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28-637: And see text Osteoglossomorpha is a group of bony fish in the Teleostei . A notable member is the arapaima ( Arapaima gigas ), the largest freshwater fish in South America and one of the largest bony fishes alive. Other notable members include the bizarre freshwater elephantfishes of family Mormyridae. Most osteoglossomorph lineages are extinct today. Only the somewhat diverse "bone-tongues" ( Osteoglossiformes ) and two species of mooneyes (Hiodontiformes) remain. The ichthyodectiform fishes from

56-494: A dead sunfish near the coast of Faial Island , Azores , with a weight of 2,744 kilograms (6,049 lb) and 3.6 metres (12 ft) tall and 3.5 metres (11 ft) long established the biggest giant sunfish ever captured. The longest is the king of herrings , a type of oarfish . Other very large bony fish include the Atlantic blue marlin , some specimens of which have been recorded as in excess of 820 kilograms (1,810 lb),

84-432: A predominantly bony skeleton. Under this classification system, Osteichthyes was considered paraphyletic with regard to land vertebrates , as the common ancestor of all osteichthyans includes tetrapods amongst its descendants. While the largest subclass, Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), is monophyletic, with the inclusion of the smaller sub-class Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes was regarded as paraphyletic. This has led to

112-481: Is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, encompassing most aquatic vertebrates, as well as all semi-aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. The group is divided into two main clades , the ray-finned fish ( Actinopterygii , which makes up the vast majority of extant fish) and the lobe-finned fish ( Sarcopterygii , which gave rise to all land vertebrates, i.e. tetrapods ). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 425 million years old from

140-437: Is usually oviparous (egg-laying) but can be ovoviviparous , or viviparous . Although there is usually no parental care after birth, before birth parents may scatter, hide, guard or brood eggs, with sea horses being notable in that the males undergo a form of "pregnancy", brooding eggs deposited in a ventral pouch by a female. The giant sunfish is the heaviest bony fish in the world, in late 2021, Portuguese fishermen found

168-776: The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were once classified as osteoglossomorphs, but are now generally recognized as stem teleosts . Basal and incertae sedis (Extinct) Order † Lycopteriformes Chang & Chou 1977 Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979 Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004 Phylogeny based on the following works: Hiodontidae Pantodontidae Osteoglossidae Notopteridae Gymnarchidae Mormyridae [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bony fish Osteichthyes ( / ˌ ɒ s t iː ˈ ɪ k θ iː z / ost-ee- IK -theez ), also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as

196-444: The black marlin , some sturgeon species, and the giant and goliath grouper , which both can exceed 300 kilograms (660 lb) in weight. In contrast, Paedocypris progenetica and the stout infantfish can measure less than 8 millimetres (0.31 in). The beluga sturgeon is the largest species of freshwater bony fish extant today, and Arapaima gigas is among the largest of the freshwater fish. The largest bony fish ever

224-553: The bony fish , is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue . They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and the extinct placoderms and acanthodians , which have endoskeletons primarily composed of cartilage . The vast majority of extant fish are members of Osteichthyes, being an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders , over 435 families and 28,000 species . It

252-461: The foregut into the mesoderm that surrounds it, forming the lung bud. Around the 28th day, during the separation of the lung bud from the foregut it forms the trachea and splits into two bronchial buds, one on each side. The molecular signaling involved in the specification of the respiratory bud starts with the expression of the Nkx2-1 gene, which determines the respiratory field – the area where

280-429: The inner ear contains large otoliths . The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure . Early bony fish had simple respiratory diverticula (an outpouching on either side of the esophagus ) which helped them breathe air in low-oxygen water as a form of supplementary enteral respiration . In ray-finned fish these have evolved into swim bladders ,

308-403: The laryngotracheal folds , begin to form and grow until they join, forming a wall between the two organs . An incomplete separation of the organs leads to a congenital abnormality known as a tracheoesophageal fistula . The epithelium of the larynx is of endodermal origin, but the laryngeal cartilages, unlike the rest of the respiratory bud connective tissue , come from the mesenchyme of

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336-423: The opah , swordfish and tuna have independently evolved various levels of endothermy . Bony fish can be any type of heterotroph : numerous species of omnivore , carnivore , herbivore , filter-feeder , detritivore , or hematophage are documented. Some bony fish are hermaphrodites , and a number of species exhibit parthenogenesis . Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal. Development

364-526: The swim bladders and lungs , respectively. Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi . In paleontology the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish. Until recently, the view of most ichthyologists has been that Osteichthyes were paraphyletic and include only fishes. However, since 2013 widely cited ichthyology papers have been published with phylogenetic trees that treat

392-465: The vocal folds and the vestibular folds . In between, an enlarged space, the ventricle , remains. Failure in this process leads to a serious but rare condition called congenital atresia of the larynx. After the lung buds have formed, they begin to grow and branch forming a primitive version of the bronchial tree , determining how the lobes of the lung will be arranged in the mature organ. The first stage of alveolar development, spanning between

420-482: The Osteichthyes as a clade including tetrapods. Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones , rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in

