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57-997: Otaibah bin Guzayah bin Jusham bin Muawiya bin Bakr bin Hawāzin bin Manṣūr bin ʿIkrima bin K̲h̲aṣafa bin Qays ʿAylān bin Mudir bin Nizar bin Ma'add bin Adnan Research of the lineage of northern tribes may began with Adnan (instead of Ishmael ), as passed on by oral tradition . He is the common ancestor of the modern Otaibah, Annazah , Tamim , Abd al-Qays , and Quraysh tribes. Although Adnan

114-623: A Hilkiah as the father of an Azariah and by the seal reading "Hanan son of Hilkiah the priest." According to an account in 2 Kings (chapter 22) and 2 Chronicles (chapter 34), Hilkiah was High Priest at the Temple in Jerusalem during the reign of King Josiah of Judah (639–609 BC) and the discoverer of "the Book of the Law" in the Temple in the 18th year of Josiah's reign (622 BC). Scholars almost universally agree that

171-624: A comment by the Otaibah poet Mukhlad Al-Qthami to Rashidi leader Muhammed Ibn Abdullah at his court (translated from a nomadic dialect of Arabic):  We are the Otaibah. Oh, how many warriors we've slain Because our legions are a steady team. The Ottoman Empire continued to control the Western coasts of Tihamah . However, Arabia had its own rulers: a group of tribal chiefs in Najd and its surrounding area, and

228-460: A duty for them to rescue her. In other poems such as the ones composed by the Pre-Islamic poet "Qumma'a Ibn Ilias", it appears that Arabs considered it as an "Honor" to be a descendant of Adnan, and for some reason they appear to have been proud of it - presumably because if something is considered an "Honor", it is something to be proud of, as a function of the language model. The name of Adnan

285-500: A number of societies. The conflict with Āl Ras̲h̲īd of Ḥāʾil and the Sharifs in Mecca drove the process of settlement further, leading to about 130 such colonies across Arabia. Although efforts were made to bring different tribes together in a single settlement to end feuding, most of the settlements became associated with specific tribes. According to lists compiled by Oppenheim and Caskel,

342-710: A political party", the tribes began to identify the people of the Arabian Peninsula as Qays ʿAylān or Qahtan. The rivalry led to open conflict during the Second Muslim Civil War (680–692). Most Otaibah genealogy is oral tradition dating to the Middle Ages and earlier. Muhammad 's foster mother , Halimah al-Sa‘diyah , was from the Banu Sa'd tribe (a subdivision of the Hawazin, the Otaibah parent tribe. The lineage of

399-498: A retaliatory raid on their territory, in which he was defeated and critically wounded. In 1881 and 1882, the Otaibah plundered camps of Harb tribes who were subjects of Ibn Rashid . They unsuccessfully attacked Rashid in the summer of 1883. Members of the House of Saud joined Grand Sharif of Mecca Awn Al-Rafiq in 1897, and undertook campaigns against Ibn Rashid with Otaibah aid. The tribal war between Otaibah and Ibn Rashid began after

456-552: Is at the head of the tribal genealogy, genealogists and poets typically refer to two of his descendants: his son Ma'add (a later collective term for all north Arabian tribes) and his grandson Nizar , ancestor of Rabi'ah and Mudar. Mudar, the son of Nizar , fathered ʿAylān al-Nās (the ancestor of Hawazin and Otaibah). The Hawazin is another tribe related to the Otaibah. The tribe's common ancestors are Otaibah, Guzayah, Banu Jusham , Sa'd, Bakr, Hawāzin, Manṣūr, ʿIkrima, K̲h̲aṣafa, Qays ʿAylān, Mudir, Nijzar, Ma'add and Adnan of

513-647: Is divided into a number of clans, and each clan is divided into families. Among the tribe's members are: Adnan Adnan ( Arabic : عدنان , romanized :  ʿAdnān ) the Patriarch is the traditional ancestor of the Adnanite Arabs of Northern, Western, Eastern and Central Arabia , as opposed to the Qahtanite Arabs of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan . His ancestry can allegedly be traced back to Abraham . According to tradition, Adnan

