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40-520: Oshigambo High School is surrounded by some of the special features which make it a tourist attraction. The school buildings sandwich a river which flows from Angola to the Kunene River . On its shores there is the well-known fig tree omukwiyugwemanya , this name is derived from he nature of the tree, the fact that it grew on a rock. Oshigambo High School is one of the oldest schools in the northern part of Namibia . It first came into existence in 1960 and

80-675: A controversial hydroelectric dam on the Cunene. In 2012 the Governments of Namibia and Angola announced plans to jointly build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains . According to the indigenous Himba who would have been most affected by the construction of the dam, the dam would threaten the local ecosystem and therefore the economic basis of the Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issued

120-760: A declaration to the African Union and to the United Nations Human Rights Council of the United Nations , titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains," which outlines the fierce objections against the dam from the traditional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River. In September 2012,

160-636: A depression in the inner table-land about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From the S.E. end of the Etosha lake streams issue in the direction of the Okavango , to which in times of great flood they contribute some water. On leaving the swampy region the Cunene turns decidedly to the west, and descends to the coast plain by a number of cataracts, of which the chief (in 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E.) has a fall of 330 ft. The river becomes smaller in volume as it passes through an almost desert region with little or no vegetation. The stream

200-482: A dining hall and a library. The hostels are separated by the river. The school is an Evangelical Lutheran school and has a pastor who gives sermons to the learners every Sunday. Learners are also required to attend morning and evening devotion Monday to Sunday. 17°47′13″S 16°04′27″E  /  17.78704°S 16.07404°E  / -17.78704; 16.07404 Kunene River The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (common Namibian spelling)

240-450: A high density of predators like leopards in the hills, giving the mountains its English name of Leopard Hills. The Halali area is also home to dolomite hills within the park, with one hill inside the camp and the nearby Twee Koppies outside . Western Etosha is also dominated by dolomite hills and is the only place in the park that has mountain zebra . The Etosha National Park has a savanna desert climate. The annual mean average temperature

280-460: A lot of people from different places were present. The school's patrons are Solly Amadhila and Frans Indongo , the principal is Pinehas Ekongo. Oshigambo High School has a netball, soccer, volleyball and basketball team. The school is one of the best in the country producing competitive high achievers every year. It was the 5th best High School in Namibia in 2012, and the 7th best in 2013 and 2014. It

320-476: A protein-rich grass that is eaten by grazers like blue wildebeest and springbok . The areas around the Etosha pan also have other halophytic vegetation including grasses like Sporobolus spicatus and Odyssea paucinervis , as well as shrubs like Suaeda articulata . Most of the park is savanna woodlands except for areas close to the pan. Mopane is the most common tree, estimated to make up around 80% of all trees in

360-520: A thousand Himba and Zemba people marched in Opuwo to protest once more against Namibia's plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Cunene River without consulting with the indigenous peoples that do not consent to the construction plans. Tourists frequent campsites or lodges at Epupa, which offer water sports on the river, including rafting and canoeing. Ancient baobab trees grow alongside the gorge , and there

400-456: A wide variety of data on aerosols , land cover, and other characteristics of the land and atmosphere to study and understand the interactions between people and the natural environment . The dolomite hills on the southern border of the park near the Andersson entrance gate are called Ondundozonananandana , meaning the place where young boy herding cattle went to never return, probably implying

440-569: Is 174 m /s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m /s (7,800 cu ft/s) at its mouth. The Epupa Falls lie on the river. Olushandja Dam dams a tributary of the river, the Etaka, and helps to provide the Ruacana Power Station with water. The main stream rises in 12 ° 30′ S. and about 160 miles in a direct line from the sea at Benguella , runs generally from north to south through four degrees of latitude, but finally flows west to

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480-400: Is 24 °C (75 °F). In winter, the mean nighttime lows are around 10 °C (50 °F), while in summer temperatures often hover around 40 °C (104 °F). As it is a desert, there is a large variation between day and night. Rain almost never falls in the winter. In most places in the park, the pans are devoid of vegetation with the exception of halophytic Sporobolus salsus ,

520-574: Is a river in Southern Africa . It flows from the Angola highlands southwards to the border with Namibia . It then flows in a westerly direction along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean . One of the few perennial rivers in the region, the Cunene is about 1,050 km (650 mi) long, with a drainage basin 106,560 km (41,140 sq mi) in area. Its mean annual discharge

560-405: Is also the single-most important custodian of the black rhino in the world. In 2022, 46 white and black rhinos were poached. By 1881, large game mammals like elephants , rhinoceroses and lions had been nearly exterminated in the region. The proclamation of the game reserve helped some of the animals recover, but some species like buffalo and wild dogs have been extinct since the middle of

