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130-952: Ceasefire [REDACTED] Turkish Armed Forces [REDACTED] Syrian Armed Forces [REDACTED] Iran Per Turkey: [REDACTED] 41 killed 81 wounded (including Balyun airstrikes ) Materiel: Per SOHR : [REDACTED] 170 soldiers and 27 militiamen killed (between 15th of January and the 5th of March 2020) . Per Middle East Institute : [REDACTED] 405 government soldiers and militias killed Per Turkey : [REDACTED] 3,136 soldiers and militiamen "neutralized" [REDACTED] 9-14 Killed, 30 Wounded [REDACTED] 55 militias killed Materiel: Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels U.S.-led intervention against ISIL Operation Euphrates Shield Idlib operations Operation Olive Branch Operation Peace Spring Spillover into Turkey Operation Spring Shield ( Turkish : Bahar Kalkanı Harekâtı )
260-425: A graduation ceremony was conducted for the academy's finishing class. During the ceremony, 960 graduates, led by valedictorian Ebru Eroglu, recited the military oath to defend Turkey. The event was attended by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan . Approximately one hour following the graduation, Eroglu and 400 other graduates were recorded raising their swords and pledging allegiance to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ,
390-615: A regular army paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the First and Second Battle of İnönü . The Greek army emerged victorious in the Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir and decided to attack Ankara, stretching their supply lines. On 3 August 1921, the GNA fired İsmet Pasha from the post of Minister of National Defence because of his failure at the Battle of Afyonkarahisar–Eskişehir and on 5 August, just before
520-486: A base in the Bekaa valley which was in occupation of Lebanon at the time. Scholars differ as to when Hezbollah came to be a distinct entity. Various sources list the official formation of the group as early as 1982 whereas Diaz and Newman maintain that Hezbollah remained an amalgamation of various violent Shi'a extremists until as late as 1985. Another version states that it was formed by supporters of Sheikh Ragheb Harb ,
650-488: A formal Faqihi Islamic republic , this goal has been abandoned in favor of a more inclusive approach. Early on, Hezbollah was influenced by ideas from prominent Sunni Islamists. Hezbollah's own rhetoric was Islamist in general, rather than Shi'i in particular. Hezbollah's position on the Sunni-Shi'i divide was that instead of dwelling on theological differences, Sunnis and Shi'ites ought to cooperate with one another to oppose
780-565: A formal governing structure and, in keeping with the principle of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ( velayat-e faqih ), it "concentrate[s] ... all authority and powers" on its religious leaders, whose decisions, then, "flow from the ulama down the entire community". The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly) which
910-612: A further government advance toward the town of Afis . Concurrently, a Syrian Air Force Aero L-39 Albatros was shot downed by a Turkish F-16 over Idlib, with conflicting reports over the pilots fate. Meanwhile, a Turkish Bayraktar drone was shot down by the Syrian Army in the western Aleppo countryside. During the day, five Turkish soldiers were killed by Syrian bombardment in Taftanaz Airbase , Al-Tarnaba and Al-Mastouma camp. On 4 March, Turkish sources claimed that Suheil al-Hassan
1040-523: A guarantor under the Treaty of Guarantee in justification for the military intervention. Turkish forces landed on the island in two waves, invading and occupying 37% of the island's territory in the northeast for the Turkish Cypriots, who had been isolated in small enclaves across the island prior to the military intervention. In the aftermath, the Turkish Cypriots declared a separate political entity in
1170-641: A leader of the southern Shia resistance killed by Israel in 1984. Regardless of when the name came into official use, a number of Shi'a groups were slowly assimilated into the organization, such as Islamic Jihad , Organization of the Oppressed on Earth and the Revolutionary Justice Organization . These designations are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the US, Israel and Canada. According to Robert Fisk and Israeli General Shimon Shapira
1300-407: A left-wing political movement. In 2008, political scientists Anisseh van Engeland and Rachael Rudolph wrote: "The ideology of Hezbollah has changed: it has nowadays a left-wing political speech focused on social justice." Feminist scholar Judith Butler stated: "I think: yes, understanding Hamas, Hezbollah as social movements that are progressive, that are on the left, that are part of a global left,
1430-562: A movement of the Theology of Liberation ". On 16 February 1985, Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued Hezbollah's manifesto. The ideology presented in it was described as radical. Its first objective was to fight against what Hezbollah described as American and Israeli imperialism , including the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon and other territories. The second objective was to gather all Muslims into an " ummah ", under which Lebanon would further
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#17328687312841560-434: A new manifesto at Hezbollah's 7th political conference. Besides its introduction, this 32-page document has three chapters on U.S. hegemonic strategies and the impact of globalization; Hezbollah's approach to Lebanon; and Palestinian resistance to Israel. While self-described as a "rebirth" document, the manifesto conveys the same basic approach to foreign policy as in the past, according to scholar Benedetta Berti , though it
1690-497: A prominent role in the 2006 Lebanon War and later became involved in the Syrian civil war , where it fought alongside the Syrian government against rebel forces. In 2009, Hezbollah updated their manifesto to oppose political sectarianism, appeal to non-Islamic movements, and promote a national unity government. The updated manifesto has the same basic approach to foreign policy, emphasizing
1820-612: A serious commander. According to Shapira, the lightly armed Shia fighters managed to capture an Israeli armored vehicle on that day and paraded it in the Revolutionary Guards' forward operating base in Baalbek , Eastern Lebanon. Fisk writes: Down at Khalde, a remarkable phenomenon had taken shape. The Shia militiamen were running on foot into the Israeli gunfire to launch grenades at the Israeli armour, actually moving to within 20 feet of
