood, New Jersey . Although ultimate resembles many traditional sports in its athletic requirements, it is unlike most sports due to its focus on self-officiating, even at the highest levels of competition. The term "frisbee" is a registered trademark of the Wham-O toy company, and thus

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972-447: Is called a "travel". The disc is advanced by throwing it to teammates. If a pass is incomplete, it is a "turnover" and the opposing team immediately gains possession, playing to score in the opposite direction. Passes are incomplete if they are caught by a defender, touch the ground (meaning defenders need only knock the disc out of the air to gain possession), or touch an out-of-bounds object before being caught. The first body part to touch

1053-435: Is colloquially known as "being a deep threat". For example, multiple throwing techniques and the ability to pass the disc before the defense has had a chance to reset helps increase a player or team's threat level, and merging that with speed and coordinated plays can form a phalanx that is hard for competitors to overcome. When referencing the curve of a throw, the terms outside-in (OI) and inside-out (IO) are used. An OI throw

1134-446: Is highly praised, and dubbed "Greatest." Once possession of the disc is obtained, however, it cannot be forced out of the throwers possession before it leaves their hand. A common infraction of this nature is called a "strip", in which one player feels that they had enough possession of the disc to stop its rotation before it was taken out of their hand. Ultimate is non-contact. Non-incidental, play-affecting, or dangerous physical contact

1215-438: Is known as the "feature", or "German". The idea behind this strategy is that it opens up space for the feature to cut, and at the same time it allows handlers to focus all of their attention on only one cutter. This maximizes the ability for give-and-go strategies between the feature and the handlers. It is also an excellent strategy if one cutter is superior to other cutters, or if they are guarded by someone slower than them. While

1296-484: Is not allowed. Non-incidental contact is a foul, regardless of intent, with various consequences depending on the situation and the league rules. Incidental contact, like minor collisions while jumping for the disc or running for it, can be acceptable, depending on the circumstances. Parameters like who has the "right" to the relevant space, who caught the disc etc. will determine whether a foul has been committed or not. Attitudes can vary between leagues and countries, even if

1377-415: Is one that curves in towards the opposite side of the throwers body from which it is thrown. An IO throw is one that curves toward the same side of the throwers body from which it is thrown. With the rotation of the disc in mind, an IO throw has the side of the disc rotating toward the direction of the throw angled to the ground, whereas an OI throw has the side of the disc rotating toward the thrower angled to

1458-443: Is played 7  vs.  7, with substitutions allowed between points and for injuries. Games are typically played to a points limit of 13/15/17 or more, or a time limit of 75/90/100 minutes. There is usually a halftime break and an allowance of two timeouts per team each half. A regulation field is 100 meters (330 ft) by 37 meters (121 ft), including end zones each 18 meters (59 ft) deep. Competitive ultimate

1539-464: Is played in gender divisions using gender determination rules based on those of the IOC. Different competitions may have a "men's" or an "open" division (the latter usually being extremely male-dominated at competitive levels, but technically unrestricted). Mixed is officially played with 4 of one gender and 3 of the other, but variants exist for different numbers. Men's, women's, and mixed ultimate are played by

1620-433: Is referred to as "stalling". If the disc has not been thrown when the defending player reaches 10, it is turned over to the other team. "Stall" can only be called after the defender has actually counted the 10 seconds. In order for the "mark" to be considered as counting all the way to ten, the thrower must throw the disc before the mark is able to say the "T" in the word ten. If the mark is accused of counting too fast (called

1701-552: Is the norm for league play but has been supplanted in club competition by the use of "observers" or "game advisors" to help in disputes, and the professional league employs empowered referees. In 2012, there were 5.1 million ultimate players in the United States. Ultimate is played across the world in pickup games and by recreational, school, club, professional, and national teams at various age levels and with open, women's, and mixed divisions. The USA has historically won most of

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1782-474: Is the ultimate game. This is the ultimate game.' Team flying disc games using pie tins and cake pan lids were part of Amherst College student culture for decades before plastic discs were available. As of 2023, the college currently boasts a woman's team called Sparkle Motion (inspired by the dance team in Donnie Darko ) and an open team titled Army of Darkness . A similar two-hand, touch-football-based game