600-602: Is an attractive and well-kept viewpoint high above the village and falls. Etosha Etosha National Park is a national park in northwestern Namibia and one of the largest national parks in Africa. It was proclaimed a game reserve in March 1907 in Ordinance 88 by the Governor of German South West Africa , Friedrich von Lindequist . It was designated as Wildschutzgebiet in 1958, and

640-649: Is dominated by acacia species such as Acacia nebrownii , Acacia luederitzii , Acacia melliferra , Acacia hebeclada and Acacia tortilis . Grasslands in the park are mainly around the Etosha pan where the soil is sandy. Depending on the soil and the effects of the pan, grasslands could be dominated by one of the Eragrostis , Sporobolus , Monelytrum , Odyssea or Enneapogon species. The park has about 114 mammal species, 340 bird species, 110 reptile species, 16 amphibian species and 1 species of fish (up to 49 species of fish during floods). Etosha National Park

680-514: Is sometimes shallow and fordable, at others confined to a narrow rocky channel. Near the sea the Cunene traverses a region of sand-hills, its mouth being completely blocked at low water. The river enters the Atlantic in 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. There are indications that a former branch of the river once entered a bay to the south. The Namibian government proposed in the late 1990s to build the Epupa Dam,

720-604: Is well known for its excellent grade 10 and 12 results and most of its graduates go and further their studies in Namibia, South Africa and other countries beyond. Over the years it has maintained great national position in the top 10 for the grade 10 results. It offers the science field in grade 11 and 12 which is a good choice for learners wanting to pursue medicine or engineering after high school. The school has approximately 340 learners with an average of 30 learners in each class. It offers classes from grade 8 to 12 with two classes for every grade. it has two hostels( male and female),

760-549: The United Nations special rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited the Himba, and heard their concerns. On November 23, 2012, hundreds of Himba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them. On March 25, 2013, over

800-453: The black rhinoceros . Sixty-one black rhinoceros were killed during poaching in Namibia during 2022, 46 of which were killed in Etosha. The park is located in the Kunene region and shares boundaries with the regions of Oshana , Oshikoto and Otjozondjupa . Areas north of the Etosha pan were inhabited by Ovambo people , while various Otjiherero-speaking groups lived immediately outside

840-413: The 20th century. A writer from Otjiwarongo was appointed game warden in 1951, and he considered the grasslands to be severely overgrazed. A bone meal plant was constructed near Rietfontein, and culling of zebras and wildebeests began in 1952. Official records indicate 293 zebras and 122 wildebeest were processed at the plant, but conservationists claimed thousands had been culled and successfully forced

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880-475: The Etosha area was proclaimed as "Game Reserve 2" by Ordinance 88 of 1907, the park stretched from the mouths of the Kunene River and Hoarusib River on the Skeleton Coast to Namutoni in the east. The original area was estimated to be 99,526 square kilometres (38,427 sq mi), an estimate that has been corrected to about 80,000 square kilometres (31,000 sq mi). Ordinance 18 of 1958 changed

920-458: The Etosha pan when they traveled north upon leaving Namutoni . The name Etosha (spelled Etotha in early literature) comes from the Oshindonga word meaning "Great White Place" referring to the Etosha pan. The Hai//om called the pan Khubus which means "totally bare, white place with lots of dust". The pan is also known as Chums , which refers to the noise made by a person's feet when walking on

960-627: The Hai||om. In 1885, entrepreneur William Worthington Jordan bought a huge tract of land from Ovambo chief Kambonde. The land spanned nearly 170 kilometres (110 mi) from Okaukuejo in the west to Fischer's Pan in the east. The price for the land was £300 sterling, paid for by 25 firearms, one salted horse and a cask of brandy. Dorstland Trekkers first travelled through the park between 1876 and 1879 on their way to Angola. The trekkers returned in 1885 and settled on 2,500-hectare (6,200-acre) farms given to them at no charge by Jordan. The trekkers named

1000-513: The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, South Africa, Australia, Norway and Israel. The salt pans are the most noticeable geological features in the national park. The main depression covers an area of about 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi), and is roughly 130 km (81 mi) long and as wide as 50 km (31 mi) in some places. The hypersaline conditions of

1040-569: The area Upingtonia after the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony . The settlement had to be abandoned in 1886 after clashes with the Hai||om and defeat by Chief Nehale Mpingana . The German Reich ordered troops to occupy Okaukuejo , Namutoni and Sesfontein in 1886 in order to kill migrating wildlife to stop the spread of rinderpest to cattle. A fort was built by the German cavalry in 1889 at

1080-552: The clay of the pan. At this time the Hai//om people recognized the authority of the Ovambo chief at Ondonga but the Hereros did not. The Hai||om were forcibly removed from the park in 1954, ending their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to become landless farm laborers. The Hai||om have had a recognized Traditional Authority since 2004 which helps facilitate communications between the community and