1950-458: A shell, and soldiers shot at people. The incidents caused the death of hundreds and wounding of thousands of unarmed civilians. Following the failed coup attempt, thousands of military personnel were arrested and the structure of the armed forces was overhauled. The total toll of the damages to the economy amounted to US$ 14 billion. On August 30, 2024, which is celebrated as "Victory Day" in Turkey,
2080-524: A single leadership", according to Naim Qassem , Hezbollah's second in command. "All political, social and jihad work is tied to the decisions of this leadership ... The same leadership that directs the parliamentary and government work also leads jihad actions in the struggle against Israel." In 2010, Iran's parliamentary speaker Ali Larijani said, "Iran takes pride in Lebanon's Islamic resistance movement for its steadfast Islamic stance. Hezbollah nurtures
2210-598: A support battalion and other company-sized units. The Su Altı Taarruz (S.A.T. – Underwater Attack) is dedicated to missions including the acquisition of military intelligence, amphibious assault, counter-terrorism and VIP protection; while the Su Altı Savunma (S.A.S. – Underwater Defense) is dedicated to coastal defense operations (such as clearing mines or unexploded torpedoes) and disabling enemy vessels or weapons with underwater operations; as well as counter-terrorism and VIP protection missions. The Turkish Air Force
2340-800: Is Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory. Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their withdrawal was verified by the United Nations as being in accordance with resolution 425 of 19 March 1978; however, Lebanon considers the Shebaa farms —a 26 km (10 sq mi) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be Syrian territory occupied by Israel—to be Lebanese territory. Finally, Hezbollah considers Israel to be an illegitimate state. For these reasons, it justifies its actions as acts of defensive jihad. If they go from Shebaa, we won't stop fighting them. ... Our goal
2470-659: Is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council , and its political wing is the Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc party in the Lebanese Parliament . Its armed strength was assessed to be equivalent to that of a medium-sized army in 2016. Hezbollah was founded in 1982 by Lebanese clerics in response to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . Inspired by
2600-454: Is accused of terrorism in Turkey. These accusing claims are reported, even while the trials are going on, mostly in the counter-secular and Islamist media organs. On 22 February 2010 more than 40 officers were arrested and then formally charged with attempting to overthrow the government with respect to the so-called "Sledgehammer" plot . They include four admirals, a general and two colonels, some of them retired, including former commanders of
2730-465: Is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members. According to CNN, "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools." In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. Lebanese Shiites "see Hezbollah as
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#17328687312842860-502: Is believed to be responsible for the bombing of the US embassy and the American and French barracks bombings in Beirut in 1983, as well as later attacks, including bombings and hijackings. While Hezbollah has been regarded as a resistance movement by some scholars, the entire organization, or its military wing alone, has been designated as a terrorist group by over 20 countries, including most Western countries. In 1982, Hezbollah
2990-446: Is extremely important." Other academic writers that described Hezbollah as left-wing include Imad Salamey , Amal Saad-Ghorayeb , Nahla Chahal and As'ad Abu Khalil . Salamey wrote that Hezhollah is an "anticapitalist political movement" and "revolutionary styled vanguard party", adding that, "Hezbollah has emerged as a revolutionary proletarian party with an Islamic manifesto par excellence." Similarly, Chahal wrote that Hezhollah "is
3120-457: Is more "politically savvy" and appeals to non-Islamic movements. Still, the manifesto offers new support for Lebanese political institutions, through which it had been making inroads. Notably, it says that it opposes political "sectarianism", idealizes a national unity government, and treats the Lebanese army less as an enemy and more as a subordinate military arm. From the inception of Hezbollah to
3250-450: Is not contingent upon it because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more religiously motivated than politically motivated". Robert S. Wistrich , a historian specializing in the study of anti-Semitism, described Hezbollah's ideology concerning Jews: The anti-Semitism of Hezbollah leaders and spokesmen combines the image of seemingly invincible Jewish power ... and cunning with the contempt normally reserved for weak and cowardly enemies. Like
3380-506: Is only "anti-Zionist" and not anti-Semitic. However, according to scholars, "these words do not hold up upon closer examination". Among other actions, Hezbollah actively engages in Holocaust denial and spreads anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. Various antisemitic statements have been attributed to Hezbollah officials. Amal Saad-Ghorayeb , a Lebanese political analyst, argues that although Zionism has influenced Hezbollah's anti-Judaism , "it
3510-587: Is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups in the Middle East to use the tactics of suicide bombing, assassination, and capturing foreign soldiers, as well as murders and hijackings. Hezbollah also employed more conventional military tactics and weaponry, notably Katyusha rockets and other missiles. At the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, despite the Taif Agreement asking for
3640-721: Is the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command . The military bases of the Turkish Armed Forces in Qatar , Syria , Somalia and Bashiqa , among an unknown number of other bases internationally, are currently active. It was announced in 2017 that Turkey would start working on establishing a research base in Antarctica . According to a study conducted in England, Turkey has the largest deployment of international troops after
3770-484: Is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. It is primarily responsible for the protection and sovereignty of Turkish airspace but also provides air-power to the other service branches . Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany , Italy, and the Netherlands . A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at
