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48-497: Prior to the 1900s, Bayfield group sandstone was also variously named Lake Superior Sandstone , brownstone , or redstone , and prefixed by the quarry location. The name was changed to the Bayfield group as its relation to Jacobsville Sandstone (once known as Lake Superior Sandstone) is uncertain. The Bayfield group is irregularly bedded , in contrast to the even, calcareous sandstones in southern Wisconsin. The geological formation

96-480: A building. The most desired stone was without white blemishes and with uniform coloring. The Richardsonian Romanesque style, which is "particularly suited for expression in colored stone", helped to popularize the sandstone in architecture. Buildings of this style created the impression of stability in a fast-changing society and were well-suited to the character of the Lake Superior region. Several buildings in

144-935: A correlation between the Jacobsville and the Potsdam Sandstone in New York. A red clastic layer in Putnam County, Ohio, was tentatively termed Jacobsville Sandstone in 1948 by Charles Fettke. Jacobsville Sandstone is generally red, due to small quantities of iron oxides, mottled with various pinks, whites and browns. The sandstone exhibits many white streaks and spherical spots, caused by leaching and bleaching, which form sharp boundaries with surrounding colors. Its lithology varies from quartz-rich to feldspar-rich sandstone and shale. The formation consists of four distinct facies : conglomerate , lenticular sandstone, massive sandstone, and red siltstone . The sandstone

192-638: A few feet above lake level, is the oldest formation exposed in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore . The sandstone features prominently on Grand Island in Hiawatha National Forest . Jacobsville Sandstone was deposited within fluvial , lacustrine , and deltaic environments. Sand and gravel were transported in streams that flowed northward out of the Northern Michigan Highlands, remnants of mountains formed during

240-527: A large amount of iron, but there has been little exploration. There has been a history of exploration for uranium resources in the Upper Peninsula, including within the Jacobsville formation. Between 2003 and 2010, a joint operation between two companies spent $ 1.6 million on uranium exploration in the Jacobsville. There has also been some interest in resuming extraction of the sandstone as dimension stone . The Jacobsville Sandstone has been designated by

288-567: A number of different geologic formations. Differentiation of the sandstone largely centered on an east-west division across the Keweenaw Peninsula or between the lower red and upper grey sandstones. The current definition for the Jacobsville Formation was made in 1907 by A. C. Lane and A. E. Seaman , in which the various Lake Superior sandstones were divided into the Jacobsville, Freda , and Munising . The Jacobsville reflects

336-553: A portion of the Baraga State Forest which lies along the shores of Keweenaw Bay . The township borders Schoolcraft Township to the north, Osceola Township to the northwest, and Chassell Township to the southwest. The community of Hubbell serves as the major population center of the township, as well as hosting the Township Hall itself. The mostly uninhabited 91-acre Rabbit Island , located offshore in Lake Superior,

384-444: A sandstone aquifer, it has a low permeability and water largely moves through cracks and fissures which extend to a depth of about 100 to 150 ft (30 to 46 m). In 1985, 6.5 million US gallons (25,000 m ) of freshwater were withdrawn per day for human use. A number of bedrock wells in the Jacobsville aquifer have elevated levels of uranium . The elevated uranium also contributes to high radon levels, particularly in

432-615: Is 3000 feet thick and similar to the Chequamegon Sandstone , but with a higher feldspar concentration. The Bayfield group is a member of the Keweenawan Supergroup . The Bayfield group is a predominantly red sandstone, though it varies through lighter colors such as pink, yellow, light brown, gray and white. A minority portion is a dark "brownstone" which is a good building material. The colors occur in bands, though mottling and other irregular markings are common. As most of

480-459: Is 78% ilmenite , 13% leucoxene , 3-4% apatite , 3% zircon , 2% garnet , and 1% tourmaline . The only product that Bayfield group sandstone was used for, the "brownstone" in particular, was building stone. In the mid-1860s, brownstone was popular in the eastern United States. The discovery of the Bayfield group, similar to Eastern brownstones, brought immediate exploitation, and the first quarry opened in 1868 on Basswood Island , operated by

528-522: Is 84% ilmenite , 4–5% leucoxene , 4% garnet , 3% apatite , 3% zircon , and 1% tourmaline . The formation lies southeast of the Keweenaw Fault in the Keweenaw Peninsula, and south of Lake Superior further east in the Upper Peninsula. In Ontario, Jacobsville Sandstone underlies Sault Ste. Marie and extends discontinuously along the lake shore from Bar River in the south to near Wawa in

