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39-529: The Othon hotel chain was founded in 1943 by businessman Othon Lynch Bezerra de Mello. Its first property was the Othon Airport, inaugurated in 1944 in the center of Rio de Janeiro. On December 29, 1954, during São Paulo's 4th Centenary celebrations, the company established the Othon Palace in the city. The building is located on the corner of Líbero Badaró Street , Viaduto do Chá and Patriarca Square , next to

78-467: A 1 nominal horsepower two-cycle type, in 1881, and in 1890 the firm commenced manufacture of the four-cycle gas engine. The Anson Engine Museum in Poynton , near Stockport , England , has a collection of engines that includes several working gas engines, including the largest running Crossley atmospheric engine ever made. Manufacturers of gas engines include Hyundai Heavy Industries , Rolls-Royce with

117-407: A high fraction of 8,760 hours per year, unlike a gasoline automobile engine, which is lightweight, high-revving and typically runs for no more than 4,000 hours in its entire life. Typical power ranges from 10 kW (13 hp) to 4 MW (5,364 hp). There were many experiments with gas engines in the 19th century, but the first practical gas-fuelled internal combustion engine was built by

156-420: A like-for-like basis. For example, some manufactures have mechanically driven pumps whereas other use electrically driven pumps to drive engine cooling water, and the electrical usage can sometimes be ignored giving a falsely high apparent efficiency compared to the direct drive engines. Engine reject heat can be used for building heating or heating a process. In an engine, roughly half the waste heat arises (from

195-399: A nearby tea plantation called Morro do Chá. It was originally operated as a gated toll road in order to cover the construction expenses. The toll to cross the bridge was 60 réis , or three vinténs , per person, which led to the nickname for the viaduct of "Viaduto dos Três Vinténs" (Three Vinténs Viaduct). For trams the toll was 200 réis. The toll was removed in 1896 when the viaduct

234-446: A thermal efficiency between 35-45% ( LHV basis)., As of year 2018, the best engines can achieve a thermal efficiency up to 50% (LHV basis). These gas engines are usually medium-speed engines Bergen Engines Fuel energy arises at the output shaft, the remainder appears as waste heat. Large engines are more efficient than small engines. Gas engines running on biogas typically have a slightly lower efficiency (~1-2%) and syngas reduces

273-488: A viaduct in 1877. Expanded plans for a boulevard were detailed in 1882, but by 1885 the plans had reverted to the viaduct, and Martin signed a contract to construct it and to form a company to do so. Planning started on 30 April 1888. After one month the work on the viaduct stopped. Some of the residents were against the viaduct, including Francisco Xavier Pais de Barros , the Baron of Tatuí, and his wife, one of whose houses

312-455: Is a viaduct of São Paulo , Brazil . It was the first viaduct built in the city, and was instigated by Jules Martin, a French immigrant to the city. The 240-metre (790 ft) span crosses the Vale do Anhangabaú . Originally conceived in 1877, construction started in 1888 before being stopped one month later by a court case brought by local residents. Construction resumed in 1889, and the iron bridge

351-439: Is the exhaust valves, since the gas engine exhaust gases are much hotter for a given output, and this limits the power output. Thus, a diesel engine from a given manufacturer will usually have a higher maximum output than the same engine block size in the gas engine version. The diesel engine will generally have three different ratings — standby, prime, and continuous, a.k.a. 1-hour rating, 12-hour rating and continuous rating in

390-528: The BNDES with IDB resources. The walls of the suites were knocked down to create large lounges. The facade, listed as a historic structure by CONPRESP in 2016, was renovated. Among the original pieces, a glass sign on the entrance door, whose inscription "Othon Palace Hotel" appears with fewer syllables, remains. This article about a hotel or resort is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Viaduto do Ch%C3%A1 Viaduto do Chá ("Tea Viaduct")

429-569: The Bergen-Engines AS , Kawasaki Heavy Industries , Liebherr , MTU Friedrichshafen , INNIO Jenbacher , Caterpillar Inc. , Perkins Engines , MWM , Cummins , Wärtsilä , INNIO Waukesha , Guascor Energy , Deutz , MTU, MAN, Scania AB , Fairbanks-Morse , Doosan, Eaton (successor to another former large market share holder, Cooper Industries ), and Yanmar . Output ranges from about 10 kW (13 hp) micro combined heat and power (CHP) to 18 MW (24,000 hp). Generally speaking,

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468-634: The Matarazzo Building , the headquarters of São Paulo City Hall. It had 25 floors, 2 basements, 14,000 square meters of floor space and was designed by the German architect Philipp Lohbauer and decorated by Jacques Monet. The hotel welcomed Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin in 1961 and jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald in 1968. It also hosted government leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 1968 and Japanese Prince Akihito in 1967. In 1978,

507-576: The United Kingdom and British English -speaking countries, the term is unambiguous. In the United States , due to the widespread use of "gas" as an abbreviation for gasoline (petrol), such an engine is sometimes called by a clarifying term, such as gaseous-fueled engine or natural gas engine . Generally in modern usage, the term gas engine refers to a heavy-duty industrial engine capable of running continuously at full load for periods approaching