3900-579: Is the responsibility of the General Staff. The history of the Turkish Armed Forces began with its formation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire . The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism , the official state ideology , especially of its emphasis on secularism . After becoming a member of NATO in 1952, Turkey initiated a comprehensive modernization program for its armed forces. The Turkish Army sent 14,936 troops to fight in
4030-536: Is the second largest standing military force in NATO, after the U.S. Armed Forces . Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany , Italy, and the Netherlands . A total of 50 U.S. B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base , the most of the five countries. The Turkish War of Independence (19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923)
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4160-602: Is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine, ... The Jews who survive this war of liberation can go back to Germany or wherever they came from. However, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority.' — Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, about an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms Hezbollah officials have said, on rare occasions, that it
4290-536: The 28 February memorandum ). Contrary to outsider expectations, the Turkish populace was not uniformly averse to coups; many welcomed the ejection of governments they perceived as unconstitutional. On 27 April 2007, in advance of the 4 November 2007 presidential election, and in reaction to the politics of Abdullah Gül , who has a past record of involvement in Islamist political movements and banned Islamist parties such as
4420-663: The Armistice of Mudanya . The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and Eastern Thrace , the Ottoman government was overthrown and the monarchy abolished , and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared
4550-602: The Aviano fighter wing.) They returned to Turkey in 2001. In 2006, 4 Turkish F-16 fighter jets were deployed for NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation. As of February 2021, Turkey has at least over 60,000+ military personnel stationed outside its territory. The only military base stationed permanently abroad, regardless of the organizations that are members of Turkey, which has been temporarily holding troops several times abroad due to its responsibilities arising from many international political members, particularly NATO membership,
4680-717: The Battle of Sakarya , appointed the chairman of the GNA Atatürk as commander-in-chief of the Army of the GNA. The Turks checked the Greek advance in the Battle of Sakarya and counter-attacked in the Great Offensive , which expelled Greek forces from Anatolia in the span of three weeks. The war effectively ended with the Turkish capture of Smyrna and the Chanak Crisis , prompting the signing of
4810-705: The Black Sea . According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), in 2023 the Turkish Armed Forces had a total strength of around 890,500 presonnel. The active personnel number approximately 355,200 personnel, consisting of 260,200 personnel in the Turkish Land Forces, in the Turkish Naval Forces 45,000 personnel, and 50,000 personnel in the Turkish Air Force. In addition, it
4940-868: The European Union . In 2004, during the referendum for the Annan Plan for Cyprus (a United Nations proposal to resolve the Cyprus dispute ) 76% of the Greek Cypriots rejected the proposal, while 65% of the Turkish Cypriots accepted it. The TAF are in a protracted campaign against the PKK (recognized as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union and NATO ) which has involved frequent forays into neighbouring Iraq and Syria . Abdullah Öcalan ,
5070-864: The German invasion of the Soviet Union , the Turkish government sent a military delegation of observers under Lieutenant General Ali Fuat Erden to Germany and the Eastern Front . Following the German retreat from the Caucasus , the Turkish government then moved closer to the Allies and Winston Churchill secretly met with İsmet İnönü at the Adana Conference in Yenice Train Station in southern Turkey on 30 January 1943, with
5200-724: The Hamas propaganda for holy war, that of Hezbollah has relied on the endless vilification of Jews as 'enemies of mankind,' 'conspiratorial, obstinate, and conceited' adversaries full of 'satanic plans' to enslave the Arabs. It fuses traditional Islamic anti-Judaism with Western conspiracy myths, Third Worldist anti-Zionism, and Iranian Shiite contempt for Jews as 'ritually impure' and corrupt infidels. Sheikh Fadlallah typically insists ... that Jews wish to undermine or obliterate Islam and Arab cultural identity in order to advance their economic and political domination. Conflicting reports say Al-Manar ,
5330-616: The Incirlik Air Base , 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO . The Air Force took part in the Operation Deliberate Force of 1995 and Operation Allied Force of 1999, and later participated in the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina , employing two squadrons (one in the Ghedi fighter wing, and after 2000 one in
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5460-485: The Iranian Revolution of 1979 and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini 's model of Islamic governance, Hezbollah established strong ties with Iran. The group was initially supported by 1,500 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) instructors, who helped unify various Lebanese Shia factions under Hezbollah's leadership. Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto outlined its key objectives , which include expelling Western influence from
5590-746: The Jewish Telegraphic Agency , Hezbollah pressured a private English-language school in western Beirut "which asked not to be identified", to eliminate from its curriculum excerpts from The Diary of Anne Frank , a book of the writings from the diary kept by the Jewish child Anne Frank while she was in hiding with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. This was after Hezbollah's member of Lebanese parliament Hussein Hajj Hassan , interviewed on
5720-702: The Korean War alongside South Korea and NATO. Towards the end of the 1980s, a second restructuring process was initiated. The Turkish Armed Forces participate in an EU Battlegroup under the control of the European Council , the Italian-Romanian-Turkish Battlegroup. The TAF also contributes operational staff to the Eurocorps multinational army corps initiative of the EU and NATO. The Turkish Armed Forces
5850-447: The Land Forces , the Naval Forces and the Air Forces . The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President , who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states