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576-573: Is a civil township of Houghton County in the U.S. state of Michigan . As of the 2020 census , the population of the township was 1,893. The township was established in 1886 and is one of the largest townships in Houghton County by area. It is surrounded by the Torch Lake , the Portage Lake , and Lake Superior . As well as a large number of unincorporated communities, the township also includes

624-558: Is a part of the township. According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 93.0 square miles (240.9 km ), of which 80.1 square miles (207.6 km ) is land and 12.9 square miles (33.3 km ) (13.83%) is water. Jacobsville is a community in the Torch Lake Township. Jacobsville has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. As of

672-633: Is a red sandstone formation , marked with light-colored streaks and spots, primarily found in northern Upper Michigan , portions of Ontario , and under much of Lake Superior . Desired for its durability and aesthetics, the sandstone was used as an architectural building stone in both Canada and the United States. The stone was extracted by thirty-two quarries throughout the Upper Peninsula of Michigan approximately between 1870 and 1915. The sandstone has been variously called redstone , brownstone , Lake Superior Sandstone , and Eastern Sandstone . In 1907,

720-436: Is entirely devoid of fossils. The Bayfield group overlies the much thicker Oronto Group . The formation, 4300 feet thick, is divided into three: Chequamegon Sandstone , Devils Island Sandstone , and Orienta Sandstone . The Chequamegon Sandstone is a red and white sandstone 1000 feet thick. The Devils Island Sandstone is a 300-foot thick, pink-to-white pure quartz sandstone with significant ripples. The Orienta Sandstone

768-701: Is most similar to the group's uppermost formation, the Chequamegon Sandstone. Despite their similarities, it is unknown as to whether the two formations are one and the same. A correlation between the Jacobsville and the Freda Sandstone (instead of the Bayfield) has been suggested on the basis on similar mineralogy, texture, and stratigraphic position. The formation is similar to the Middle Run Formation in southwestern Ohio. Early studies also suggested

816-651: Is well-cemented and contains no glacial deposits and no fossils. The grains of Jacobsville Sandstone range from .25 to .5 mm (0.0098 to 0.0197 in) in size. Based on an average from samples taken in Marquette and Alger counties, Jacobsville Sandstone is composed of: 27.4% nonundulatory quartz, 27.0% undulatory quartz, 23.0% potassium feldspar , and 12.3% silicic volcanic clasts. Smaller constituents are 3.8% polycrystalline quartz, 2.4% metamorphic, 1.4% sedimentary, 1.3% opaque, 0.8% mafic volcanic, and 0.1% plagioclase . Jacobsville Sandstone's heavy mineral suite

864-601: The Cambrian Munising Formation . The precise age of the Jacobsville Sandstone between these bounding constraints has long been uncertain. Precise dating of detrital zircon grains within the Jacobsville Sandstone now constrain it to have been deposited after 992.51 ± 0.64 Ma. An additional constraint on the age comes from the Jacobsville Sandstone being folded within the Keweenaw Fault zone. Motion on

912-513: The International Union of Geological Sciences as a Global Heritage Stone Resource . Jacobsville Sandstone was popular as a building material because of its strength, durability and aesthetic appeal. In particular, it is resistant to the extremes in temperature of fire and the freeze-thaw cycle of northern climates. The Mining Journal of Marquette reported on November 20, 1875, that: Its fire-proof qualities were thoroughly tested in

960-662: The Munising Formation and above the Oronto Group . The formation is an upper member of the Keweenawan Supergroup . Jacobsville Sandstone varies from horizontal to gently inclined and paleocurrents point toward the Lake Superior basin. The Jacobsville Formation outcrops significantly throughout the Upper Peninsula, with lesser exposures in Ontario and Wisconsin. Cliffs of the sandstone tend to have blocky talus that supports little vegetation. Jacobsville Sandstone, rising only

1008-449: The Penokean orogeny . The streams leveled out along what is now the southern shore of Lake Superior, depositing sediment that formed the Jacobsville Sandstone. The environment of deposition was moist and humid, resulting in the sandstone's red color due to the precipitation of pigmentary hematite. Subsequent fluid flow created the bands of color in the Jacobsville where the pigmentary hematite

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1056-570: The Wayne County Courthouse . Use of the sandstone was contracted but eventually rescinded, in favor of stone from Ohio, amid accusations that Jacobsville Sandstone was of inferior strength and durability. The exact end of the industry is unclear, but most quarries were closed by about 1915. Records indicate that the last active quarry, operated by the Portage Entry Redstone Company, closed between 1923 and 1926. Despite

1104-487: The census of 2000, there were 1,860 people, 740 households, and 523 families residing in the township. The population density was 23.2 per square mile (9.0/km ). There were 1,505 housing units at an average density of 18.8 per square mile (7.3/km ). The racial makeup of the township was 98.98% White , 0.43% African American , 0.11% Native American , 0.05% Asian , 0.05% from other races , and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.32% of