546-489: The bus sector. Users in the United Kingdom include Reading Buses . Use of gas buses is supported by the Gas Bus Alliance and manufacturers include Scania AB . Since natural gas , chiefly methane , has long been an economical and readily available fuel, many industrial engines are either designed or modified to use gas, as distinguished from gasoline . Their operation produces less complex-hydrocarbon pollution, and

585-488: The waste heat from the engine may be used to warm the digesters. For typical biogas engine installation parameters see. For parameters of a large gas engine CHP system, as fitted in a factory, see. Gas engines are rarely used for standby applications, which remain largely the province of diesel engines. One exception to this is the small (<150 kW) emergency generator often installed by farms, museums, small businesses, and residences. Connected to either natural gas from

624-428: The 1940s, with the river being taken underground and new roads constructed in the valley passing under the viaduct. The area changed significantly again in the 1990s, with a new road tunnel passing through the valley and a new park constructed on top of the tunnel. In 1992 the deck of the viaduct was refurbished. The viaduct is now adjacent to the Matarazzo Building , São Paulo's town hall The bridge has been one of

663-518: The Belgian engineer Étienne Lenoir in 1860. However, the Lenoir engine suffered from a low power output and high fuel consumption. Lenoir's work was further researched and improved by a German engineer Nicolaus August Otto , who was later to invent the first four-stroke engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. In August 1864 Otto met Eugen Langen who, being technically trained, glimpsed

702-494: The Othon Palace was included in the list of the 300 best hotels in the world published by Harpers Queen . The top floor of the building held the Chalet Suisse, a luxury restaurant specializing in fondue that opened in 1966 under the supervision of Max Dahinden. In 2008, the Othon Palace closed down after operating for over a year with financial losses. In 2009, it was declared of public utility by São Paulo City Hall; in 2011 it

741-483: The United Kingdom was Crossley of Manchester, who in 1869 acquired the United Kingdom and world (except German) rights to the patents of Otto and Langen for the new gas-fuelled atmospheric engine. In 1876 they acquired the rights to the more efficient Otto four-stroke cycle engine. There were several other firms based in the Manchester area as well. Tangye Ltd. , of Smethwick, near Birmingham, sold its first gas engine,

780-471: The United Kingdom, whereas the gas engine will generally only have a continuous rating, which will be less than the diesel continuous rating. Various ignition systems have been used, including hot-tube ignitors and spark ignition . Some modern gas engines are essentially dual-fuel engines . The main source of energy is the gas-air mixture but it is ignited by the injection of a small volume of diesel fuel . Gas engines that run on natural gas typically have

819-469: The city's tram network to Consolação was proposed in 1879, but was rejected by local residents as being good for the tram company but bad for local residents. The idea of building a viaduct came from Jules Martin , a French immigrant who was active in solving problems in the city, including installing the city's first gas engine , and drawing the first map of the province. He presented initial plans to connect Rua Direita to Rua Barão de Itapetininga with

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858-409: The construction. The 240-metre (790 ft)-long viaduct had a 180-metre (590 ft) structure made of iron imported from Germany, with a wooden floor. It was 14 metres (46 ft) wide, and carried pedestrians, horse-drawn trams, and other animal-drawn vehicles (but fixed-axle vehicles were banned). It was inaugurated on 6 November 1892. It was São Paulo's first viaduct, and was named after

897-437: The efficiency after energy has been taken to evaporate the intrinsic moisture within the gas itself. Gas distribution networks will typically charge based upon the higher heating value of the gas. i.e. , total energy content. A quoted engine efficiency based on LHV might be say 44% whereas the same engine might have an efficiency of 39.6% based on HHV on natural gas. It is also important to ensure that efficiency comparisons are on

936-403: The efficiency further still. GE Jenbacher's recent J624 engine is the world's first high efficiency methane-fueled 24-cylinder gas engine. When considering engine efficiency one should consider whether this is based on the lower heating value (LHV) or higher heating value (HHV) of the gas. Engine manufacturers will typically quote efficiencies based on the lower heating value of the gas, i.e.

