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76-498: Osmosis Jones is a 2001 American live-action/animated buddy cop comedy film written by Marc Hyman . Combining live-action sequences directed by the Farrelly brothers and animation directed by Piet Kroon and Tom Sito , the film stars the voices of Chris Rock , Laurence Fishburne , David Hyde Pierce , Brandy Norwood and William Shatner alongside Molly Shannon , Chris Elliott and Bill Murray in live-action roles. It follows

152-484: A common cold and use his knowledge of DNA to kill Frank. When Ozzy is discovered, Drix comes to his aid, causing a brawl which culminates in the zit being popped by a grenade. Its pus lands on Mrs. Boyd's lip during a meeting between her and Frank; in response, Phlegmming closes the investigation, dismisses Ozzy from the police force and orders Drix to leave Frank’s body. Back in the real world, Frank prepares to go to Buffalo, much to Shane's disapproval. Unbeknownst to

228-405: A restraining order against him; Frank’s brother Bob had gotten him his job at the zoo and Ozzy was suspended for unnecessary force. Ozzy and Drix visit Chill, a flu vaccine and an informant , who directs them to Thrax's hideout in a germ-ridden nightclub in a large zit on Frank's forehead. Ozzy goes undercover and infiltrates Thrax's gang, where he learns that Thrax intends to masquerade as

304-500: A street painting , including Dick Van Dyke dancing with penguin waiters. In 1971 Bedknobs and Broomsticks transported Angela Lansbury and David Tomlinson to an underwater nightclub for dancing, followed by Tomlinson competing with anthropomorphic animals in an aggressive soccer match. Inspired by the Swedish film Dunderklumpen! (1974), Walt Disney produced Pete's Dragon in 1977 to experiment with similar techniques, placing

380-488: A child has a serious illness. With respect to the effect of antipyretics on the risk of death in those with infection, studies have found mixed results, as of 2019. Fever is one of the most common medical signs . It is part of about 30% of healthcare visits by children, and occurs in up to 75% of adults who are seriously sick. About 5% of people who go to an emergency room have a fever. A number of types of fever were known as early as 460 BC to 370 BC when Hippocrates

456-581: A feeling of cold or chills . This results in greater heat production and efforts to conserve heat. When the set point temperature returns to normal, a person feels hot, becomes flushed , and may begin to sweat . Rarely a fever may trigger a febrile seizure , with this being more common in young children. Fevers do not typically go higher than 41 to 42 °C (106 to 108 °F). A fever can be caused by many medical conditions ranging from non-serious to life-threatening . This includes viral , bacterial , and parasitic infections —such as influenza ,

532-577: A fever recover without specific medical attention. Although it is unpleasant, fever rarely rises to a dangerous level even if untreated. Damage to the brain generally does not occur until temperatures reach 42.0 °C (107.6 °F), and it is rare for an untreated fever to exceed 40.6 °C (105.1 °F). Treating fever in people with sepsis does not affect outcomes. Small trials have shown no benefit of treating fevers of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) or higher of critically ill patients in ICUs, and one trial

608-495: A food festival in Buffalo, New York , ignoring its effects on Frank's health. This causes Frank to eat a boiled egg covered in chimp saliva, allowing Thrax, a deadly virus known mainly as "The Red Death," to enter his body and inflame his throat. Phlegmming instructs Frank to take a cold pill. The pill, Special Agent Drixenol "Drix" Drixobenzometaphedramine, proceeds to disinfect the throat, covering up evidence of Thrax's arrival. Ozzy

684-511: A phenomenon known as fever phobia, which is based in both caregiver's and parents' misconceptions about fever in children. Among them, many parents incorrectly believe that fever is a disease rather than a medical sign , that even low fevers are harmful, and that any temperature even briefly or slightly above the oversimplified "normal" number marked on a thermometer is a clinically significant fever. They are also afraid of harmless side effects like febrile seizures and dramatically overestimate

760-544: A previous study showing the EP3 subtype is what mediates the fever response. Hence, the hypothalamus can be seen as working like a thermostat . When the set point is raised, the body increases its temperature through both active generation of heat and retention of heat. Peripheral vasoconstriction both reduces heat loss through the skin and causes the person to feel cold. Norepinephrine increases thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue , and muscle contraction through shivering raises