448-1036: The ancestral Osteichthyes. Coelacanthiformes [REDACTED] Ceratodontiformes [REDACTED] Tetrapoda [REDACTED] Polypteriformes [REDACTED] Acipenseriformes [REDACTED] Lepisosteiformes [REDACTED] Amiiformes [REDACTED] Elopiformes [REDACTED] Albuliformes [REDACTED] Notacanthiformes [REDACTED] Anguilliformes [REDACTED] Osteoglossiformes [REDACTED] Hiodontiformes [REDACTED] Clupeiformes [REDACTED] Alepocephaliformes [REDACTED] Gonorynchiformes [REDACTED] Cypriniformes [REDACTED] Characiformes [REDACTED] Gymnotiformes [REDACTED] Siluriformes [REDACTED] Lepidogalaxiiformes Argentiniformes [REDACTED] Galaxiiformes [REDACTED] Salmoniformes [REDACTED] Esociformes [REDACTED] Osmeriformes [REDACTED] Stomiatiformes [REDACTED] Neoteleostei [REDACTED] All bony fish possess gills . For

476-455: The changing sizes of which help to alter the body's specific density and buoyancy . In elpistostegalians , a crown group of lobe-finned fish that gave rise to the land-dwelling tetrapods , these respiratory diverticula became further specialized for obligated air breathing and evolved into the modern amphibian , reptilian , avian and mammalian lungs . Early bony fish did not have fin spines like most modern fish, but instead had

504-423: The current cladistic classification which splits the Osteichthyes into two full classes. Under this scheme Osteichthyes is monophyletic, as it includes the tetrapods making it a synonym of the clade Euteleostomi . Most bony fish belong to the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram below. Whole-genome duplication took place in

532-463: The epidermis in the process. The three categories of scales for Osteichthyes which are cosmoid scales, ganoid scales, teleost scales. The teleost scales are also then divided into two subgroups which are the cycloid scales, and the ctenoid scales. All these scales have a base of bone that they all originate from, the only difference is that the teleost scales only have one layer of bone. Ganoid scales have lamellar bone, and vascular bone that lies on top of

560-420: The epidermis of the fish. ...it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using the taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods... Traditionally, Osteichthyes was considered a class , recognised on the presence of a swim bladder , only three pairs of gill arches hidden behind a bony operculum , and

588-600: The fifth and the 16th week of development, is called the pseudoglandular stage . It is so called because of the histological appearance of the primitive alveoli, which resemble glandular tissue . After the pseudoglandular stage, the lung enters the canalicular and saccular phases. During these stages, the terminal tubes narrow and give rise to small saccules, which become increasingly associated with capillaries as to make gas exchange possible. The alveolar epithelium begins to differentiate into two distinct types of cells: type I pneumocytes and type II pneumocytes , as well as

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616-494: The fleshy paddle-like fins similar to other non-bony clades of fish, although the lobe-finned fish evolved articulated appendicular skeletons within their paired fins , which gave rise to tetrapods' limbs . They also evolved a pair of opercula (gill covers), which can actively draw water across the gills so they can breathe without having to swim. Bony fish do not have placoid scales like cartilaginous fish, instead they consist of three types of scales that do not penetrate

644-461: The fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches . The fourth pharyngeal arch, adjacent to what will be the root of the tongue , will become the epiglottis . The sixth pharyngeal arch, located around the laryngeal orifice, will become the thyroid , cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. These structures are formed in a process in which the lining cells of the primitive larynx proliferate and occlude it. Later, it recanalizes leaving two membrane-like structures:

672-423: The lamellar bone, then enamel lies on top of both layers of bone. Cosmoid scales have the same two layers of bone that ganoid scales have except they have dentin in-between the enamel and vascular bone and lamellar (vascular and lamellar two subcategories for bone found in scales). All these scales are found underneath the epidermis and do not break the epidermis of the fish. Unlike the placoid scales that poke through

700-442: The late Silurian , which are also transitional fossils showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and true bony fishes. Despite the name, these early basal bony fish had not yet evolved ossification and their skeletons were still mostly cartilaginous, and the main distinguishing feature that set them apart from other fish clades were the development of foregut pouches that eventually evolved into

728-435: The majority this is their sole or main means of respiration. Lungfish and other osteichthyan species are capable of respiration through lungs or vascularized swim bladders. Other species can respire through their skin, intestines, and/or stomach. Osteichthyes are primitively ectothermic (cold blooded), meaning that their body temperature is dependent on that of the water. But some of the larger marine osteichthyids, such as

756-477: The respiratory bud will begin to grow from. The signaling that makes the growth of the respiratory bud possible is complex and involves a number of interactions between the mesoderm and the respiratory bud epithelium , in which members of the Fgf and Fgfr family of genes express. At first, the posterior part of the trachea is open to the esophagus , but as the bud elongates two longitudinal mesodermal ridges known as

784-412: Was Leedsichthys , which dwarfed the beluga sturgeon as well as the ocean sunfish , giant grouper and all the other giant bony fishes alive today. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Lung bud In the fourth week of development , the respiratory diverticulum, starts to grow from the ventral (front) side of

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