5980-465: The Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I . When Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues formed the Grand National Assembly (GNA) in Ankara on 23 April 1920, the XV Corps under the command of Kâzım Karabekir was the only corps which had any combat value. On 8 November 1920, the GNA decided to establish a standing army ( Düzenli ordu ) instead of irregular troops (the Kuva-yi Milliye , Kuva-yi Seyyare , etc.). GNA government's army won
6110-430: The Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. With the war, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate , the Ottoman era came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms , the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey. On 3 March 1924, the Ottoman caliphate was also abolished . There were several rebellions southeastern Turkey in
6240-434: The Second Cairo Conference in December 1943, where Franklin D. Roosevelt , Churchill and İnönü reached an agreement on issues regarding Turkey's possible contribution to the Allies. On 23 February 1945, Turkey joined the Allies by declaring war against Germany and Japan , after it was announced at the Yalta Conference that only the states which were formally at war with Germany and Japan by 1 March 1945 would be admitted to
6370-505: The Shi'ite Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the Triple Frontier , or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. U.S. law enforcement officials have identified an illegal multimillion-dollar cigarette-smuggling fund raising operation and a drug smuggling operation. Nasrallah has repeatedly denied any links between the South American drug trade and Hezbollah, calling such accusations "propaganda" and attempts "to damage
6500-427: The Turkish War of Independence in 1922. The Turkish Naval Forces , or Turkish Navy, constitutes the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Navy maintains several Marines and Special Operations units. The Amphibious Marines Brigade (Amfibi Deniz Piyade Tugayı) based in Foça near İzmir consists of 4,500 men, three amphibious battalions, an MBT battalion, an artillery battalion,
6630-398: The United Nations . Turkey participated in the Korean War as a member state of the United Nations and sent the Turkish Brigade to South Korea, and suffered 731 losses while displaying exceptional valor in combat. On 18 February 1952, Turkey became a member of NATO . The South Korean government donated a war memorial for Turkish soldiers who fought and died in Korea. The Korean pagoda
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#17328687312846760-598: The Washington Post , in December 2009, after US President Barack Obama announced he would deploy 30,000 more U.S. soldiers, and that Washington wants others to follow suit, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reacted with the message that Turkey would not contribute additional troops to Afghanistan. "Turkey has already done what it can do by boosting its contingent of soldiers there to 1,750 from around 700 without being asked", said Erdoğan , who stressed that Turkey would continue its training of Afghan security forces. Turkey withdrew their troops from Afghanistan after
6890-527: The Welfare Party , the army issued a statement of its interests. It said that the army is a party to "arguments" regarding secularism ; that Islamism ran counter to the secular nature of Turkey, and to the legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . The Army's statement ended with a clear warning that the TAF stood ready to intervene if the secular nature of the Turkish Constitution is compromised, stating that "the Turkish Armed Forces maintain their sound determination to carry out their duties stemming from laws to protect
7020-399: The fall of France , the Turkish government tried to maintain an equal distance with both the Allies and the Axis . Following Nazi Germany 's occupation of the Balkans , upon which the Axis-controlled territory in Thrace and the eastern islands of the Aegean Sea bordered Turkey, the Turkish government signed a Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with Germany on 18 June 1941. After
7150-422: The fall of Kabul (2021) . The TAF have performed "Disaster Relief Operations," as in the 1999 İzmit earthquake in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Apart from contributing to NATO, the Turkish Navy also contributes to the Black Sea Naval Co-operation Task Group , which was created in early 2001 by Turkey, Bulgaria , Georgia, Romania, Russia and Ukraine for search and rescue and other humanitarian operations in
7280-571: The secular founder of modern Turkey. The group subsequently took an oath to uphold "a secular, democratic Turkey." In response, eight days later, Erdogan announced the initiation of an investigation and declared that “the few impertinent individuals responsible will be purged.” Hezbollah Non-state allies: Non-state opponents: Hezbollah ( / ˌ h ɛ z b ə ˈ l ɑː / HEZ -bə- LAH ; Arabic : حزب الله , romanized : Ḥizbu llāh , pronounced [ħizbuˈɫːaːh] , lit. ' Party of God ' )
7410-458: The " Ankara government " declared illegal. In the ensuing war, irregular militia defeated the French forces in the south , and undemobilized units went on to partition Armenia with Bolshevik forces , resulting in the Treaty of Kars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war was known as the Greco-Turkish War , in which Greek forces at first encountered unorganized resistance. However İsmet Pasha 's organization of militia into
7540-418: The "disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias", Syria , which controlled Lebanon at that time, allowed Hezbollah to maintain their arsenal and control Shia areas along the border with Israel. In the 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a revolutionary group into a political one, in a process which has been described as the "Lebanonization" of Hezbollah. Unlike its uncompromising revolutionary stance in
7670-413: The 1920s and 1930s, the most important of which were the 1925 Sheikh Said rebellion and the 1937 Dersim rebellion . All were suppressed by the TAF, sometimes involving large-scale mobilisations of up to 50,000 troops. Turkey remained neutral until the final stages of World War II . In the initial stage of World War II, Turkey signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Great Britain and France. But after