1863-490: The Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy , and the schools eventually shifted to "a more liberal brand of Protestantism." Compulsory attendance at most Sunday chapel services was abolished in 1970. Northfield Mount Hermon has a long tradition of educating minority and international students. (D. L. Moody was harshly criticized for his failure to oppose the emerging segregation movement when visiting

1944-687: The Northfield Seminary for Young Ladies (renamed to the Northfield School for Girls in 1944 ) in his hometown. Two years later, he established a brother school, the Mount Hermon School for Boys , across the Connecticut River in Gill, Massachusetts . The schools were consolidated into a single non-profit corporation in 1912, but operated separately until 1971. Moody initially envisioned

2025-574: The World Flying Disc Federation . Ultimate Canada , the national governing body in Canada, was formed in 1993. The first Canadian National Ultimate Championships were held in Ottawa 1987. In 2006, ultimate became a BUCS accredited sport at Australian and UK universities for both indoor and outdoor open division events. The WFDF was granted full IOC recognition on 2 Aug 2015. This allows

2106-400: The 1920s, the rule was that "[n]o student was accepted if he could afford the fees of more expensive schools"; as a result, the students were "drawn largely from families at or near the poverty line," and as late as 1914, a majority of male students at Mount Hermon had previously worked in an occupation or trade. In 1903 two-fifths of Northfield students did not live within commuting distance of

2187-549: The 2023–24 academic year. In late December 1979, the first national player-run ultimate organization was founded in the United States as the Ultimate Players Association (UPA). Tom Kennedy was elected its first director. Before the UPA, events had been sponsored by the International Frisbee Association (IFA), a promotional arm of Wham-O. The UPA organized regional tournaments and has crowned

2268-425: The 2023–24 school year, the school enrolled 630 students, 37% of whom were on financial aid. The student-teacher ratio remained constant at 6:1. In the 2023–24 school year, 23% of the student body came from abroad, and 33% of the American students (25.4% of the student body) identified as people of color. NMH is currently conducting a fundraising campaign which aims to raise $ 225 million, including $ 120 million for

2349-538: The Northfield schools in the 1940s and 1950s, including judges William C. Pryor and Anna Diggs Taylor and civil rights attorney James Nabrit III , who argued (and won) Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education . In 1963 Mount Hermon's president pioneered a program to prepare black students to attend private schools, which developed into the A Better Chance program. Sixteen of Northfield Seminary's first 100 students were Native Americans. In an era where

2430-467: The South in 1876; he founded Northfield Seminary three years later. ) As late as 1950, the Northfield schools were two of a handful of New England boarding schools admitting African-American students. One of Mount Hermon's first graduates, Thomas Nelson Baker Sr. , was a freed slave who became the first African-American to obtain a PhD in philosophy in the United States. Several notable black lawyers attended

2511-508: The U.S. government sought to relocate Native Americans to federal boarding schools , Moody sought to train Native teachers who would return to their communities and open local schools. At Mount Hermon's first commencement in 1887, one student addressed the audience "in his native language, for the representatives of the Sioux, Shawnee, and Alaskan tribes in the school." Henry Roe Cloud , class of 1906,

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2592-472: The World Class "80 Mold" 165 gram frisbee. This disc quickly replaced the relatively light and flimsy Master frisbee with much improved stability and consistency of throws even in windy conditions. Throws like the flick and hammer were possible with greater control and accuracy with this sturdier disc. The 80 Mold was used in ultimate tournaments even after it was discontinued in 1983. Discraft , founded in

2673-401: The air as long as possible to give the defending team time to make the run. To score goals, the players of each team try to get the possession of the flying disc (without making physical contact with players), pass it from one teammate to the other, and keep it away from the opponents till it is carried all the way towards their (opponents’) end zone or goal area. Each end-zone lies at each end of

2754-425: The call's validity, the disc can be given back to the last uncontested thrower, with play restarting as if before the disputed throw. Coaches and other players on the sidelines cannot make calls, however they may inform players of specific rules in the case of a contested call. Players on the sideline may also be asked for their view, as they often have "best perspective" to see what happened. A regulation outdoor game

2835-405: The court. The player holding the disc must establish a pivot point (i.e. they cannot run with the disc, just step out from a single point). They must establish a pivot at "the appropriate spot" on the field (where they caught the disc, or as soon as possible after slowing down). The player can also catch and throw the disc within three steps without establishing a pivot. A violation of these rules