836-399: A pyrogen, mediated by interleukin 1 (IL-1) release. These cytokine factors are released into general circulation, where they migrate to the brain's circumventricular organs where they are more easily absorbed than in areas protected by the blood–brain barrier . The cytokines then bind to endothelial receptors on vessel walls to receptors on microglial cells , resulting in activation of

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912-420: A reaction to an incompatible blood product. Fever is thought to contribute to host defense, as the reproduction of pathogens with strict temperature requirements can be hindered, and the rates of some important immunological reactions are increased by temperature. Fever has been described in teaching texts as assisting the healing process in various ways, including: A fever response to an infectious disease

988-463: Is 35.5–37.5 °C (95.9–99.5 °F) among men and 35.7–37.5 °C (96.3–99.5 °F) among women. Normal body temperatures vary depending on many factors, including age, sex, time of day, ambient temperature, activity level, and more. Normal daily temperature variation has been described as 0.5 °C (0.9 °F). A raised temperature is not always a fever. For example, the temperature rises in healthy people when they exercise, but this

1064-450: Is a symptom of organism's anti-infection defense mechanism that appears with body temperature exceeding the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus . There is no single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature: sources use values ranging between 37.2 and 38.3 °C (99.0 and 100.9 °F) in humans. The increase in set point triggers increased muscle contractions and causes

1140-462: Is activation of the arachidonic acid pathway . PGE2 release comes from the arachidonic acid pathway. This pathway (as it relates to fever), is mediated by the enzymes phospholipase A2 (PLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 synthase . These enzymes ultimately mediate the synthesis and release of PGE2. PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the febrile response. The setpoint temperature of

1216-512: Is also superior to aspirin in children with fevers. Additionally, aspirin is not recommended in children and young adults (those under the age of 16 or 19 depending on the country) due to the risk of Reye's syndrome . Using both paracetamol and ibuprofen at the same time or alternating between the two is more effective at decreasing fever than using only paracetamol or ibuprofen. It is not clear if it increases child comfort. Response or nonresponse to medications does not predict whether or not

1292-541: Is an intracranial hemorrhage . Other causes in emergency room settings include sepsis , Kawasaki syndrome , neuroleptic malignant syndrome , drug overdose , serotonin syndrome , and thyroid storm . Fever is a common symptom of many medical conditions: Adult and pediatric manifestations for the same disease may differ; for instance, in COVID-19 , one metastudy describes 92.8% of adults versus 43.9% of children presenting with fever. In addition, fever can result from

1368-596: Is an unkempt zookeeper at the Sucat Memorial Zoo in Rhode Island . He copes with his wife Maggie's death by overeating and foregoing basic hygiene, much to his daughter Shane's concern. Inside his body, white blood cell Osmosis "Ozzy" Jones is an overzealous officer of the "Frank Police Department," the body's center for responses against bodily threats. Facing an election against Tom Colonic, Mayor Phlegmming doubles down on his junk food policies, so he could go to

1444-408: Is associated with reduced mortality. Temperature is regulated in the hypothalamus . The trigger of a fever, called a pyrogen, results in the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which creates a systemic response in the body, causing heat-generating effects to match a new higher temperature set point. There are four receptors in which PGE2 can bind (EP1-4), with

1520-446: Is generally agreed to be present if the elevated temperature is caused by a raised set point and: In adults, the normal range of oral temperatures in healthy individuals is 35.7–37.7 °C (96.3–99.9 °F) among men and 33.2–38.1 °C (91.8–100.6 °F) among women, while when taken rectally it is 36.7–37.5 °C (98.1–99.5 °F) among men and 36.8–37.1 °C (98.2–98.8 °F) among women, and for ear measurement it

1596-461: Is generally not required. Treatment of associated pain and inflammation, however, may be useful and help a person rest. Medications such as ibuprofen or paracetamol (acetaminophen) may help with this as well as lower temperature. Children younger than three months require medical attention, as might people with serious medical problems such as a compromised immune system or people with other symptoms. Hyperthermia requires treatment. Fever

