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44-635: Orange Judd (July 26, 1822 – December 27, 1892) was an American agricultural chemist , editor , and publisher . Judd was born of a rural family near Niagara Falls in Niagara County, New York . His grandfather, also named Orange Judd (1763–1844), came from Tyringham, Massachusetts and served as a private in the Berkshire Militia in the Northern Campaigns. His father, Ozias Judd, fought at Black Rock in 1813. Orange Judd's mother

88-535: A Gettysburg postal address, is in Cumberland Township . While all parts of the school district are assigned to the same middle and high schools, different areas are zoned to different elementary schools: parts of the borough are zoned to Lincoln Elementary, other parts are zoned to Gettys Elementary, and some parts have a choice between the schools. Vida Charter School is in Cumberland Township. It

132-768: A high school in Portland, Connecticut in 1847, then at Wilbraham Wesleyan Academy in Wilbraham, Massachusetts from 1848 to 1849, and as a principal of a high school in Middletown, Connecticut in 1850. In 1850 he began studying analytical and agricultural chemistry at Yale for the next three years with John Pitkin Norton . In 1852 he took a job lecturing on agriculture in Windham County, Connecticut until 1853. Judd recalled that his chemistry research at Yale lowered much of his hope for

176-560: A late 19th century foundry that manufactured gun carriages, bridgeworks and cannons for the Gettysburg Battlefield , as well as a construction industry for hotels, stables, and other buildings for tourist services. Early tourist buildings in the borough included museums (like the 1881 Danner Museum ), souvenir shops, buildings of the electric trolley (preceded by a horse trolley from the Gettysburg Railroad Station to

220-756: A member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science . After 1871 Judd changed his place of residence rather frequently, moving several times between what is now Fresh Meadows, Queens , and New York City, and spending time in Middletown, Connecticut . On account of his poor health he also made a stay in Florida and lived for a time in Europe. Judd died in 1892 in Evanston, Illinois . Agricultural chemistry This aspect of agricultural chemistry deals with

264-544: Is 30 miles (48 km) east on the Lincoln Highway ( U.S. Route 30 ), the first transcontinental U.S. highway, and Chambersburg is 25 miles (40 km) west on it. Today the borough is a 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 hour drive from Philadelphia and a 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 hour drive from Pittsburgh via the Pennsylvania Turnpike and U.S. Route 15 . Gettysburg Regional Airport , a small general aviation airport,

308-674: Is a borough in Pennsylvania and the county seat of Adams County, Pennsylvania , the United States. As of the 2020 census , the borough had a population of 7,106 people. Gettysburg was the site of the Battle of Gettysburg , the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War , fought from July 1 to July 3 of 1863. Later that year, on November 19, President Abraham Lincoln traveled to dedicate Gettysburg National Cemetery , where he delivered

352-411: Is a green route to biodegradation . Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) are plants or living things that have been altered at a genomic level by scientists to improve the organisms characteristics. These characteristics include providing new vaccines for humans, increasing nutrients supplies, and creating unique plastics. They may also be able to grow in climates that are typically not suitable for

396-635: Is derived from fats , both animal- and plant-derived. Methane can be recovered from manure and other ag wastes by microbial action. Lignocellulose is a promising precursor to new materials. Biocatalysis is used to produce a number of food products. More than five biilion tons of high fructose corn syrup are produced annually by the action of the immobilized enzyme glucose isomerase of corn-derived glucose. Emerging technologies are numerous, including enzymes for clarifying or debittering of fruit juices . A variety of potentially useful chemicals are obtained by engineered plants. Bioremediation

440-468: Is located in Cumberland Township, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Gettysburg. The main east–west road through downtown Gettysburg is U.S. Route 30 , which is known as York Street east of Lincoln Square and Chambersburg Street west of Lincoln Square. York Adams Transportation Authority (YATA) operates public transportation in Adams County. Freedom Transit , implemented in 2009, The hub of the bus system,

484-465: Is the coldest month, with an average temperature of 29.8 °F (−1.2 °C). Winters range from cool to moderately cold, with relatively frequent snowfalls. July is the warmest month, with an average temperature of 74.4 °F (23.6 °C), and June is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Gettysburg was 104 °F (40 °C) on July 16, 1988, while the coldest temperature recorded