2916-432: The disc at an angle and away from the disc straight, creating a 'diamond' or 'peppermill' pattern. A variation on the horizontal stack offense is called a feature, German, or isolation (or "iso" for short). In this offensive strategy three of the cutters line up deeper than usual (this can vary from 5 yards farther downfield to at the endzone) while the remaining cutter lines up closer to the handlers. This closest cutter

2997-404: The disc rim, making sure to catch on the proper side of the disc, according to which way the disc is spinning. When a frisbee is thrown at high speeds, as is frequently the case in a competitive game of ultimate, one side of the disc can spin out of the player's hand, and the other side can spin into their hand, which can make a catch far more secure. For this reason, along with the desire to secure

3078-460: The disc. Cutters, are the players positioned downfield, whose job is usually to catch the disc farther afield and progress the disc through the field or score goals by catching the disc in the end zone. Typically, when the offense is playing against a zone defense the cutters will be assigned positions based on their location on the field, oftentimes referred to as "poppers and rails (or deep deeps)." Poppers will typically make cuts within 15 yards of

3159-505: The endowment ($ 65 million for financial aid, $ 10 million for faculty salaries, $ 45 million for general purposes) and $ 55 million for facility improvements. The school was a major filming location for Alexander Payne 's 2023 film The Holdovers , standing in for the fictional Barton Academy. In the 2023–24 school year, NMH charged boarding students $ 72,647 and day students $ 48,302, plus other mandatory and optional fees. International students were charged an additional $ 3,345. 37% of

3240-459: The expenses of running two campuses. It sold Northfield's academic core in 2009 and the surrounding grounds in 2016. Since 2019, Northfield has hosted a satellite campus of California-based Catholic liberal arts college Thomas Aquinas College . Since the downsizing, NMH's faculty and student body have shrunk, but the share of students on financial aid has not increased. In 2003, NMH educated 1,124 students, 42% of whom were on financial aid. In

3321-413: The field in which the thrower and receiver can complete a pass. Organized teams assign positions to the players based on their specific strengths. Designated throwers are called handlers and designated receivers are called cutters. The amount of autonomy or overlap between these positions depends on the make-up of the team. Many advanced teams develop variations on the basic offenses to take advantage of

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3402-435: The field. This formation encourages cutters to attack any of the space either towards or away from the disc, granting each cutter access to the full width of the field and thereby allowing a degree more creativity than is possible with a vertical stack. If cutters cannot get open, the handlers swing the disc side to side to reset the stall count and in an attempt to get the defense out of position. Usually players will cut towards

3483-511: The first and second edition of "Rules of Ultimate Frisbee". In 1970 CHS defeated Millburn High 43–10 in the first interscholastic ultimate game, which was played in the evening in the CHS's faculty parking lot. Millburn, and three other New Jersey high schools made up the first conference of ultimate teams beginning in 1971. Alumni of that first league took the game to their colleges and universities. Rutgers defeated Princeton 29–27 in 1972 in

3564-416: The first intercollegiate game. This game was played exactly 103 years after the first intercollegiate American football game by the same teams at precisely the same site, which had been paved as a parking lot in the interim. Rutgers won both games by an identical margin. Rutgers also won the first ultimate Frisbee tournament in 1975, hosted by Yale , with 8 college teams participating. That summer ultimate

3645-473: The frisbee strongly and "cleanly", the general advice is to strongly prefer to catch with two hands if possible. The most popular throws are backhand and forehand/flick. Less frequently used throws include the hammer, scoober, thumber, push-passes, chicken wing, biscuit, and throwing with the non-dominant hand . Part of the area of ultimate where skill and strategy meet is a player's capacity to plot and execute on throwing and passing to outrun another team, which

3726-399: The ground is the one considered for bounds, which means a player may catch the disc and 'toe the line', or put a foot down, before falling out of bounds. However, if a player jumps from in bounds, catches, and then throws the disc while in the air and technically out of bounds, the disc is still in play and can be caught or defended by players on the field. This feat of athleticism and precision

3807-444: The ground. IO throws are generally the more difficult throw, and are very useful for breaking the mark. Apart from these formal strategies, there is also a freestyle practice, where players throw and catch with fewer limitations, in order to advance their ultimate handling skills. Teams can employ many different offensive strategies, each with distinct goals. Most basic strategies are an attempt to create open space (e.g. lanes) on