570-552: Is mentioned in II Kings . He was the High Priest and is known for finding a lost copy of the Book of the Law at the Temple in Jerusalem at the time that King Josiah commanded that Solomon's Temple be refurbished according to 2 Kings 22 :8. His preaching may have helped spur Josiah to return Judah to the worship of Yahweh , God of Israel. Hilkiah may have been the same Hilkiah who was

627-630: Is often found in various Thamudic inscriptions, but with few details. In some Nabataean inscriptions, Adnan seems to hold some kind of importance or venerability, to the extent that some Nabataeans (descendants of Nabioth, the eldest son of Ishmael) were named after him as Abd Adnon (meaning, "the slave [or servant] of Adnan"). This is no particular indication that he was worshiped, rather than venerated as an honorable figure, much as other Arabs sometimes named their sons "servants" of their forefathers. Adnan died after Nebuchadnezzar II returned to Babylon . After Adnan's death, his son Ma'add moved to

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684-507: Is the father of a group of the Ishmaelite Arabs who inhabited west and northern Arabia; he is believed to be a descendant of Ishmael , son of Abraham . Adnan is believed by genealogists to be the father of many Ishmaelite tribes along the Western coast of Arabia , northern Arabia and Iraq . Many family trees have been presented for Adnan, which do not agree about the number of ancestors between Ishmael and Adnan but agreed about

741-615: The Book of Jeremiah ). The tribes of the northern Arabian Peninsula are descended from Ishmael. They are seldom referred to as the Ishmaelites, however, but are more often described as the Qays ʿAylān . The southern tribes are descended from Qahtan , also known as Qahtanites . During the Umayyad era, a feud began between them. Scottish historian W. Montgomery Watt wrote that "to constitute something like

798-568: The Book of Jeremiah , Baruch, transcribed the genealogy of his master (and devoted friend) to have it preserved (with the books) in the library of Jeremiah , and to save the lineage of Ma'add (perhaps for posterity and future generations), but God only knows (the exact truth). This is the reason why Mailk (a primary scholar of prophetic traditions in the 8th century) disliked tracing the lineage to before Adnan (or attempt to name any of forefathers of Adnan, other than Ishmael himself, because no truthful or precise record exists of these ancestors, save

855-541: The Ikhwan movement, and were deployed by Ibn Saud against regional rivals. They led tribal forces in the occupation of Al-Hasa , Ha'il , Al-Baha , Jizan , Asir , Ta'if , Mecca , and Jeddah . This was considered a significant contribution in gaining control of the Hejaz region. After several victories, some Ikhwan factions resented policies which appeared to favor modernization and an increased number of non-Muslim foreigners in

912-753: The Ishmaelites . The tribe is primarily found in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait , Qatar , and the United Arab Emirates . According to genealogy and oral tradition , the Otaibah tribe are descended from the pre-Islamic Hawazin . The Hawazin are descendants of the Qays ʿAylān (descendants of Ma'add [son of Adnan ]) or the Adnanites , descendants of the Ishmaelites (the sons of Ishmael , the elder son of Abraham ). The only known copy of historian and genealogist Hisham ibn al-Kalbi 's 8th-century AD The Great Ancestry

969-628: The Saudi National Guard ). Otaibahs Juhayman al-Otaybi , his brother-in-law, Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani (reportedly the Mahdi ) and hundreds of their followers seized the Great Mosque of Mecca on 20 November 1979. Although the rebels included Egyptians, Pakistanis and American converts, most were Saudi Otaibahs. The Grand Mosque seizure lasted until 4 December and resulted in the deaths of many civilian hostages, Saudi security personnel and most of

1026-703: The Sharif of Mecca Muhammad ibn Barakat attacked Otaiba in eastern Ta'if . During the 16th century, the Ottomans added the Red Sea and Persian Gulf coast to their empire. They claimed rule of the interior as their central authority waxed and waned. In the 18th century, the Mutayr (aided by the Qahtan ) began a series of wars against the Anazzah for the pastures of central Najd and forced