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528-676: The Gettysburg Address , a carefully crafted 271-word address considered one of the most famous speeches in history. Gettysburg is home to the Gettysburg National Military Park , where the Battle of Gettysburg was fought mainly; the Battle of Gettysburg had the most casualties of any Civil War battle. In 1760, Irishman Samuel Gettys settled at the Shippensburg - Baltimore and Philadelphia - Pittsburgh crossroads, in what

572-576: The Gettysburg National Cemetery ) and Eisenhower National Historic Site . Gettysburg has many activities and tours to offer to vacationers and tourists who are interested in the Gettysburg area and the history of the community and the battle. Tourists for the annual reenactment of the Battle of Gettysburg use borough facilities, which include the Dobbin House Tavern and Hotel Gettysburg. Every year from July 1–3 volunteers reenact

616-461: The Gettysburg Railroad completed the construction of a railroad line from Gettysburg to Hanover , and the Gettysburg Railroad Station opened a year later. Passenger train service to the town ended in 1942. The station was restored in 2006. In 2011, Senator Robert Casey introduced S. 1897, including the railroad station within the boundary of Gettysburg National Military Park. By 1860,

660-623: The Monocacy River and part of the Potomac River watershed, flows along its eastern edge. According to the United States Census Bureau , the borough has a total area of 1.7 square miles (4.3 km ), all land. Gettysburg lies in the humid continental climate zone of northern and central Pennsylvania , just north of the humid subtropical zone of central Maryland , with hot, humid summers and cool winters. On average, January

704-680: The Orange Judd Company over the years, and a New York company in New York City called the Orange Judd Publishing Company . The firms focused on publishing agricultural and scientific books, as well as Hearth and Home from 1870 to 1873. Orange Judd and Company/New York published several novels by Edward Eggleston , including The Hoosier Schoolmaster , one of the first post-Civil War novels to include regional dialect. Judd traveled in Europe in 1862, and in 1863 he served on

748-829: The United States Christian Commission in Gettysburg , then in 1864 with the United States Sanitary Commission , later with the Army of the Potomac . However he was later brought home due to illness where he reached almost the point of death. In 1866 he became president of the Alumni Association of Wesleyan, a position he held until 1881. He again traveled to Europe in 1871 with his family through numerous countries. From 1868 to 1869 he became president of

792-644: The Battle of Gettysburg. Each day re-enactors display a different part of the battle with commentary regarding the hardships of the battles. The battles are narrated by the battlefield guides of the Gettysburg National Military Park. Many roads radiate from Gettysburg, providing hub-like access to Washington, D.C. 75 miles (121 km), Baltimore 55 miles (89 km), Harrisburg 37 miles (60 km), Carlisle 27 miles (43 km), Frederick and Hagerstown, Maryland 32 miles (51 km) and Hanover, Pennsylvania 14 miles (23 km). York

836-531: The Military Park, is in the borough limits. Cumberland Township is also the site of the Eisenhower National Historic Site that preserves the home and farm of Dwight D. Eisenhower . Gettysburg is located near the intersection of U.S. routes 15 and 30 , approximately 25 miles (40 km) west of York and 35 miles (56 km) north of Frederick, Maryland . Rock Creek , a tributary of

880-513: The New York, Flushing, and North Side Railroad, as well as the New York and Flushing Railroad, in which he became actively engaged in their construction efforts. Around this time he began to take a greater interest in the affairs of Wesleyan University . He edited their first edition of the "Alumni Record". In 1871 the Orange Judd Hall of Natural Science was opened through his own work, and held

924-488: The Springs Hotel), and stands for hackmen who drove visitors in jitneys (horse-drawn group taxis) on tours. Modern tourist services in the borough include ghost tours, bed and breakfast lodging, and historical interpretation (reenactors, etc.). The Gettysburg National Military Park extends partially into the Gettysburg borough limits, though it is mostly in nearby Cumberland Township . The Soldiers' National Cemetery, of

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968-418: The borough had grown in size to consist of "450 buildings [which] housed carriage manufacturing, shoemakers, and tanneries". Between July 1 and 3, 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg , one of the bloodiest battles during the American Civil War , was fought across the fields and heights surrounding the town. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia , under the command of Robert E Lee , experienced success in