3888-410: The handler positions while rails alternate between longer movements downfield. Additionally, against a zone there are typically three or four instead of the usual two or three, depending on the team. One of the most common offensive strategies is the vertical stack. In this strategy, a number of offensive players line up between the disc and the end zone they are attacking. From this position, players in

3969-432: The handler), then the next cutter in line continues. In vertical stack offenses, one player usually plays the role of 'dump', offering a reset option which sets up behind the player with the disc. Another popular offensive strategy is the horizontal stack, also called “ho-stack”. In the most popular form of this offense, three "handlers" line up across the width of the field with four "cutters" downfield, spaced evenly across

4050-558: The late 1970s by Jim Kenner in London, Ontario , later moved the company from Canada to its present location in Wixom, Michigan . Discraft introduced the Ultrastar 175 gram disc in 1981, with an updated mold in 1983. This disc was adopted as the standard for ultimate during the 1980s, with Wham-O holdouts frustrated by the discontinuation of the 80 mold and plastic quality problems with discs made on

4131-449: The letter of the rule remains the same. Contact is disallowed for both defence and offence, including the defender marking the offensive player with the disc, and there are further restrictions on positions this defender can take in order to minimize incidental contact. Defending against the person who has the disc is a central part of the defensive strategy (colloquially "marking"). The defensive "marker" counts aloud to 10 seconds, which

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4212-472: The main focus is on the handlers and the feature, the remaining three cutters can be used if the feature cannot get open, if there is an open deep look, or for a continuation throw from the feature itself. Typically, however, these three remaining cutters do all they can to get out of the feature's way. It is usually used near the endzone. Northfield Mount Hermon School In 1879, Northfield, Massachusetts native Dwight Lyman Moody (1837–99) established

4293-465: The ministerial program, whose curriculum was designed to be sufficiently rigorous that a graduate could "enter the ministry or a related field without further formal education." An Evangelical preacher, D. L. Moody sought "to provide a Christian education for [students] of high purpose and limited means." The schools charged low tuition ($ 100/year in 1881) compared to other boarding schools and relied heavily on donations from Moody's followers. Through

4374-433: The offense (or your own team member even) is somehow in the way of your pursuit of your "check" in man-to-man defense. This only applies when you started within 10 feet of your "check" and the game play is stopped so that the players involved go back to where the "pick" occurred. The integrity of ultimate depends on each player's responsibility to uphold the spirit of the game. Ultimate is predominantly self-refereed, relying on

4455-519: The on-field players to call their own infractions and to try their best to play within the rules of the game. It is assumed that players will not intentionally violate the rules and will be honest when discussing foul calls with opponents. This is called Spirit of the Game, or simply Spirit. After a call is made, the players should agree on an outcome, based on what they think happened and how the rules apply to that situation. If players cannot come to agreement on

4536-515: The other side. Variations of the vertical stack include the Side Stack, where the stack is moved to a sideline and one player is isolated in the open space, and the Split Stack, where players are split between two stacks, one on either sideline. The Side Stack is most helpful in an end zone play where your players line up on one side of the end zone and the handler calls an "ISO" (isolation) using one of

4617-541: The past 15 years, NMH has sent 45 players to the Ivy League, which is more than 3x the amount of any other program." In February 2024, the school announced plans to build a new hockey rink (to open in 2025-26) and to convert its existing hockey rink into a new set of basketball and tennis courts (to open in 2026). The project is estimated to cost $ 20 million. William G. Morgan , the inventor of volleyball, graduated from Mount Hermon in 1893. NMH also claims to have invented

4698-425: The player's names. This then signals for the rest of the players on your team to clear away from that one person in order for them to receive a pass. Another variation is called Cascades, which starts by setting a side stack. Then, the player at the top or bottom of the stack cuts, using the large amount of available space. Once the initial cutter has finished (whether they caught the disc or if they were waved away by

4779-483: The possibility for the organization to receive IOC funding and become an Olympic Game. A point is scored when one team catches the disc in the opposing team's end zone. Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of their respective end zone line. Standing beyond the end zone line before the disc is thrown by the defense (a "pull") to the offense is known as an "offsides" violation. A regulation grass outdoor game has seven players per team. In mixed ultimate,