1152-463: The great Chicago fire , where Lake Superior brownstone walls ... stood intact, without a crack, scale or blemish being caused by the great heat under the influence of which marble fronts crumbled and fell to the ground. The sandstone was inexpensively obtainable in large quantities and transport by the Great Lakes further reduced costs. It is also easily worked and carved, and could be used throughout

1200-732: The Basswood Island Brownstone Company. A few years prior to 1893, the business was booming. However, the heavy influence of speculators helped lead to a decline that paralleled the Panic of 1893 . By the time that the quarries could recoup their losses, paler limestones had gained favor, partly due to the "White City" of the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. By 1897, very little stone was being extracted. By 1912, only two quarries remained producing high quality Bayfield group sandstone. Jacobsville Sandstone Jacobsville Sandstone

1248-494: The Jacobsville Formation was given its current classification and the name Jacobsville , in honor of Jacobsville, Michigan , a town known for its production of the sandstone. The sandstone was deposited within terrestrial fluvial environments early in the Neoproterozoic Era. The earliest geologic studies of southern Lake Superior were made in the early 1800s. Many studies used the term Lake Superior Sandstone to describe

1296-556: The Keweenaw Fault is associated with the later stages of the 1090 to 980 million year old Grenvillian orogeny . As a result, the Jacobsville Sandstone is constrained to have been deposited during the final Rigolet Phase of the Grenvillian Orogeny (1010–980 million years ago). The formation is a mostly unconfined aquifer , called the Jacobsville aquifer , that covers an area of 4,363 square miles (11,300 km ). Despite being

1344-499: The Keweenaw Peninsula. The earliest extraction of the sandstone occurred in Alger County in the 1860s with two companies providing stone to build nearby blast furnaces for the iron industry . The first widespread and commercial quarrying of the sandstone began around 1870. The industry peaked in the early 1890s. About thirty-two quarries existed over the years, clustered near Jacobsville and Marquette with others scattered along

1392-415: The Lake Superior coast. The end of the industry occurred variably by location, though finishing around 1915 at the outbreak of World War I . One of the principal figures in the Jacobsville Sandstone industry was John Henry Jacobs , to whom the largest producers in the Jacobsville area were associated. The town was founded in 1884 when Jacobs opened his first quarries in the area. Both the sandstone and

1440-520: The Lake Superior region. In 1896, the commissioner of mineral statistics for Michigan reported that: Architects have pronounced against it in their plans and specifications ... for the reason that architecture must have a change of style and material the same as millinery and tailoring. They claimed that too much sandstone was being used, and that the sameness must be broken into by the use of stone of other kind and color ... The industry began to decline and many quarries idled as previously mined sandstone

1488-669: The Upper Peninsula and across the United States and Ontario, Canada incorporate Jacobsville Sandstone in their construction. In the Upper Peninsula, these buildings include The Calumet Theatre , Saint Ignatius Loyola Church , and several buildings in the Quincy Street Historic District . Elsewhere, the sandstone was used in the original Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Many historic buildings in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario are built of Jacobsville Sandstone, as there

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1536-462: The decline was caused in part by the Depression of 1893 and the large distance from the quarries to major markets. Artificial stone, concrete, and brick had become popular and inexpensive, displacing all varieties of stone from the market. In addition, brick manufacturers successfully campaigned against the use of stone. Around 1897, Jacobsville Sandstone attracted attention during the construction of

1584-657: The demise of the industry, some new construction still used Jacobsville Sandstone several years into the twentieth century. Examples include the Baraga School (1903–06), J H Kaye Hall (1913–15) at Northern State Normal School (now Northern Michigan University ), and a statue named the USS Kearsarge constructed in Wolverine by the Works Progress Administration . As most of the quarries were no longer in operation,

1632-493: The dimension stone was rubble stone, which was either sold cheaply or discarded entirely. The sandstone was extracted between April and November, as winter could be detrimental to the stone. When a new quarry was opened, up to 50 ft (15 m) of glacial drift and shale overburden was blasted and removed to access the sandstone beneath. If no cliffs of sandstone existed for a quarry face , long and narrow channels spaced four feet apart were cut to allow quarrying. A key

1680-493: The early 1900s, Jacobsville Sandstone was popularly known as Lake Superior Sandstone, brownstone or redstone and prefixed by the location in which it was quarried, such as Marquette and Portage Entry ( e.g. , Marquette brownstone). The sandstone was quarried as dimension stone , ton stone , and rubble stone , with dimension stone the most marketable and costly. Blocks of dimension stone typically measured 8 by 4 by 2 ft (2.44 by 1.22 by 0.61 m). The byproduct of removing