975-475: The engine jacket, oil cooler and after-cooler circuits) as hot water, which can be at up to 110 °C. The remainder arises as high-temperature heat which can generate pressurised hot water or steam by the use of an exhaust gas heat exchanger . Two most common engine types are an air-cooled engine or water cooled engine. Water cooled nowadays use antifreeze in the internal combustion engine Some engines (air or water) have an added oil cooler. Cooling

1014-422: The engines have fewer internal problems. One example is the liquefied petroleum gas , chiefly propane . engine used in vast numbers of forklift trucks. Common United States usage of "gas" to mean "gasoline" requires the explicit identification of a natural gas engine. There is also such a thing as "natural gasoline", but this term, which refers to a subset of natural gas liquids , is very rarely observed outside

1053-483: The existing steam engine was its ability to be started and stopped on demand, making it ideal for intermittent work such as barge loading or unloading. The atmospheric gas engine was in turn replaced by Otto's four-stroke engine . The changeover to four-stroke engines was remarkably rapid, with the last atmospheric engines being made in 1877. Liquid-fuelled engines soon followed using diesel (around 1898) or gasoline (around 1900). The best-known builder of gas engines in

1092-414: The gas and air mixture is ignited by a small pilot flame burning outside, which forces the piston (which is connected to a toothed rack) upwards, creating a partial vacuum beneath it. No work is done on the upward stroke. The work is done when the piston and toothed rack descend under the effects of atmospheric pressure and their own weight, turning the main shaft and flywheels as they fall. Its advantage over

1131-576: The icons of the city for many years, and is often used as a backdrop during TV interviews, and in movies and telenovelas set in São Paulo. The viaduct has often been used for suicides , a fact that has been featured in songs. In April 2010 the sidewalk of the viaduct was occupied by around 700 tents. Gas engine A gas engine is an internal combustion engine that runs on a fuel gas (a gaseous fuel), such as coal gas , producer gas , biogas , landfill gas , natural gas or hydrogen . In

1170-404: The increase in traffic due to the growth of the city. A new double-width bridge made of reinforced concrete was constructed with a long arch supported by two pillars, adjacent to the original viaduct. It was designed by Elisário Bahiana , and was inaugurated on 23 February 1938; the original viaduct was demolished starting on 18 April 1938. The park below the bridge changed substantially in

1209-728: The modern high-speed gas engine is very competitive with gas turbines up to about 50 MW (67,000 hp) depending on circumstances, and the best ones are much more fuel efficient than the gas turbines. Rolls-Royce with the Bergen Engines, Caterpillar and many other manufacturers base their products on a diesel engine block and crankshaft. INNIO Jenbacher and Waukesha are the only two companies whose engines are designed and dedicated to gas alone. Typical applications are base load or high-hour generation schemes, including combined heat and power (for typical performance figures see ), landfill gas, mines gas, well -head gas and biogas , where

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1248-448: The other side was a neighbourhood called " Morro do Chá " (now Republica and Consolação ), which lacked good transportation and policing. In order to get between the two, a long tram ride in a 'U'-shape around the valley was required, or to go down a steep descent to the Ponte do Lorena and cross there, returning up a slope on the other side near to Rua Xavier de Toledo . An extension of

1287-503: The potential of Otto's development, and one month after the meeting, founded the first engine factory in the world, NA Otto & Cie, in Cologne. In 1867 Otto patented his improved design and it was awarded the Grand Prize at the 1867 Paris World Exhibition. This atmospheric engine worked by drawing a mixture of gas and air into a vertical cylinder. When the piston has risen about eight inches,

1326-416: The public utility or propane from on-site storage tanks, these generators can be arranged for automatic starting upon power failure. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) engines are expanding into the marine market, as the lean-burn gas engine can meet the new emission requirements without any extra fuel treatment or exhaust cleaning systems. Use of engines running on compressed natural gas (CNG) is also growing in

1365-405: The refining industry. A gas engine differs from a petrol engine in the way the fuel and air are mixed. A petrol engine uses a carburetor or fuel injection . but a gas engine often uses a simple venturi system to introduce gas into the air flow. Early gas engines used a three-valve system, with separate inlet valves for air and gas. The weak point of a gas engine compared to a diesel engine

1404-411: Was expropriated by the city council. The bridge was strengthened and enlarged in 1902 when electric trams were introduced to the city, and the valley that it passed over was turned into a park in 1910. The Municipal Theatre was constructed nearby 1911 on the site of an earlier sawmill. In the 1920s cars started to cross the viaduct. By the 1930s, the original viaduct was too narrow to cope with

1443-608: Was completed in 1892. The original viaduct was replaced in 1938 with a new concrete span. It often appears in TV interviews, as well as films and telenovelas set in São Paulo. The viaduct is located in São Paulo, Brazil. It runs over the Anhangabaú River in the Vale do Anhangabaú valley, which separated two cities. On one side was the city centre of São Paulo, which ended at the Rua Direita . On

1482-577: Was occupied by 200 members of the Movement for the Struggle for Better Housing ( Movimento de Luta por Moradia Digna - MLMD). In 2015, the city government announced the restoration and renovation of the Othon Palace to house the Municipal Finance Secretariat and a service plaza capable of serving more than 1,000 people a day. The renovation lasted two years and cost around R$ 63 million, funded by

1521-466: Was slated for demolition to construct the viaduct. People in favour of the viaduct attacked his house with picks to force him to move. In May 1889 their court case was defeated, and the viaduct was constructed. Construction restarted in 1889, initially run by the company Companhia Paulista do Chá. Due to delays, the company ran out of funding and almost went bankrupt; the project was transferred to Companhia de Ferro Carril de São Paulo, which completed

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