4860-499: The replacement 80e mold. Wham-O soon introduced a contending 175 gram disc, the U-Max, that also suffered from quality problems and was never widely popular for ultimate. In 1991 the Ultrastar was specified as the official disc for UPA tournament play and remains in wide use. The popularity of the sport spread quickly, taking hold as a free-spirited alternative to traditional organized sports. In recent years college ultimate has attracted

4941-474: The same rules besides those explicitly dealing with gender restrictions. Some rules vary between North America and the rest of the world. More significant rule changes were made in the Ultimate Frisbee Association pro league games. Most differences are minor and they can be found online. USAU rules have been slowly shifting toward WFDF compatibility. The Ultimate Frisbee Association (UFA),

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5022-430: The school's operations. Today, each student is still required to hold a job on campus, working three hours a week. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Northfield schools shifted to a more conventional college-preparatory boarding school model. Enrollment remained high; by 1930, the schools' combined enrollment made the institution the largest private secondary school in the United States. Mount Hermon's ministerial curriculum

5103-422: The schools as a source of terminal education; in the early days, some of the students were in their thirties. The schools offered separate programs of study to accommodate its student body's varying goals. Each offered a college-preparatory course and a technical course. For a while, Mount Hermon also offered courses in agriculture and for future ministers. In the early days, most Mount Hermon students enrolled in

5184-482: The schools still educated large numbers of working- and middle-class students; in 1963, the school announced that it would double its financial aid budget, putting 60% of students on scholarship. The cost of providing a college-preparatory education has increased over time, and the school's reliance on wealthy students has increased accordingly. The percentage of scholarship students halved from 1963 to 2015. The schools' ties to Evangelical Christianity weakened amidst

5265-409: The semi-professional ultimate league with teams in the U.S. and Canada, has its own variant of the rules, and has made multiple rule changes in recent years. Some of the more important include: A catch can grab the rim with one or two hands, or simultaneously grab the top and bottom of the frisbee – in a clap-catch / "pancake catch". Care is needed with the hand placement when catching with one hand on

5346-550: The sport is not formally called "ultimate frisbee ", though this name is still in common casual use (and the trademark was licensed to the Ultimate Frisbee Association in 2024). Points are scored by passing the disc to a teammate in the opposing end zone . Other basic rules are that players must not take steps while holding the disc, and interceptions, incomplete passes, and passes out of bounds are turnovers. Rain, wind, or occasionally other adversities can make for

5427-430: The stack make cuts (sudden sprints, usually after throwing off the defender by a "fake" move the other way) into the space available, attempting to get open and receive the disc. The stack generally lines up in the middle of the field, thereby opening up two lanes along the sidelines for cuts, although a captain may occasionally call for the stack to line up closer to one sideline, leaving open just one larger cutting lane on

5508-697: The state's high school sports programs, unanimously approved ultimate as a varsity sport beginning in the Spring 2019 season. The approval made Vermont the first U.S. state to recognize ultimate as a varsity sport. In 2019, Oklahoma Christian University launched the first American varsity ultimate program and full ride ultimate scholarships competing in Division 3 Men's. They would go on to win National Championships in 2021 and 2022. Davenport University aims to follow suit adding Men's and Women's teams beginning in

5589-407: The strengths of specific players. Frequently, these offenses are meant to isolate a few key players in one-on-one situations, allowing them to take advantage of mismatches, while the others play a supporting role. In most settings, there are a few "handlers" which are the players positioned around the disc. Their task is to distribute the disc forward and provide easy receiving options to whoever has

5670-564: The strongest athletic programs in New England. Notable teams include boys' basketball (2013 national title, 4 New England titles), boys' cross country (27 New England titles), track and field (8 New England titles), boys' soccer (7 New England titles, the most of any school), girls' volleyball (7 New England titles), girls' basketball (5 New England titles), wrestling (5 New England titles), and girls' alpine skiing (3 New England titles). In recent years, NMH's postgraduate program has become

5751-688: The student body is on financial aid , which covers, on average, $ 56,314 (77.5% of tuition) for boarding students and $ 34,361 (71.1% of tuition) for day students. The school commits to meet 100% of an admitted student's demonstrated financial need. NMH's financial endowment stood at $ 185.9 million as of June 30, 2023. In its Internal Revenue Service filings for the 2021–22 school year, NMH reported total assets of $ 311.8 million, net assets of $ 212.4 million, investment holdings of $ 178.0 million, and cash holdings of $ 23.3 million. NMH also reported $ 36.7 million in program service expenses and $ 9.1 million in grants (primarily student financial aid ). NMH has one of