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1672-453: Is generally regarded as protective, whereas fever in non-infections may be maladaptive. Studies have not been consistent on whether treating fever generally worsens or improves mortality risk. Benefits or harms may depend on the type of infection, health status of the patient and other factors. Studies using warm-blooded vertebrates suggest that they recover more rapidly from infections or critical illness due to fever. In sepsis , fever

1748-523: Is more commonly seen in people receiving immune-suppressing chemotherapy than in apparently healthy people. Hyperpyrexia is an extreme elevation of body temperature which, depending upon the source, is classified as a core body temperature greater than or equal to 40 or 41 °C (104 or 106 °F); the range of hyperpyrexia includes cases considered severe (≥ 40 °C) and extreme (≥ 42 °C). It differs from hyperthermia in that one's thermoregulatory system's set point for body temperature

1824-411: Is not considered a fever, as the set point is normal. On the other hand, a "normal" temperature may be a fever, if it is unusually high for that person; for example, medically frail elderly people have a decreased ability to generate body heat, so a "normal" temperature of 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) may represent a clinically significant fever. Hyperthermia is an elevation of body temperature over

1900-598: Is often established by identifying possible causes. Various patterns of measured patient temperatures have been observed, some of which may be indicative of a particular medical diagnosis : Among the types of intermittent fever are ones specific to cases of malaria caused by different pathogens. These are: In addition, there is disagreement regarding whether a specific fever pattern is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma —the Pel–Ebstein fever , with patients argued to present high temperature for one week, followed by low for

1976-432: Is one of the most common medical signs . It is part of about 30% of healthcare visits by children and occurs in up to 75% of adults who are seriously sick. While fever evolved as a defense mechanism, treating a fever does not appear to improve or worsen outcomes. Fever is often viewed with greater concern by parents and healthcare professionals than is usually deserved, a phenomenon known as "fever phobia." A fever

2052-404: Is set above normal, then heat is generated to achieve it. In contrast, hyperthermia involves body temperature rising above its set point due to outside factors. The high temperatures of hyperpyrexia are considered medical emergencies , as they may indicate a serious underlying condition or lead to severe morbidity (including permanent brain damage ), or to death. A common cause of hyperpyrexia

2128-419: Is told to assist Drix in his investigation, much to his displeasure. Thrax assumes leadership of a gang of sweat germs and breaks down Frank's mucus dam, nearly killing the duo and causing a runny nose. Ozzy tells Drix how he once caused Frank to vomit on Shane’s teacher Mrs. Boyd at a school science fair after Frank ate a contaminated oyster which led to Frank's dismissal from his previous job and Mrs. Boyd filing

2204-567: Is usually accompanied by sickness behavior , which consists of lethargy , depression , loss of appetite , sleepiness , hyperalgesia , dehydration , and the inability to concentrate. Sleeping with a fever can often cause intense or confusing nightmares , commonly called "fever dreams". Mild to severe delirium (which can also cause hallucinations ) may also present itself during high fevers. A range for normal temperatures has been found. Central temperatures, such as rectal temperatures, are more accurate than peripheral temperatures. Fever

2280-462: Is zippy and fun, but the live-action portion is lethargic." On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale. The animated parts of Osmosis Jones were praised for their plot and fast pace, in contrast with the criticized live-action segments. Robert Koehler of Variety praised

2356-485: The Avatar franchise . These films are generally not considered animated due to the realism of the animation and the use of motion-capture performances , which are extensively based on live-action performances by implementing actors' movements and facial expressions into their characters. Roger Ebert said that "in my mind, it isn't animation, unless it looks like animation." Fever Fever or pyrexia in humans

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2432-487: The Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Ozzy & Drix , an animated series that serves as a stand-alone continuation of the film, starring Phil LaMarr and Jeff Bennett as the titular characters, aired on Kids' WB for two seasons and 26 episodes from September 14, 2002 to July 5, 2004. Live-action animated film The origins of live-action animation date back to the early 20th century, with pioneers such as

2508-565: The Kid Rock song "Cool Daddy, Cool", the full version of which has lyrics promoting statutory rape . The film received numerous Annie Award nominations including Best Animated Feature (losing to Shrek ). A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on August 7, 2001, by Atlantic Records . The soundtrack failed to chart on the Billboard 200 , but Trick Daddy 's single "Take It to da House" managed to make it to number 88 on