7800-661: The 1980s, Hezbollah conveyed a lenient stance towards the Lebanese state. In 1992, Hezbollah decided to participate in elections, and Ali Khamenei , supreme leader of Iran , endorsed it. Former Hezbollah secretary general, Subhi al-Tufayli , contested this decision, which led to a schism in Hezbollah. Hezbollah won all twelve seats which were on its electoral list. At the end of that year, Hezbollah began to engage in dialog with Lebanese Christians. Hezbollah regards cultural, political, and religious freedoms in Lebanon as sanctified, although it does not extend these values to groups who have relations with Israel. In 1997, Hezbollah formed
7930-479: The Allies and the Ottoman government to surrender and disband their forces. This crisis reached a head when sultan Mehmed VI dispatched Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) , a well-respected and high-ranking general, to Anatolia to restore order; however, Mustafa Kemal became an enabler and eventually leader of Turkish National Movement against the Ottoman government, Allied powers, and Christian minorities. on 3 May 1920, Birinci Ferik Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)
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#17328687312848060-406: The Armed Forces in the name of the President , in wartime. Also, the General Staff is in command of the Special Forces , which is not aligned to any force command within the TAF. The Special Forces get their orders directly from the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Land Forces , or Turkish Army, can trace its origins in the remnants of Ottoman forces during the fall of
8190-460: The Defence Industry Support Fund. However, the Ministry of Defense has not provided the necessary information, so the armed forces expenditure is not being properly checked. Turkey was a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) programme. The final goal of Turkey is to produce new-generation indigenous military equipment and to become increasingly self-sufficient in terms of military technologies. HAVELSAN of Turkey and Boeing of
8320-410: The Defence Minister. In July 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces attempted to take over the government , but Erdogan supporters and other loyal military units stopped the coup attempt. The parliament house , police headquarters, and some other buildings in Ankara were damaged by aerial bombing and attack helicopter gunfire. In Istanbul, the Bosporus Bridge was blocked, a tank fired
8450-404: The General Staff with limited civilian control. The European Commission , in its 2011 regular yearly report on Turkey's progress towards EU accession , stated that "further reforms on the composition and powers of the Supreme Military Council, particularly on the legal basis of promotions, still need to materialise." The service branch commanders continue to report to the Prime Minister instead of
8580-503: The Hezbollah – were on the beaches of Khalde that night. Hezbollah emerged in South Lebanon during a consolidation of Shia militias as a rival to the older Amal Movement . Hezbollah played a significant role in the Lebanese civil war, opposing American forces in 1982–83 and opposing Amal and Syria during the 1985–88 War of the Camps . However, Hezbollah's early primary focus was ending Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon following Israel's 1982 invasion and siege of Beirut. Amal,
8710-556: The Hezbollah-owned and operated television station, accused either Israel or Jews of deliberately spreading HIV and other diseases to Arabs throughout the Middle East. Al-Manar was criticized in the West for airing "anti-Semitic propaganda" in the form of a television drama depicting a Jewish world domination conspiracy theory . The group has been accused by American analysts of engaging in Holocaust denial . In addition, during its 2006 war, it apologized only for killing Israel's Arabs (i.e., non-Jews). In November 2009, according to
8840-404: The Inner Service Act of the Turkish Armed Forces ( Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu ) on 4 January 1961 to legitimize their military interventions in politics. In subsequent coups d'état and coup d'état attempts, they showed reasons to justify their political activities especially with the article 35 and 85 of this act. The Turkish military perceived itself as the guardian of Kemalism ,
8970-484: The Islamic Shi'a theology developed by Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Khomeini's followers in the early 1980s in order to spread Islamic revolution and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi'a ideology ( Wilayat al-faqih or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists) developed by Khomeini, who was the leader of the "Islamic Revolution" in Iran . Although Hezbollah originally aimed to transform Lebanon into
9100-405: The Israeli occupation of Arab lands. To maintain a sense of Muslim unity, Hezbollah avoided direct criticism of Saudi Arabia; even during the 2007 Lebanon's conflict with the Salafis , Al-Manar TV's employees had instructions "not to talk badly about Saudi Arabia". This changed, however, after the beginning of the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war . Some scholars consider Hezbollah
9230-577: The Lebanese Hezbollah were killed during the day. On 29 February, Turkish airstrikes targeted the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center in As-Safira . Which a Turkish official claimed was used to develop chemical weapons . During the day, 48 Syrian government soldiers and militias, including 14 Hezbollah fighters were killed and at least 13 military vehicles were destroyed by Turkish strikes. On 1 March, two Syrian Su-24 jets were shot down by Turkish Air Force F-16s . All four Syrian pilots safely ejected. Both Syrian and Turkish forces confirmed
9360-560: The Lebanese Parliament, making it a powerful player in Lebanon’s government. However, the group’s influence has led to growing domestic criticism. Following the 2020 Beirut port explosion , Hezbollah was accused of obstructing efforts to hold those responsible accountable, contributing to a decline in public trust. A 2024 Arab Barometer survey found that 55% of Lebanese have "no trust at all" in Hezbollah, although it remains popular among
9490-571: The Majlis al-Shura and these seven committees were replicated in each of Hizballah's three main operational areas (the Beqaa , Beirut , and the South). Since the Supreme Leader of Iran is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him "for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership [was] too divided over issues and fail[ed] to reach a consensus". After
9620-744: The Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which pays stipends to "families of fighters who die" in battle. An IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted: Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings—it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care