5832-421: The teams usually play with a "4-3" ratio, meaning either 4 men and 3 women or 4 women and 3 men will be playing. The offensive end zone dictates whether there are more men or women. This end zone is called the 'gen-zone', short for gender zone. Each point begins with the two teams starting in opposite end zones. The team who scored the previous point are now on defense. The teams indicate their readiness by raising

5913-456: The thrower, or the person with the disc can call a foul ("wrapping"). In ultimate, there is no concept of intentional vs. unintentional fouls: infractions are called by the players themselves and resolved in such a way as to minimize the impact of such calls on the outcome of the play (sometimes resulting in "do-overs" where the disc is returned to the last uncontested possession), rather than emphasizing penalties or "win-at-all-costs" behavior. If

5994-535: The world titles, though not all. American teams won all three divisions (women's, men's, and mixed gender) at the U-24 world championship in 2019, and all divisions in 2016 competitions between national teams. I just remember one time running for a pass and leaping up in the air and just feeling the Frisbee making it into my hand and feeling the perfect synchrony and the joy of the moment, and as I landed I said to myself, 'This

6075-747: Was Harvard's first Chinese graduate. Pixley Seme , the founder and president of the African National Congress , graduated from NMH in 1902. In 1889 Mount Hermon enrolled 37 international students from 15 countries, mostly Canada and the British Isles; 3 students came from East Asia, 3 from Turkey, and 1 from Africa. In 1904 it enrolled 113 international students from 27 countries, including 14 from Asia. From 2004 to 2005, NMH closed its Northfield campus and announced that it would halve its enrollment. The school explained that it wanted to reduce its high operating costs, including faculty salaries and

6156-604: Was eliminated, and although a minority of Mount Hermon graduates went on to college during the Moody years, by the 1940s "virtually all [Mount Hermon boys] did so," as did half the girls at Northfield. During the Great Depression , many Americans proved unable to pay even the Northfield schools' relatively low tuition fees. As such, the schools began accepting wealthy students in the 1930s. Tuition increased from $ 324 in 1929 to $ 2,600 by 1963, quadrupling in real terms. Nonetheless,

6237-549: Was formed. In 1984 the World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) was formed by the EFDF to be the international governing body for disc sports. The first World Championships tournament was held in 1983 in Gothenburg, Sweden. The European Ultimate Federation is the governing body for the sport of ultimate in Europe. Founded in 2009, it is part of the European Flying Disc Federation (EFDF) and of

6318-763: Was introduced at the Second World Frisbee Championships at the Rose Bowl. This event introduced ultimate on the west coast of the US. In 1975, ultimate was introduced at the Canadian Open Frisbee Championships in Toronto as a showcase event. Ultimate league play in Canada began in Toronto in 1979. The Toronto Ultimate Club is one of ultimate's oldest leagues. In January 1977 Wham-O introduced

6399-448: Was played at Kenyon College in Ohio starting in 1942. From 1965 or 1966 Jared Kass and fellow Amherst students Bob Fein, Richard Jacobson, Robert Marblestone, Steve Ward, Fred Hoxie, Gordon Murray, and others evolved a team frisbee game based on concepts from American football , basketball , and soccer . This game had some of the basics of modern ultimate, including scoring by passing over

6480-437: Was played at CHS in 1968 between the student council and the student newspaper staff. Beginning the following year, evening games were played in the glow of mercury-vapor lights on the school's student-designated parking lot. Initially players of ultimate Frisbee (as it was known at the time) used a "Master" disc marketed by Wham-O , based on Fred Morrison 's inspired "Pluto Platter" design. Hellring, Silver, and Hines developed

6561-525: Was the first Native American to graduate from Yale. The Athabascan Walter Harper attended the school in the 1900s after becoming the first man to summit Denali . In the 1970s and 1980s, the school educated two of "the first Navajos to matriculate at Princeton." The Northfield schools were also reputed for their openness to international students, many of whom were referred to the schools by American missionaries. They have educated students from Asia since at least 1886; and Chan Loon Teung, class of 1892,

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