1728-561: The north. The formation also has a small extent in Iron County, Wisconsin . Due to the highly irregular surface on which it was deposited, the formation varies in thickness from 5 ft (1.5 m) to over 1,800 ft (550 m) in Michigan. The sandstone also underlies most of Lake Superior, west of Munising in particular, at a maximum thickness of over 3,000 ft (910 m). The Jacobsville Formation lies unconformably beneath

1776-488: The population. 28.3% were of Finnish , 17.0% French , 12.6% German , 7.7% Italian , 6.9% English and 6.9% French Canadian ancestry according to Census 2000 . There were 740 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who

1824-436: The sandstone was often salvaged from existing buildings. The town of Jacobsville, founded by the sandstone industry, peaked in population around 1897 at about 800 residents. The town began declining around 1910 and by the mid-1960s, the post office had closed and only seventy inhabitants remained. Though Jacobsville Sandstone was primarily used as stone, there exists the potential for other industries. The formation contains

1872-469: The sandstone was shipped to ports along the Great Lakes for distribution inland. The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, with its White City , ushered in a change of style that preferred light-colored marbles and limestones over the dark color of Jacobsville Sandstone. The direction of architecture was dramatically altered within a decade at the expense of Jacobsville Sandstone, especially in

1920-510: The sandstones described as either lower red or Eastern . They also introduced the name Jacobsville in honor of Jacobsville, Michigan , a town notable for its production of the sandstone including the "famous Portage Redstone". Similarities in lithology and heavy mineral suites between the Jacobsville Sandstone and the Bayfield group , a similar sandstone located in northern Wisconsin, suggest they may be correlated. Jacobsville Sandstone

1968-540: The stone's constituents are the end-products of weathering , it is very resistant to atmospheric action. The grains vary from coarse pebbly grits to shale. The finer the grains, the darker their color. The grains are cemented primarily by quartz, with iron oxide coating the grains. In order of abundance, the Bayfield group is composed of: quartz, feldspar (both orthoclase and plagioclase ), mica , iron oxide (both magnetite and limonite ), chert , and ferromagnesian minerals. The quartz usually comprises about 75% of

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2016-466: The stone. Based on an average of 52 samples, the Orienta Sandstone is composed of: 33.3% nonundulatory quartz, 29.7% undulatory quartz, 17.3% potassium feldspar and 9.4% silicic volcanic clasts. Smaller constituents are 3.9% polycrystalline quartz, 2.3% opaques, 1.6% mafic volcanic clasts, 0.9% metamorphic, 0.7% sedimentary, and 0.4% plagioclase. The heavy mineral suite of Orienta Sandstone

2064-496: The town of Jacobsville are named for him. The two main varieties of Jacobsville Sandstone that were quarried were redstone and brownstone. Redstone came from the Jacobsville area, in both uniform and variegated varieties. A purplish-brown variety of brownstone known as rain-drop, so named for its wet appearance, was described as the "most handsome stone quarried on Lake Superior." Brownstone and rain-drop were supplied from Marquette, however, supplies were generally limited. Until

2112-455: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.86. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males. The median income for

2160-542: Was an abundance after the excavation of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal in 1895 and the subsequent industrial boom. These sandstones appears lighter, as the St. Marys Rapids have coursed over this deposit for millennia, leaching the iron content and leaving a marbled texture. The rubble stone was commonly used for foundations, cribs, breakwaters and piers. Jacobsville Sandstone has been used as concrete aggregate and flagstone . Jacobsville, Michigan Torch Lake Township

2208-531: Was bleached away. The Jacobsville Formation was deposited atop rocks of the late Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent Rift. For example, along the Sturgeon River in the Ottawa National Forest, the Jacobsville Sandstone unconformably overlies ca. 1108 million year old Midcontinent Rift basalt on which a soil had developed prior to Jacobsville Sandstone deposition. The Jacobsville is unconformably overlain by

2256-461: Was removed from between the channels, either by wedging or blasting, to create a space for blocks to move to as they were removed. Once the key was removed, holes were drilled horizontally under the block to be quarried and then cracked open with wedges. These large blocks were then broken down to size with wedges struck by sledgehammers. Once properly sized, the blocks were either transported by tramcar to docks or directly loaded onto ships. From there

2304-493: Was sufficient to meet demand. After several years of depressed demand, the industry rebounded around the turn of the century. However, Michigan's total output of sandstone peaked in 1902 at a value of $ 188,073 and fell to $ 12,985 by 1911. By 1914, fewer than three companies were producing sandstone in the state and thus no figures were recorded. According to the director of the Michigan Geological and Biological Survey ,

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