1083-504: The Sharif of Mecca ruled Mecca . Otaibah cooperated with Al Saud of Najd, but sided with the Sharifs of Mecca (who took refuge with the tribe in times of adversity). During World War I in 1915, Ibn Saud began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes in his territory (which included Najd and the east coast of Arabia. This was accomplished with the indoctrination of the tribes in religious ideals by Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab , since

1140-456: The muṭawwiʿūn (preachers) prepared the idea of an agricultural, settled life, and the first (and most successful) settlement was established in 1912 by the Mutayr tribe. This settlement was soon followed by another by the Otaibah. Their inhabitants were members of Ikhwan. An important cause and new religious regulations, standards, and principles helped nomadic people leave their desert-dwelling culture and begin to live in groups, giving birth to

1197-665: The Ḥarb had 27 settlements, the Otaibah 19, the Muṭayr 16, the Ajman 14, the Shammar nine and the Qahtan eight. The hid̲j̲ras were in Najd and on Arabia's east coast. They reached the edge of the al-Rubʿ al-K̲h̲ālī desert in the south, and the Syrian Desert in the north. In the west, they extended to the mountains of Hejaz and Asir . Otaibah Sultan ibn Bjad and Eqab bin Mohaya enlisted in

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1254-504: The Anazzah north. The Mutayr and Qahtan were superseded by the Otaibah, who remain the largest tribe in central Najd. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Otaibah and Ḥarb were counterparts in the centuries-long struggle among the Sharifs of Mecca and the ruling families of Ibn Rashid and Ibn Saud for Najd. Nineteenth- and early-20th-century Otaibah history reflects the wars in Najd and Hejaz , whose belligerents tried to enlist

1311-705: The End : There is no doubt that Adnan is from the lineage of Ishmeal , the only fact that is disagreed upon (or being disputed) is the number of ancestors between the two. Most of what was said (and known) is that the exact number is forty fathers between Adnan and Ishmeal, and this is (largely) based on what is written among the Christian and Jewish people, who know it from Baruch (the Israelite scribe, disciple, and secretary of Jeremah ) writer of The Book of Jeremiah ... And Abu Jafar Al Tabari , and others, have concluded that

1368-590: The Israelites before the Babylonian captivity , before the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC. The inscription reads: "(Belonging) to Hanan, son (of) Hilkiah the priest". It begins with the Hebrew letter lamed , meaning "belonging to", indicating the seal's ownership. Then the name of the seal's owner, the name of his father and the function of the seal's owner. The second object is a bulla found in Jerusalem in 1982. A bulla

1425-1600: The Otaibah tribe varies among scholars; some attribute the tribe to the sons of the Banu Sa'd ibn Hawazin, and others say that they are composed of the Banu Jusham ibn Muawiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin or the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah ibn Muawiyah ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin.Others said Otaiba bin Kaab bin Hawazin bin Saleh bin Shabab bin Abd al-Rahman bin Al-Haytham bin Al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Shajnah bin Jaber bin Razam bin Nasirah bin Fasiya bin Nasr bin Saad bin Bakr bin Hawazen. However, accounts agree that their lineage traces back to Hawazin, son of Mansur, son of Ikrimah, son of Khasafah, son of Qays ʿAylān, son of Mudar, son of Nizar, son of Ma'add, son of Adnan. According to Ibn Fahd al-Makki, in 1470

1482-410: The Otaibah tribe". The crown prince then said, "Very good. Take these verses of mine to your people, and they will know its meaning": Oh son of Otaibah, what say him (when) his mother's cheek (the land) was being defiled (by conflict)? In the core of all knowledge are solutions; (therefore), take this message, take it (to them). With the poem, the crown prince emphasized that the land (their mother)

1539-453: The Otaibah were warring with the Mutayr over land near the city of Ta'if . One spring, a committee was formed by the government to legally prohibit either tribe from occupying the land until the issue was resolved. Faisal Al Saud went to the source of the conflict to resolve it. He saw a roaming Otaibah shepherd herding sheep and camels and asked him, "Who are you?" The shepherd replied, "I am from