2584-538: The arachidonic acid pathway . Of these, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 are able to raise the temperature setpoint of an organism and cause fever. These proteins produce a cyclooxygenase which induces the hypothalamic production of PGE2 which then stimulates the release of neurotransmitters such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate and increases body temperature. Exogenous pyrogens are external to the body and are of microbial origin. In general, these pyrogens, including bacterial cell wall products, may act on Toll-like receptors in

2660-491: The common cold , meningitis , urinary tract infections , appendicitis , Lassa fever , COVID-19 , and malaria . Non-infectious causes include vasculitis , deep vein thrombosis , connective tissue disease , side effects of medication or vaccination, and cancer . It differs from hyperthermia , in that hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature over the temperature set point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss . Treatment to reduce fever

2736-419: The metabolic rate . If these measures are insufficient to make the blood temperature in the brain match the new set point in the hypothalamus, the brain orchestrates heat effector mechanisms via the autonomic nervous system or primary motor center for shivering. These may be: When the hypothalamic set point moves back to baseline—either spontaneously or via medication—normal functions such as sweating, and

2812-514: The sympathetic output system, which evokes non-shivering thermogenesis to produce body heat and skin vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss from the body surface. It is presumed that the innervation from the POA to the PVN mediates the neuroendocrine effects of fever through the pathway involving pituitary gland and various endocrine organs . Fever does not necessarily need to be treated, and most people with

2888-689: The Clown , interacted with the live world; for example, having a boxing match with a live kitten. In a variation from this and inspired by Fleischer, Walt Disney 's first directorial efforts, years before Oswald the Lucky Rabbit was born in 1927 and Mickey Mouse in 1928, were the live-action animated Alice Comedies cartoons, in which a young live-action girl named Alice interacted with animated cartoon characters. Many previous films have combined live-action with stop-motion animation using back projection , such as Willis O'Brien and Ray Harryhausen films in

2964-536: The Frenchman Georges Méliès . Méliès is often credited with creating the first examples of this genre through his innovative use of special effects, animation, and live-action footage. His 1902 film, " A Trip to the Moon ", although not a live-action animated film by the modern definition, laid the groundwork for the integration of imaginative elements into live-action films. The genre really began to develop with

3040-692: The Latin American film pair Saludos Amigos (1943) and The Three Caballeros (1945), Donald Duck cavorts with several Latin-American dancers, plus Aurora Miranda (sister of Carmen Miranda ), who gives him a kiss. In Song of the South (1946) Uncle Remus sings "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" in an animated field, and tells the stories of Brer Rabbit through animated sequences. So Dear to My Heart (1949) improved upon this. The 1964 film Mary Poppins gained significant notoriety for its blend of live action and animation, with an extensive sequence located "inside"

3116-686: The United States, and Aleksandr Ptushko , Karel Zeman and, more recently, Jan Švankmajer in Eastern Europe . The first feature film combining these forms was The Lost World (1925). In the Soviet film The New Gulliver (1935), the only character who was not animated was Gulliver himself. Warner Bros. ' cartoon You Ought to Be in Pictures , directed by Friz Freleng , featured animated Warner Bros. characters interacting with live-action people, and

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3192-407: The advent of techniques such as Rotoscoping , developed by Max Fleischer in the 1910s. Rotoscoping allowed animators to trace moving images, frame by frame, to generate realistic animations which could be integrated with real action scenes. During the silent film era in the 1920s and 1930s, the popular animated cartoons of Max Fleischer included a series in which his cartoon character, Koko

3268-507: The age of fifteen. An older term, febricula (a diminutive form of the Latin word for fever), was once used to refer to a low-grade fever lasting only a few days. This term fell out of use in the early 20th century, and the symptoms it referred to are now thought to have been caused mainly by various minor viral respiratory infections . Fever is often viewed with greater concern by parents and healthcare professionals than might be deserved,

3344-508: The animated dragon, Elliot, in a live-action setting. The genre broke new ground again with Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1988, with Disney and Amblin Entertainment producing advanced special effects and photo-realistic interactions among animated characters and live actors. Memorable moments include the entrance of Jessica Rabbit in the Ink & Paint Club and Bob Hoskins handcuffed to