9750-428: The Oppressed on Earth" and the "Revolutionary Justice Organization" to be synonymous with Hezbollah. The group receives substantial financial and military backing from Iran , positioning itself as the leading member of the " Axis of Resistance ", an alliance in opposition to Israel and Western influence in the Middle East. The ideology of Hezbollah has been summarized as Shi'i radicalism ; Hezbollah follows
9880-564: The Shia population. Despite calls for disarmament under United Nations Security Council resolutions, Hezbollah has expanded its military capabilities. Its armed wing is now considered stronger than the Lebanese Armed Forces , making it one of the most powerful non-state actors in the world. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah declared in 2021 that the group had 100,000 fighters. Hezbollah has been involved in several high-profile attacks; it
10010-403: The Syrian military's firing to facilitate the safe evacuation of the Turkish troops. Russia said that the Turkish forces should not have been present in the area, where "counter-terror operations" were underway, and criticized Turkey for failing to notify them about the soldiers' presence in advance. On the contrary, Turkey maintained that Russia was well aware of the locations of Turkish troops, as
10140-782: The Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist Government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA) led by Mustafa Kemal was established in Ankara when it became clear the Ottoman government was backing the Allied powers. The Allies soon pressured the Ottoman government in Constantinople into suspending the Constitution , shuttering the Parliament , and signing the Treaty of Sèvres , a treaty that
10270-952: The Turkish and Russian leaders following their one-on-one meeting, a ceasefire in the area of Idlib was to come into force from 00:00 hrs on 6 March. The terms of the ceasefire included a secure corridor 6 kilometers either side of the M4 highway , to be patrolled jointly by Russia and Turkey beginning on 15 March. According to the Oryx blog , Syrian government equipment losses on the ground amounted to 50 T-55 , T-62 , T-72 tanks, 38 artilleries and MLRS 's, 21 BMP-1 IFV's, 7 ZU-23 Air Defence Guns, 2 Pantsir and 31 other vehicles. The Middle East Institute reported that Turkish drone and artillery strikes, alongside rebel fighters, killed at least 405 pro-regime fighters between February 27 and March 5. And that Damascus had also lost at least 73 armored vehicles to drone strikes and rebel anti-tank guided missile operators during
10400-573: The Turkish armed forces had responded to the airstrikes and claimed to have "neutralized" 329 Syrian troops. Additionally, they claimed to have successfully destroyed five helicopters, 23 tanks, 10 armored vehicles, 23 artillery and howitzers, one SA-17, and one SA-22 air defense systems belonging to the Syrian government. A Syrian military official acknowledged that their armored and technical vehicles had been heavily targeted, resulting in significant destruction of their arsenal in northwestern Syria. A Turkish soldier, 11 Syrian soldiers and four members of
10530-631: The Turkish navy and air force (three days later, the former commanders of the navy and air force were released). Partially as a result, the Washington Post reported in April 2010 that the military's power had decreased. On the eve of the Supreme Military Council of August 2011, the Chief of the General Staff, along with the Army, Navy, and Air Force commanders, requested their retirement, in protest of
10660-479: The Turkish operation. According to Reuters , 9 Hezbollah militants were killed and 30 were injured in an air strike by the Turkish Air Force . According to a database compiled by Analyst Gregory Waters, a researcher on Syrian regime and ISIS , 55 militia fighters belonging to various Iranian-backed groups — including Baqir Brigade , Hezbollah , Liwa Fatemiyoun and Liwa Zainebiyoun brigades— were killed in
10790-454: The United States are in the process of developing a next-generation, high-altitude ballistic missile defence shield. Turkey has chosen the Chinese defense firm CPMIEC to co-produce a $ 4 billion long-range air and missile system. Chief of the General Staff reports to Minister of National Defence. General staff is responsible for: The Chief of the General Staff is also, Commander-in-Chief of
10920-400: The United States, with an estimated strength of at least 60,000+ military personnel stationed outside of the borders of Turkey. This means that 1 in 6 of the active military troops of Turkey (which is estimated to be 355,200 in 2020) are deployed outside of the borders of the country. Turkey currently has a military presence in the following countries; Turkey additionally has a presence in
11050-414: The aims of the 1979 Revolution of Iran. It also declared it would protect all Lebanese communities, excluding those that collaborated with Israel, and support all national movements—both Muslim and non-Muslim—throughout the world. The ideology has since evolved, and today Hezbollah is a political entity focused on social justice. Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read: We are
11180-607: The battles during the first two weeks of February . Since the signing of the ceasefire in March 2020, the Syrian Air Force has not conducted any airstrikes within the de-escalation zone, and this status remains unchanged as of April 2023. Turkish Armed Forces The Turkish Armed Forces ( TAF ; Turkish : Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri , TSK ) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey . The Turkish Armed Forces consist of
11310-535: The critical importance of the events of Khalde that night. The Lebanese Shia were learning the principles of martyrdom and putting them into practice. Never before had we seen these men wear headbands like this; we thought it was another militia affectation but it was not. It was the beginning of a legend which also contained a strong element of truth. The Shia were now the Lebanese resistance, nationalist no doubt but also inspired by their religion. The party of God – in Arabic,
11440-559: The date of 8 June 1982, two days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, when 50 Shiite militants ambushed an Israel Defense Forces armored convoy in Khalde south of Beirut, is considered by Hezbollah as the founding myth of the Islamic Resistance in Lebanon , the group's military wing . It was in this battle, delaying the Israeli advance to Beirut for six days, that the future Hezbollah military chief Mustafa Badreddine made his name as