1012-400: The early 1980s, genetically-modified crops have been incorporated. Increased biotechnological work calls for the union of biology and chemistry to produce improved crops, a main reason behind this being the increasing amount of food needed to feed a growing population. That being said, concerns with GMO's include potential antibiotic resistance from eating a GMO. There are also concerns about

1056-516: The early stages of the battle but was ultimately defeated by the Army of the Potomac , commanded by George G. Meade . Lee executed an orderly withdrawal and escaped across the Potomac River without being drawn into another battle. Meade was heavily criticized by President Abraham Lincoln for his cautious pursuit and failure to destroy Lee's retreating army. Casualties were high, with total losses on both sides – over 27,000 Confederate and 23,000 Union. The residents of Gettysburg were left to care for

1100-411: The ground and water (see persistent organic pollutants ). They may be toxic to non-target species, including birds, fish, pollinators, as well as the farmworkers themselves. Agricultural chemistry often aims at preserving or increasing the fertility of soil with the goals of maintaining or improving the agricultural yield and improving the quality of the crop. Soils are analyzed with attention to

1144-462: The idea of clear and concise writing in journals, and was able to turn a paper of scientific jargon into something any literate farmer was able to understand. Editors would obtain scientific material from colleges and would evaluate it and make it accessible for their readers. He was also one of the first people to practically apply opinion polls —sending out questionnaires on crop reports to his subscribers between May and September and publishing

1188-510: The inorganic matter (minerals), which comprise most of the mass of dry soil, and organic matter, which consists of living organisms, their degradation products, humic acids and fulvic acids . Fertilizers are a major consideration. While organic fertilizers are time-honored , their use has largely been displaced by chemicals produced from mining ( phosphate rock ) and the Haber-Bosch process . The use of these materials dramatically increased

1232-437: The long term effects on the human body since many GMO's were recently developed. Much controversy surrounds GMO's. In the United States, all foods containing GMO's must be labeled as such. Particularly relevant is proteomics as protein (nutrition) guides much of agriculture. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Gettysburg ( / ˈ ɡ ɛ t i z b ɜːr ɡ / ; locally / ˈ ɡ ɛ t ɪ s b ɜːr ɡ / )

1276-538: The new Gettysburg Transit Center, is under construction on Carlisle Street. Beginning in 2011, a Rabbit Transit commuter bus to Harrisburg runs two times each weekday in each direction. Gettysburg is served by the Gettysburg Area School District . Schools in Gettysburg borough include Lincoln Elementary School and Gettysburg Area Middle School. Gettysburg Area High School is in nearby Straban Township . James Gettys Elementary School, which has

1320-546: The office of trustee from 1871 to 1881. They would also create the first agricultural experiment station in the country there through his donations. In September 1888, The Orange Judd Publishing Company bought another agricultural journal, James Hill's The Farmer , which was in financial trouble. Judd moved it to Chicago and renamed it the Orange Judd Farmer . However, by 1891 Judd still owed Hill $ 15,000, and all correspondence between them would later cease. He also became

1364-436: The original organism to grow in. Examples of GMO's include virus resistant tobacco and squash, delayed ripening tomatoes, and herbicide resistant soybeans. GMO's came with an increased interest in using biotechnology to produce fertilizer and pesticides. Due to an increased market interest in biotechnology in the 1970s, there was more technology and infrastructure developed, a decreased cost, and an advance in research. Since

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1408-417: The production of food, feed, and fiber include herbicides , insecticides , fungicides , and other pesticides . Pesticides are chemicals that play an important role in increasing crop yield and mitigating crop losses. These work to keep insects and other animals away from crops to allow them to grow undisturbed, effectively regulating pests and diseases. Disadvantages of pesticides include contamination of

1452-427: The rate at which crops are produced, which is able to support the growing human population. Common fertilizers include urea , ammonium sulphate , diammonium phosphate , and calcium ammonium phosphate. Agricultural chemistry encompases the science and technology of producing not only edible crops, but feedstocks for fuels (" biofuels ") and materials. Ethanol fuel obtained by fermentation of sugars. Biodiesel

1496-686: The results in the American Agriculturist . His success helped make American Agriculturist into one of the leading agricultural journals in the nation, going from a circulation 1,000 in 1856, to over 100,000 in 1864. However the paper was hard hit by the depression of 1873 , and was failing by 1879. He would stay there until 1881, alongside being the agricultural editor of the New York Times from 1855 to 1863. He started an Illinois company in Chicago , referred to as both Orange Judd and Company and