3420-412: The animated title character . With live-action and traditional animated films, two negatives were double-printed onto the same release print pre-digitally. Since then, more complex techniques have used optical printers or aerial image animation cameras , which enabled more accurate positioning, and more realism for the interaction of actors and fictional animated characters. Often, every frame of

3496-617: The body or direct submersion in ice water ). In general, people are advised to keep adequately hydrated. Whether increased fluid intake improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illnesses such as the common cold is not known. Medications that lower fevers are called antipyretics . The antipyretic ibuprofen is effective in reducing fevers in children. It is more effective than acetaminophen (paracetamol) in children. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen may be safely used together in children with fevers. The efficacy of acetaminophen by itself in children with fevers has been questioned. Ibuprofen

3572-483: The body will remain elevated until PGE2 is no longer present. PGE2 acts on neurons in the preoptic area (POA) through the prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3). EP3-expressing neurons in the POA innervate the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), the rostral raphe pallidus nucleus in the medulla oblongata (rRPa), and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Fever signals sent to the DMH and rRPa lead to stimulation of

3648-940: The body. The "pyrogenicity" of given pyrogens varies: in extreme cases, bacterial pyrogens can act as superantigens and cause rapid and dangerous fevers. Endogenous pyrogens are cytokines released from monocytes (which are part of the immune system ). In general, they stimulate chemical responses, often in the presence of an antigen , leading to a fever. Whilst they can be a product of external factors like exogenous pyrogens, they can also be induced by internal factors like damage associated molecular patterns such as cases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Major endogenous pyrogens are interleukin 1 (α and β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Minor endogenous pyrogens include interleukin-8 , tumor necrosis factor-β , macrophage inflammatory protein -α and macrophage inflammatory protein-β as well as interferon-α , interferon-β , and interferon-γ . Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) also acts as

3724-484: The box office upon their original releases). The film opened at #7 in its first opening weekend at the U.S. box office, accumulating $ 5,271,248 on its opening week. The film soon grossed $ 13,596,911. The film was a box office bomb , unable to recover its $ 70 million production budget. On Rotten Tomatoes , Osmosis Jones has an approval rating of 56% based on 111 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The animated portion of Osmosis

3800-452: The child's sleep to give the child more medicine. Fever is an important metric for the diagnosis of disease in domestic animals . The body temperature of animals, which is taken rectally, is different from one species to another. For example, a horse is said to have a fever above 101 °F ( 38.3 °C ). In species that allow the body to have a wide range of "normal" temperatures, such as camels , whose body temperature varies as

3876-442: The circumstances surrounding it and its response to anti-pyretic medications. In infants, the autonomic nervous system may also activate brown adipose tissue to produce heat (non-shivering thermogenesis). Increased heart rate and vasoconstriction contribute to increased blood pressure in fever. A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. In the presence of an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, viroids, etc .,

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3952-478: The duo, Thrax has survived the zit's destruction and launches a lone assault on the hypothalamus where he steals a crucial nucleotide . He then abducts Phlegmming's secretary, Leah Estrogen, and flees to the mouth to escape. His actions disable the body's ability to regulate temperature and Frank develops a dangerous fever . As Frank is hospitalized, Ozzy convinces Drix not to leave and the duo catch up to Thrax and rescue Leah. Thrax induces Frank to sneeze him out of

4028-531: The environmental temperature varies, the body temperature which constitutes a febrile state differs depending on the environmental temperature. Fever can also be behaviorally induced by invertebrates that do not have immune-system based fever. For instance, some species of grasshopper will thermoregulate to achieve body temperatures that are 2–5 °C higher than normal in order to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium acridum . Honeybee colonies are also able to induce

4104-455: The evidence on both sides of the argument appears to be mostly equivocal. Limited evidence supports sponging or bathing feverish children with tepid water. The use of a fan or air conditioning may somewhat reduce the temperature and increase comfort. If the temperature reaches the extremely high level of hyperpyrexia , aggressive cooling is required (generally produced mechanically via conduction by applying numerous ice packs across most of

