Order ( Latin : ordo ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between family and class . In biological classification , the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes . An immediately higher rank, superorder , is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families.
23-450: The Osmeriformes / ɒ s ˈ m ɛ r ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the true or freshwater smelts and allies , such as the galaxiids and noodlefishes ; they are also collectively called osmeriforms . They belong to the teleost superorder Protacanthopterygii , which also includes pike and salmon , among others. The order's name means "smelt-shaped", from Osmerus (the type genus ) +
46-530: A close relationship. Nonwithstanding, the "Stenopterygii" appear to be close relatives of the Protacanthopterygii. Some cladistic analyses find at least the Stomiiformes deep within the latter superorder. It thus cannot be ruled out that the "Stenopterygii" are better included in the Protacanthopterygii. An alternative approach is to consider the entire group – "Stenopterygii", Protacanthopterygii,
69-409: A profusion of monotypic taxa is generally rejected by modern taxonomy , if it is not absolutely required to adequately reflect phylogeny . Moreover, owing to the uncertain relationships of the euteleosts to the less advanced Otocephala (which include the superorders Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi ) and the more advanced teleosts (e.g. Acanthopterygii ), it may well be that the supposed "clade"
92-401: A relative of the modern ayu fish and appears to have been a freshwater species. The families Galaxiidae and Lepidogalaxiidae were at one time placed together with Retropinnidae in the sub order Galaxoidei, however with new molecular studies they have been elevated to the ordinal level. Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist , as
115-579: Is even monotypic . As originally conceived, the "Stenopterygii" include the Ateleopodiformes and Stomiiformes . Sometimes, the former are removed to form a monotypic superorder Ateleopodomorpha. These lineages are moderately advanced teleosts, but each is uniquely adapted to a deep-water oceanic environment. Their plesiomorphies are similar to the Salmoniformes and other Protacanthopterygii , but plesiomorphic traits are no reliable indicator of
138-466: Is usually included in the mouth's gape, and most of them have an adipose fin as is often found in the Protacanthopterygii . Their [pterosphenoid] usually has a ventral flange, and the vomer has a short posterior shaft. They have reduced or even missing articular and mesopterygoid teeth , and the basisphenoid and orbitosphenoid bones are entirely absent. Their scales lack radii. Despite
161-530: Is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use
184-628: The Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given the rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles )
207-546: The Esociformes ( pikes and mudminnows ). Others consider them closer to the Salmoniformes ( trouts , salmons and relatives). A closer relationship to the Stomiiformes than previously assumed is supported by anatomical and DNA sequence data. But this can be simply taken to suggest that the superorder " Stenopterygii " ought to be included in the Protacanthopterygii, rather than a particularly close relationship between
230-564: The Holarctic and around the South Pacific region; only a handful of species occur in tropical waters. The eggs are surrounded by an adhesive membrane . With the Argentiniformes separated as a distinct order, the remaining Osmeriformes appear to be a monophyletic group. Their placement in the Protacanthopterygii is not entirely clear, but may well be the closest living relatives of
253-522: The division in two lineages is generally maintained. The "marine" smelts and allies (e.g. the odd-looking barreleyes ) were formerly included here as suborder Argentinoidei; they are now usually considered more distantly related than it was believed and treated as order Argentiniformes . When the marine smelts were included here, the subdivisions of the Osmeriformes were down- ranked by one. Osmeriformes are small to mid-sized slender fish. Their maxilla
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#1733085502582276-468: The ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as a distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus
299-888: The field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in
322-418: The monotypic superorders " Cyclosquamata ", and perhaps the monotypic superorders " Lampridiomorpha " and " Scopelomorpha " – an unranked clade named Euteleostei. But this would probably require splitting up the Protacanthopterygii, so that each euteleost superorder would at most contain 2 orders (though most would be monotypic), as the relative placement of all these groups is not very well resolved. Such
345-420: The same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with
368-539: The standard fish order suffix "-formes". It ultimately derives from Ancient Greek osmé (ὀσμή, "pungent smell") + Latin forma ("external form"), the former in reference to the characteristic aroma of the flesh of Osmerus . In the classification used here, the order Osmeriformes contains two suborders , six families , some 20 genera, and about 93 species . Other authors choose a slightly different arrangement, but whether treated as suborders (Galaxoidei and Osmeroidei) or superfamilies (Galaxoidea and Osmeroidea),
391-765: The suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at
414-414: The suffix -virales . Stenopterygii Ateleopodiformes (but see text) Stomiiformes Stenopterygii are a superorder of ray-finned fish in the infraclass Teleostei . Their validity is somewhat doubtful, as the group was established to separate, out of a large group of closely related Teleostei, a mere two rather peculiarly autapomorphic orders at best. In some treatments, it
437-423: The term " freshwater smelts", the members of the Osmeriformes are generally marine , or amphidromous or anadromous migrants. Even the sedentary freshwater species in this family are usually tolerant of considerable changes in salinity . Almost all osmeriforms spawn in fresh water, thus the marine species are generally anadromous . They are found in temperate oceans worldwide and in temperate freshwater of
460-453: The two orders. The classification of the Osmeriformes as approached here is: A possible fossil osmeriform is Spaniodon , a piscivore from Late Cretaceous seas. The group originated probably somewhat earlier, but a Cretaceous age maybe about 110 million years ago or so is likely. The oldest definite osmeriform is Speirsaenigma from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada , which was
483-574: The word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named a cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In
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#1733085502582506-543: Was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in the Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as
529-540: Was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868), the precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905,
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