1120-493: The current park boundaries. The areas inside the park close to the Etosha pan were inhabited by Khoisan -speaking Hai//om people. Explorers Charles John Andersson and Francis Galton are the first Europeans to record the existence of the Etosha pan on 29 May 1851, although it was already widely known by locals. These European explorers were traveling with Ovambo copper ore traders when they arrived at Omutjamatunda (now known as Namutoni). They passed through, and discovered

1160-591: The government. The government of Namibia acknowledges the park to be the home of Hai||om people and started to carry out plans to resettle displaced families on farms adjacent to the national park. Since 2007 the Government has acquired six farms directly south of the Gobaub depression in Etosha National Park. A number of families have settled on these farms under the leadership of Chief David Khamuxab, Paramount Chief of

1200-423: The pan limit the species that can permanently inhabit the pan itself; occurrences of extremophile micro-organisms are present, which can tolerate the hypersaline conditions. The salt pan is usually dry, but fills with water briefly in summer, when it attracts pelicans and flamingos in particular. In the dry season , winds blowing across the salt pan pick up saline dust and carry it across the country and out over

1240-405: The park. The sandveld in the north-eastern corner of Etosha is dominated by acacia and Terminalia trees. Tamboti trees characterize the woodlands south of the sandveld. Dwarf shrub savanna occurs in areas close to the pan and is home to several small shrubs including a halophytic succulent Salsola etoshensis . Thorn bush savanna occurs close to the pan on limestone and alkaline soils and

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1280-437: The plant's closure during the same year. The drought that began in the year 1980 resulted in the largest capture and culling operation in the history of the park. 2235 mountain zebras and 450 plains zebras were captured, culled or sold. 525 elephants were culled and processed at a temporary abattoir near Olifantsrus. Since 2005, the protected area is considered part of a Lion Conservation Unit. Commonly seen mammals in

1320-415: The river at own risk, or had to walk a distance of about 3 km to get to school. A bridge had been promised to be built by President Hifikepunye Pohamba . The school receives voluntary teachers from the United States every two years. They mostly cater for the math and science subjects. It has about 20 teachers, of which most are foreigners and about 300 learners. It recently had its 50th anniversary, and

1360-503: The sea through a break in the outer highlands . Between the mouths of its two tributaries , the Cunene traverses a swampy plain, inundated during high water, and containing several small lakes at other times of the year. From this swampy region divergent branches run S.E. They are mainly intermittent, but the Kwamatuo, which leaves the main stream in about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S., flows into a large marsh or lake called Etosha , which occupies

1400-719: The site of the Namutoni spring. On 28 January 1904, 500 men under Nehale Mpingana attacked Imperial Germany 's Schutztruppe at Fort Namutoni and completely destroyed it, driving out the colonial forces and taking over their horses and cattle. The fort was rebuilt and troops were stationed once again when the area was declared a game reserve in 1907; Lieutenant Adolf Fischer of Fort Namutoni then became its first "game warden". The present-day Etosha National Park has had many major and minor boundary changes since its inception in 1907. The major boundary changes since 1907 were because of Ordinance 18 of 1958 and Ordinance 21 of 1970. When

1440-531: The southern Atlantic . This salt enrichment provides minerals to the soil downwind of the pan on which some wildlife depends, though the salinity also creates challenges to farming activities. The Etosha Pan was one of several sites throughout southern Africa in the Southern African Regional Science Initiative ( SAFARI 2000 ). Using satellites, aircraft, and ground-based data from sites such as Etosha, partners in this program collected

1480-450: The western park boundaries to exclude the area between the Kunene river and the Hoarusib river and instead include the area between Hoanib river and Ugab river, thus reducing the park's area to 55,000 square kilometres (21,000 sq mi). The Odendaal Commission 's (1963) decision resulted in the demarcation of the present-day park boundary in 1970. The Etosha Ecological Institute

1520-563: Was awarded the status of national park in 1967, by an act of parliament of the Republic of South Africa . It spans an area of 22,270 km (8,600 sq mi) and was named after the large Etosha pan which is almost entirely within the park. With an area of 4,760 km (1,840 sq mi), the Etosha pan covers 23% of the total area of the national park. The area is home to hundreds of species of mammals, birds and reptiles, including several threatened and endangered species such as

1560-508: Was formally opened on 1 April 1974 by Adolf Brinkmann of the South-West African Administration. The institute is responsible for all management-related research in the park. Classification of vegetation, population and ecological studies on wildebeest, elephants and lions, and studies on anthrax were among the first major topics to be investigated. The EEI has collaborations with researchers from universities in Namibia,

1600-477: Was in good management of its first principal Toivo Tirronen, a Finnish national. Oshigambo High School is a missionary and church school of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia . In 2006, Oshigambo River broke its banks for the first time in 50 years. The flood water separated the school from its hostel; learners and teachers who stayed at the other side of the river had to either pass through

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