4180-417: The film for its animated and live-action segments intervening, claiming it to be "the most extensive interplay of live-action and animation since Who Framed Roger Rabbit ". The New York Times wrote "the film, with its effluvia-festival brand of humor, is often fun, and the rounded, blobby rendering of the characters is likable. But the picture tries too hard to be offensive to all ages. I suspect that even

4256-475: The genre broke new ground for the first time and paved the way for future films that also used this technique. In another cartoon, The animated sequence in the 1945 film Anchors Aweigh , in which Gene Kelly dances with an animated Jerry Mouse , is one of the most famous scenes in film history. Throughout the decades, Disney experimented with mixed segments of live-action and animation in several notable films, which are primarily considered live-action. In

4332-679: The hypothalamus and elevate the thermoregulatory setpoint. An example of a class of exogenous pyrogens are bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria . According to one mechanism of pyrogen action, an immune system protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), binds to LPS, and the LBP–LPS complex then binds to a CD14 receptor on a macrophage . The LBP-LPS binding to CD14 results in cellular synthesis and release of various endogenous cytokines , e.g., interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). A further downstream event

4408-443: The immune response of the body is to inhibit their growth and eliminate them. The most common pyrogens are endotoxins, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli . But pyrogens include non-endotoxic substances (derived from microorganisms other than gram-negative-bacteria or from chemical substances) as well. The types of pyrogens include internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) to

4484-403: The inconsistent tone of the live-action portions and overuse of gross-out humor . The film was also a commercial failure , grossing $ 14 million worldwide against a $ 70 million budget. Despite the poor financial response, the film was followed by the animated television series Ozzy & Drix , which aired on Kids' WB for two seasons and twenty-six episodes from 2002 to 2004. Frank DeTorre

4560-399: The likelihood of permanent damage from typical fevers. The underlying problem, according to professor of pediatrics Barton D. Schmitt, is that "as parents we tend to suspect that our children's brains may melt." As a result of these misconceptions parents are anxious, give the child fever-reducing medicine when the temperature is technically normal or only slightly elevated, and interfere with

4636-472: The littlest viewers will be too old for that spit." Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 and wrote: "Likely to entertain kids, who seem to like jokes about anatomical plumbing. For adults, there is the exuberance of the animation and the energy of the whole movie, which is just plain clever." The use of gross-out humor in the film's live-action sequences, as seen in most films directed by the Farrelly brothers,

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4712-514: The live-action film was traced by rotoscoping , so that the animator could add his drawing in the exact position. With the rise of computer animation , combining live action and animation became common. Since the late 1990s, some films have included large amounts of photorealistic computer animation alongside live-action filmmaking, such as the Star Wars prequels , The Lord of the Rings trilogy and

4788-485: The live-action sequences. As part of their contract, the Farrelly brothers are credited as the primary directors of the film, although they did no supervision of the animated portions of the film. Will Smith was interested in the part of Ozzy, but in the end, his schedule would not permit it. Principal photography on the live-action scenes took place from April 2 to June 19, 2000, in Plymouth, Massachusetts . Osmosis Jones

4864-504: The mouth using pollen . Drix shoots Ozzy after him and he and Thrax both land on Shane's cornea . As the two battle, they end up on one of Shane's false eyelashes . Ozzy tricks Thrax into getting his hand embedded in the lash and escapes just as it falls into a beaker of rubbing alcohol , killing Thrax. As Frank's temperature surpasses 108 °F (42 °C) , he goes into cardiac arrest . Clinging onto one of Shane's tears as she mourns her father, Ozzy falls back into Frank's mouth with

4940-519: The next week, and so on, where the generality of this pattern is debated. Persistent fever that cannot be explained after repeated routine clinical inquiries is called fever of unknown origin . A neutropenic fever , also called febrile neutropenia, is a fever in the absence of normal immune system function. Because of the lack of infection-fighting neutrophils , a bacterial infection can spread rapidly; this fever is, therefore, usually considered to require urgent medical attention. This kind of fever

5016-503: The reverse of the foregoing processes (e.g., vasodilation, end of shivering, and nonshivering heat production) are used to cool the body to the new, lower setting. This contrasts with hyperthermia , in which the normal setting remains, and the body overheats through undesirable retention of excess heat or over-production of heat. Hyperthermia is usually the result of an excessively hot environment ( heat stroke ) or an adverse reaction to drugs. Fever can be differentiated from hyperthermia by