1596-518: The almighty God had sent to Jeremiah son of Hilkiah a revelation to go to (the King of Babylon) Nebuchadnezzar (II) and inform him that the almighty God has given him authority over the (ancient) people of Arabia (the Qedarites ). God then commanded Jeremiah to take Ma'add son of Adnan (far away from the imminent conflict) on (a horse). So that he, (Ma'add), will not be afflicted by any resentfulness (since

1653-417: The book Hilkiah found was the Book of Deuteronomy . Hilkiah's name is mentioned on a seal ring and a bulla . The first object where his name is mentioned is a seal ring found in 1980. On the seal is a three-line inscription, in reverse letters, as is usual, so that the letters will read properly when impressed in a lump of clay. The script incised in the seal is what scholars call paleo-Hebrew , used by

1710-464: The city by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 BC, and more precisely from the highest ground of the building (level 10B). This level was destroyed by the final burning which baked the bullae and provided a better conservation. On one bulla is a two-line inscription, in paleo-Hebrew script as on the seal. The inscription reads: "(Belonging) to Azaryah, son (of) Hilkiah". The inscription indicates

1767-499: The coming of Muhammad and ordered his successors to follow him. The following is the list of chiefs who are said to have ruled the Jazeera and to have been the intraline ancestors of Muhammad: Hilkiah Hilkiah ( Hebrew : חִלְקִיָּה(וּ) , romanized :  Ḥilqiyyā(hu) , lit.   'my portion is Yahweh ') was a Kohen or Israelite priest at the time of King Josiah (reigned c. 641–609 BCE). His name

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1824-479: The command of Omar bin Rubayan) chose loyalty to Ibn Saud . In 1926, the inhabitants of Najd and Hejaz gave their allegiance ( bayʿa ) to ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz . He accepted the title of king ( malik ) the following year and ruled the central and provincial governments, authorized by Islamic legal scholars ('ʿ ulamā ʾ') and Sharia law. Factions of the Ikhwan tribes (particularly the Mutayr , Otaibah and Ajman) supported

1881-457: The descendants of Qedar also bearing the name of "Nebaioth". Most Muslim scholars refused any attempt to recite the ancestors between Adnan to Ishmael, and condemned other scholars such as Ibn Ishaq for doing it. This partial absence of evidence for any ancestor between Adnan and Ishmael (and his son) has led some scholars to consider any personal name between the two figures as post-Islam apocrypha . Adnan married Mahdad bint Laham, who

1938-514: The father of Jeremiah of Libnah. As such, he would have lived in Anathoth in the land of Benjamin , and was the father of an influential family in the Kingdom of Judah . However, it is possible that Jeremiah was the son of a different man named Hilkiah because this is not mentioned in genealogies recorded in the Book of Chronicles. Hilkiah is attested in extrabiblical sources by the clay bulla naming

1995-506: The final crushing of the Ikhwan rebellion in 1930, some settlements were completely destroyed. The king then created the nucleus of a modern, standing army, which proved its worth in establishing peace. On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in a successful unification of a large portion of the peninsula. Early in the kingdom's history, a House of Supplies provided food for

2052-565: The first centuries; other nations from Hawazin intertwined around him (as well). After most of the clans of Hawazin departed (resettled away) from the land of Hejaz and Najd to the (great and) wide lands of God. To the Sham (the Levant), Iraq, Egypt, the farthermost western lands (North Africa), the lands of Persia, and its surrounding Persian territories. None was left of them except those who could not leave their land and country. Those who remained, formed

2109-445: The largest Hawazin alliance in our present time, and it was named Otaibah. Other works by al-Kalbi include the Book of Idols and The Abundance of Kinship . According to the latter, "The descendants of Jusham Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin are Guzayah, Oday, Ouseema. The sons of Guzayah are Juda'aa, Hami, Otaibah, and Outwara." Ibn Kathir wrote in his 14th-century book, The Beginning and