11570-475: The day, a Turkish soldier and 26 Syrian government soldiers were killed in the clashes in Jabal Al-Zawiyah, south Idlib countryside, Saraqib and its countryside. On 3 March, the Syrian Army captured the strategic city of Saraqib and several surrounding villages after pushing back rebel forces supported by Turkish artillery and air power. The Turkish airstrikes on government targets reduced significantly amidst
11700-559: The death of Iran's first Supreme Leader, Khomeini, Hezbollah's governing bodies developed a more "independent role" and appealed to Iran less often. Since the Second Lebanon War , however, Iran has restructured Hezbollah to limit the power of Hassan Nasrallah , and invested billions of dollars "rehabilitating" Hezbollah. Structurally, Hezbollah does not distinguish between its political/social activities within Lebanon and its military/ jihad activities against Israel. "Hezbollah has
11830-515: The downing. Meanwhile a Turkish TAI Anka drone was shot down by Syrian forces. Additionally, Turkish drones bombed the 47th brigade in Hama Military Airport . During the day, 19 Syrian soldiers were killed by Turkish drones attacks in Jabal al-Zawiya and Al-Hamidia, Idlib countryside. On 2 March, a Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drone was shot down by Syrian Air Defense Force near Saraqib . During
11960-575: The following countries through UN peacekeeping missions: After the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk prohibited the political activities of officers in active service with the Military Penal Code numbered 1632 and dated 22 May 1930 ( Askeri Ceza Kanunu ). However, after the 1960 coup d'état , the Millî Birlik Komitesi ( National Unity Committee ) established
12090-549: The form of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus in 1975; and in 1983 made a unilateral declaration of independence as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , which is recognized only by Turkey to this day. The United Nations continues to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to overshadow Turkish relations with Greece and with
12220-404: The hegemonic strategies of the US and Israel's role in the region as a forward base for colonizing the region. Since the 1990s, Hezbollah has grown into a significant political force in Lebanon. The group operates a vast social services network, including schools and hospitals, and runs a satellite TV station, Al-Manar . Politically, Hezbollah’s Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc holds 15 seats in
12350-663: The historic Christian presence in Anatolia was destroyed, in large part, and the Muslim demographic had increased from 80% to 98%. While World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mudros , the Allied Powers occupied parts of the empire and sought to prosecute former members of the Committee of Union and Progress and others involved in the Armenian genocide. Ottoman military commanders therefore refused orders from both
12480-646: The hopes of dismantling both groups. Turkey's responsibilities include providing security in Kabul (it formerly lead Regional Command Capital ), as well as in Wardak Province , where it leads PRT Maidan Shahr. Turkey was once the third largest contingent within the International Security Assistance Force . Turkey's troops are not engaged in combat operations and Ankara has long resisted pressure from Washington to offer more combat troops. According to
12610-497: The image of Hezbollah". As of 2018, annual Iranian monetary support for Hezbollah was estimated at $ 700 million by US officials. Hezbollah organizes and maintains an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, educational facilities, and encouragement of Nikah mut'ah . One of its established institutions, Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign, is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon. Hezbollah controls
12740-406: The intent of persuading Turkey to join the war on the side of the Allies. A few days before the start of Operation Zitadelle in July 1943, the Turkish government sent a military delegation under General Cemil Cahit Toydemir to Russia and observed the exercises of the 503rd Heavy Panzer Battalion and its equipment. But after the failure of Operation Zitadelle, the Turkish government participated in
12870-650: The late 1980s, when there was three-digit inflation in Lebanon due to the collapse of the Lira , the British periodical Middle East International reported that Hezbollah was receiving $ 3–5 million per month from Iran. According to reports subsequently released, Hezbollah received $ 400 million from Iran. In 2009, when the United States GAO agency accused members of the Venezuelan government of "not cooperating fully in
13000-461: The latter half of the 20th century. It executed three coups d'état : in 1960 ( 27 May coup ), in 1971 ( 12 March coup ), and in 1980 ( 12 September coup ). Following the 1960 coup d'état, the military executed the first democratically elected prime minister in Turkey, Adnan Menderes , in 1961. Most recently, it maneuvered the removal of an Islamist prime minister, Necmettin Erbakan , in 1997 (known as
13130-663: The leader of the PKK was arrested in 1999 in Nairobi and taken to Turkey. In 2015, the PKK cancelled their 2013 ceasefire after tension due to various events. Turkey contributed troops in several NATO-led peace forces in Bosnia and Kosovo . Currently there are 402 Turkish troops in Kosovo Force . After the 2003 Istanbul Bombings were linked to Al-Qaeda , Turkey deployed troops to Afghanistan to fight Taliban forces and Al-Qaeda operatives, with
13260-402: The local Shia population, making them a fertile ground for recruitment. Hezbollah was set up by local Shia committees, under the leadership of Ruhollah Khomeini . Its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards that arrived from Iran with permission from the Syrian government , which occupied Lebanon's eastern highlands , permitted their transit to
13390-581: The main Lebanese Shia political group, initiated guerrilla warfare . In 2006, former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak stated, "When we entered Lebanon … there was no Hezbollah. We were accepted with perfumed rice and flowers by the Shia in the south. It was our presence there that created Hezbollah." Hezbollah waged an asymmetric war using suicide attacks against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Israeli targets outside of Lebanon. Hezbollah
13520-582: The mass arrests which they perceived as a deliberate and planned attack against the Kemalist and secular-minded officers of the Turkish Armed Forces by the Islamists in Turkey, who began to control key positions in the Turkish government, judiciary and police. The swift replacement of the force commanders in the Supreme Military Council meeting affirmed the government's control over the appointment of top-level commanders. However, promotions continue to be determined by