1540-539: The role of molecular chemistry in agriculture as well as the negative consequences. Plant biochemistry encompasses the chemical reactions that occur within plants. In principle, knowledge at a molecular level informs technologies for providing food. Particular focus is on the biochemical differences between plants and other organisms as well as the differences within the plant kingdom, such as dicotyledons vs monocotyledons , gymnosperms vs angiosperms , C2- vs C4-fixers , etc. Chemical materials developed to assist in

1584-656: The science, deeming that "much of the so-called agricultural science is yet unreliable." Judd still sought a way to bring the latest research to farmers, but was nevertheless skeptical of much of it. In 1853 he was made editor of the American Agriculturist (sometimes referred to as the American Agriculturalist ), then run by its founders, Anthony B. Allen and his brother Richard L. Allen . He became owner and publisher in 1856. In 1856 Judd moved to Flushing, New York where he lived until 1871. Judd championed

1628-662: The western portion of York County into a separate county had begun. A commission was drawn up to fix the site of the new county's seat; they ultimately chose a location in Strabane Township (now Straban Township), just northeast of Gettysburg. In 1791, additional trustees were appointed to plan to construct public buildings in Gettysburg instead of in Straban. On January 22, 1800, the Pennsylvania Legislature created Adams County, with Gettysburg as its county seat. In 1858,

1672-481: The wounded, and bury the dead following the Confederate retreat. Approximately 8,000 men and 3,000 horses lay under the summer sun. The Union soldiers' bodies were gradually reinterred in what is today known as Gettysburg National Cemetery , where, on November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln attended a ceremony to officially consecrate the grounds and delivered his Gettysburg Address . A 20-year-old woman, Jennie Wade ,

1716-584: Was Rheuama Wright, daughter of David Wright who was a private in the New York Militia during the Revolution. Judd married twice, first to Sarah L. Ford of Boston in 1847, with whom he had four children, three of which died soon after birth, and again to Harriet Stewart of Lockport, New York, with whom he also had four children. His daughter from his first marriage, Sarah Ford, married George Brown Goode in 1877. Orange Judd's brother, David Wright (1838-1888),

1760-495: Was also successful and kept close connections to Orange. Wright was the editor and proprietor of Hearth and Home , one of Judd's periodicals under his publishing firm Orange Judd and Company. In 1871 he was elected as a Republican to the New York Legislature . By 1883 Wright had become president of the company. In 1847 Judd graduated from Wesleyan University . After graduating he held several teaching positions, first at

1804-536: Was the first company established in the borough for the purpose of manufacturing residential furniture. Other companies soon followed. The borough's industry reached peak production and success about the 1920s. This important industry declined from 1951, when the three main companies either moved, closed or were sold. The Gettysburg Furniture Company factory closed in 1960, becoming a warehouse and distribution point for other furniture factories outside of Pennsylvania. Gettysburg manufacturing associated with tourism included

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1848-513: Was the only civilian killed during the battle. She was hit by a stray bullet that passed through her kitchen door while she was making bread on July 3. Physical damage can still be seen in some of the houses throughout the town, notably the Schmucker House located on Seminary Ridge . The furniture manufacturing industry employed people in Gettysburg for the first half of the 20th century. The "Gettysburg Manufacturing Company", formed in 1902,

1892-467: Was then western York County , and established a tavern frequented by soldiers and traders. In 1786, his son James purchased 116 acres of his land, divided it up into 220 lots and sold them, and is thus considered the founder of Gettysburgh. The borough boundary was established, with the Dobbin House tavern (established in 1776) sitting in the southwest. As early as 1790, a movement seeking to split off

1936-550: Was −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 21, 1994. Pennsylvania's first on-farm methane digester was built near Gettysburg at the Mason-Dixon Farm in 1978, and generates 600KW. As of the 2010 census, Gettysburg had a population of 7,620, and was 79.6% non-Hispanic white, 10.9% Hispanic or Latino, 5.4% African American, 1.9% Asian, 2.2% all other. The main industry of the borough is tourism associated with such historic sites as Gettysburg National Military Park (including

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