2166-417: The name of the seal's owner and the name of his father, but not his function. Azaryah and Hanan, sons of Hilkiah, both held a sacerdotal function in the Temple of Jerusalem. In the late roster of high priests referred to in 1 Chronicles (6:13, 9:11), Azaryah IV was the successor of Hilkiah in this function and probably his eldest son, while his other son, Hanan, served by his side as a priest. The seals of

2223-453: The names and number of the ancestors between Adnan and the Islamic prophet Muhammad . The overwhelming majority of traditions and Muslim scholars state that Adnan is a descendant of Qedar the son of Ishmael, except for Ibn Ishaq who claimed that Adnan was a descendant of Nebaioth . According to classical Muslim historian Al-Tabari , Ibn Ishaq's differing record may be due to one of

2280-500: The nomadic Arab Bedouin (including the Otaibah) were not considered religious. In 1916, with British support, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire to create a united state. The Arab Revolt of 1916–1918 failed, but the Allied victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman control of Arabia. ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz began to establish settlements known as al-Hid̲j̲ar (singular hid̲j̲ra ), followed by Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi of Nad̲j̲d in promoting

2337-404: The people. A harsh manager was memorialized by Shammar poet Hamad Al Rukhees: Oh (my) creator bestow ease (upon me) and (let me) Certainly (our future) days will (soon) be relieved as the free (falcon) gets full out of its own claw (hard effort and work). Late in the 20th century, King Faisal Al Saud was strongly supported by the Otaibah. When the king was crown prince (between 1953 and 1964),

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2394-501: The preservation of their chiefdoms—including the tribes’ choice of markets, raiding, and political affiliations—but were defeated in a series of battles during 1929 and 1930. Political opposition, including political parties, was subsequently forbidden. Centralization was apparent in economic change beginning in 1924, when ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz began to use taxation and pilgrimage income to build a central treasury. During this period, raids into neighbouring states were forbidden. On 29 March 1929,

2451-553: The rebels, including Muhammad al-Qahtani. Juhayman and 67 of his fellow rebels who survived the assault were captured and publicly beheaded. Many rebels evaded capture and fled. In response to the seizure of the mosque, King Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud gave more power to religious conservatives and ulamas . He reportedly believed that "the solution to the religious upheaval was simple: more religion." Newspaper photographs of women were banned, followed by women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. The educational curriculum

2508-450: The region of Central-Western Hijaz after the destruction of the Qedarite kingdom near Mesopotamia , and the remaining Qedarite Arabs there were displaced from their lands and forced to live in Al-Anbar province and on the banks of the Euphrates river under the rule of the Neo-Babylonian Empire . According to Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was descended from Adnan. It has also been said that Adnan foretold

2565-424: The region. Some Ikhwan members became more zealous than their founder, and turned against him. Sultan ibn Bjad joined leaders of other tribes in revolt in December 1928; Eqab bin Mohaya led his Otaibah tribe to aid King Abdul Aziz and vanquish the threat. Eqab and his followers were not the only members of the tribe to ally with the young king the revolution was doomed when a large Otaibah faction (Roug, under

2622-412: The revolution was suppressed at the Battle of Sabilla . After the defeat, another battle took place between two branches of the Otaibah tribe: Barka and Roug. The rebellious Barka branch fled under Sultan ibn Bjad , one of their three leaders. He and his men were defeated and captured at D̲j̲abala by ʿUmar Ibn Rubayʿān, in command of al-Roug elements loyal to the king. Ibn Bjad was later taken prisoner. In

2679-404: The settlement of Saudi Arabia's people during the first quarter of the century. This was accompanied by the Ikhwan (the Brethren), a political, military, and religious movement. ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz, its founder, attempted to kindle religious enthusiasm among the rarely-pious and often-unpredictable tribes as a start for the reclamation and control of his domain. The spread of religious enlightenment by