5092-489: The scatological themes were again pointed out. Jonathan Foreman of New York Post claimed Osmosis Jones to have generic plotting, saying that "It's no funnier than your average grade-school biology lesson and less pedagogically useful than your typical Farrelly brothers comedy." Michael Sragow of Baltimore Sun praised David Hyde Pierce's performance as Drix, claiming him to be "hilarious" and "a take-charge dose of medicine". The film also received criticism for its use of

5168-529: The stolen nucleotide, reviving him just in time. Ozzy is then welcomed back into the police force as he begins a relationship with Leah and Drix stays as Ozzy's new partner, and Frank commits himself to living a healthier lifestyle. Phlegmming is reduced to a janitor in the bowels and is ejected from Frank’s body by flatulence after ignoring a notice not to trigger it. Twisted Brown Trucker members Kid Rock , Kenny Olsen, Jason Krause, Joe C. , Stefanie Eulinberg, Jimmie "Bones" Trombly , and Uncle Kracker provide

5244-473: The temperature set point, due to either too much heat production or not enough heat loss . Hyperthermia is thus not considered fever. Hyperthermia should not be confused with hyperpyrexia (which is a very high fever). Clinically, it is important to distinguish between fever and hyperthermia as hyperthermia may quickly lead to death and does not respond to antipyretic medications. The distinction may however be difficult to make in an emergency setting, and

5320-405: The titular character, an anthropomorphic white blood cell , as he teams up with a cold pill to protect his unhealthy human host from a deadly virus he unintentionally contracted. The film premiered on August 7, 2001, and was released theatrically three days later. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the world building, the animation, story, and voice performances, but criticized

5396-479: The voices of the fictional band "Kidney Rock". Osmosis Jones went through development hell during production. The animated sequences, directed by Tom Sito and Piet Kroon, went into production as planned even being completed ahead of schedule, but acquiring both a director and a star actor for the live-action sequences took a considerable amount of time, until Bill Murray was cast as the main character of Frank, and Peter and Bobby Farrelly stepped in to direct

5472-509: Was originally rated PG-13 by the MPAA for "crude language" and "bodily humor" in 2000. However, Warner Bros. edited the film to make it family-friendly; and in 2001 when it was released, the film was re-rated PG on appeal for "bodily humor". The first trailer for Osmosis Jones was released in front of Pokémon 3: The Movie on April 6, 2001, and contains a classical masterpiece from Stanley Kubrick 's film 2001: A Space Odyssey . Osmosis Jones

5548-425: Was practicing medicine including that due to malaria (tertian or every 2 days and quartan or every 3 days). It also became clear around this time that fever was a symptom of disease rather than a disease in and of itself. Infections presenting with fever were a major source of mortality in humans for about 200,000 years. Until the late nineteenth century, approximately half of all humans died from infections before

5624-597: Was released on VHS and DVD on November 13, 2001 by Warner Home Video . Osmosis Jones had its world premiere screening on August 7, 2001, at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre before being widely released on August 10, 2001, in 2,305 theaters worldwide. Upon its original release, the film performed poorly, and was the penultimate project produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation (preceded by The Iron Giant and followed by Looney Tunes: Back in Action , which both also failed at

5700-640: Was terminated early because patients receiving aggressive fever treatment were dying more often. According to the NIH, the two assumptions which are generally used to argue in favor of treating fevers have not been experimentally validated. These are that (1) a fever is noxious, and (2) suppression of a fever will reduce its noxious effect. Most of the other studies supporting the association of fever with poorer outcomes have been observational in nature. In theory, these critically ill patients and those faced with additional physiologic stress may benefit from fever reduction, but

5776-518: Was widely criticized. As such, Lisa Alspector of the Chicago Reader described the film as a "cathartically disgusting adventure movie". Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide praised the film's animation and its glimpse of intelligence although did criticize the humor as being "so distasteful". Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly felt that the film had a diverse premise as it "oscillates between streaky black comedy and sanitary instruction"; however

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