2736-409: The tribe's support. In 1816, the Wahhabi kingdom was defeated by the Egyptians. Their leader, Ibrahim Mohammed Ali, persuaded the Otaibah and several Anazzah tribes to assist him against Abdullah bin Saud . Between 1842 and 1872, nine powers (including the Otaibah) were at war in Najd. In 1872, Otaibah chief Muslit bin Rubayan attacked western settlements of Riyadh . Saud bin Faisal immediately made

2793-418: The two brothers Hanan and Azaryah, engraved by the same master engraver, belong to what has been called the "generation of sons" and date, not from Josiah's reign but from one of his successors' (before 586). The seal of Azaryah was made before he became high priest because his function is not mentioned on it. The seal of Hanan and the bulla of Azaryah, two sons of the high priest Hilkiah, represent testimonies of

2850-442: The victims cursed by the evils of Nebuchadnezzar were his people). (As the command stated) For I, the almighty God, will bring forth from him (Ma'add son of Adnan) a generous prophet, and the last among prophets. Jeremiah accepted the request, and carried Ma'add to the land (known as) the levant , where he grew among the sons of Israel ; the few whom survived after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem ... The scribe who wrote

2907-456: Was a descendant of his ancestor 's half brother Yaqshan . He had two sons with her, Ma'add ibn Adnan and Akk ibn Adnan . Akk dwelt in the Yaman because he took a wife amongst the Asharites and lived with them, adopting their language. The Asharites were descended from Saba' ibn Yashjub ibn Ya'rub ibn Qahtan . Adnan was mentioned in various Pre-Islamic poems , by the Pre-Islamic poets Lubayb Ibn Rabi'a and Abbas Ibn Mirdas. Adnan

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2964-482: Was against it (the conflict) We (the Otaibah) would evacuate the land. Take (accept) this message, take it. And my mother (the land) is like an elderly woman; rosy (gentle in essence), white (unspoiled) and clean is her cheek. And (alongside) your mother (Arabia), succeeded only by the strongest of kings, take this message, take it. The conflict ended soon afterwards. During the early 21st century, many Otaibah enlisted in Saudi Arabia's armed forces (particularly in

3021-438: Was being defiled by the conflict. The shepherd said, "All right. I will take it to them, but I do not know who it is from (or who is its sender)". The crown prince replied, "The person speaking to you is Faisal Ibn Abdul Aziz". The shepherd responded, "A name significantly acknowledged and greatly praised; however, please take its response in verse": Oh, greetings to the greatest of all solutions (manifested). If (we knew) Faisal

3078-406: Was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects such as non-Islamic history. Gender segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop", and the religious police became more assertive. The Otaibah tribe is divided into three major branches: Barga (Arabic: برقا ), Rog (روق) and of them Al-Hafah (الحفاه), and Banu Saad (Sons of Saad, بنو سعد). Each branch

3135-557: Was examined then verified in 1988 by Mahmud Firdous al Adm, who found portions of the manuscript in the research of Werner Caskel , a professor at the University of Berlin and the University of Cologne during the 1940s. According to the manuscript: "Otaibah" is attributed to a standard; one of the banners that belong to the tribe of Hawazin . (The name derives from a man) and he is, Otaibah Ibn Guzayah Ibn Jusham Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin. The clans (subdivisions) of Hawazin all united under one of his descendants in an early time during

3192-408: Was used to seal a document. The document's owner took a lump of soft clay; he affixed the clay to the string binding the document and then stamped it with his seal. This bulla was one of the fifty-one bullae discovered during excavations in the eastern slope of Jerusalem in a dated archaeological context. This collection of bullae was found in level 10, dated between Josiah's rule and the destruction of

3249-460: Was viewed by Pre-Islamic Arabs as an honorable father among the fathers of Arab tribes, and they used this ancestry to boast against other Qahtani tribes who were a minority among the Adnanites . Layla Bent Lukayz , a Pre-Islamic female poet , was captured by a Persian king and forced to marry him, so she composed a poem designated to other Arab tribes, asking for their help and reminding that she and they all belong to Adnan, which makes it

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