13650-460: The military intervention ended up with Turkey occupying a considerable area on the northern part of Cyprus and helping to establish a local government of Turkish Cypriots there, which has thus far been recognized only by Turkey. The intervention came after more than a decade of intercommunal violence (1963–1974) between the island's Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots , resulting from the constitutional breakdown of 1963. Turkey invoked its role as
13780-443: The modern Turkish Republic were significantly impacted by the earlier Armenian genocide and the deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian Rum people . The Turkish National Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate native Christian populations – a continuation of the Armenian genocide and other ethnic cleansing operations during World War I. Following these campaigns of ethnic cleansing
13910-564: The multi-confessional Lebanese Brigades to Fight the Israeli Occupation in an attempt to revive national and secular resistance against Israel, thereby marking the "Lebanonization" of resistance. Whether the Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO) was a nom de guerre used by Hezbollah or a separate organization, is disputed. According to certain sources, IJO was identified as merely a "telephone organization", and whose name
14040-510: The official state ideology, especially of its secular aspects . The TAF still maintains an important degree of influence over the decision-making process regarding issues related to Turkish national security, albeit decreased in the past decades, via the National Security Council . The military had a record of intervening in politics, removing elected governments four times in the past. Indeed, it assumed power for several periods in
14170-512: The organization's Al-Manar television channel, criticized the school for "showing poor judgment in picking out its textbooks", and asked how long Lebanon would "remain an open arena for the Zionist invasion of education". In The New Yorker ' s July 22, 2024 issue, Dexter Filkins , in his report on the border fight between Israel and the organization, quoted a commander of Hezbollah, who had been active in its operations outside Lebanon, stating that
14300-603: The original ideas of Islamic Jihad." He also instead charged the West with having accused Iran with support of terrorism and said, "The real terrorists are those who provide the Zionist regime with military equipment to bomb the people." Funding of Hezbollah comes from the Iranian government, Lebanese business groups, private persons, businessmen, the Lebanese diaspora involved in African diamond exploration, other Islamic groups and countries, and
14430-628: The present, the elimination of the State of Israel has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Some translations of Hezbollah's 1985 Arabic-language manifesto state that "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated". According to Hezbollah's Deputy-General, Naim Qassem , the struggle against Israel is a core belief of Hezbollah and the central rationale of Hezbollah's existence. Hezbollah says that its continued hostilities against Israel are justified as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanon and as retaliation for what they claim
14560-497: The region, destroying Israel , pledging allegiance to Iran's supreme leader , and establishing an Islamic government influenced by Iran's political ideology . However, the manifesto also emphasized Lebanese self-determination. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Hezbollah fought against Israeli forces and the South Lebanon Army (SLA), eventually leading to Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah also played
14690-605: The region. On 27 February 2020, during the Dawn of Idlib 2 Operation , Turkish Army positions in Balyun, Idlib Governorate, came under attack from airstrikes allegedly conducted by the Syrian Air Force and the Russian Air Force. Resulting in the deaths of 36 Turkish soldiers, with a reported number of wounded ranging from 36 to 60. The following day, Russia denied it had carried out the airstrikes and stated that it had made efforts to halt
14820-735: The sons of the umma (Muslim community) ... ... We are an ummah linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the Prophets , i.e., Prophet Muhammad . ... As for our culture, it is based on the Holy Quran , the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqih who is our source of imitation ... On 30 November 2009, secretary-general Nasrallah presented
14950-606: The tanks to open fire at them. Some of the Shia fighters had torn off pieces of their shirts and wrapped them around their heads as bands of martyrdom as the Iranian revolutionary guards had begun doing a year before when they staged their first mass attacks against the Iraqis in the Gulf War a thousand miles to the east . When they set fire to one Israeli armoured vehicle, the gunmen were emboldened to advance further. None of us, I think, realised
15080-601: The taxes paid by the Shia Lebanese. Hezbollah says that the main source of its income comes from its own investment portfolios and donations by Muslims. Western sources maintain that Hezbollah receives most of its financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria . Iran is said to have given $ 400 million between 1983 and 1989 through donation. Ostensibly on account of economic problems, Iran temporarily limited funds to humanitarian actions carried on by Hezbollah. During
15210-549: The two countries regularly communicated about this matter. Following the air attack in Balyun, Turkey officially launched its military intervention, initiating Operation Spring Shield. The primary objective of this operation was to put a stop to the Syrian government forces' advancement on Syrian rebels in Idlib and push them back to their pre-offensive positions. On 28 February, the Turkish Ministry of National Defense reported that
15340-405: The unchangeable characteristics of the Republic of Turkey. Their loyalty to this determination is absolute." Over a hundred people, including several generals, have been detained or questioned since July 2008 with respect to the so-called organisation Ergenekon , an alleged clandestine, ultra-nationalist organization with ties to members of the country's military and security forces. The group
15470-532: The war between the "Zionist state" and the "party of God" would be "very simply" resolved, "when [the Jews] leave on the same boat they came on". At the beginning, many Hezbollah leaders maintained that the movement was "not an organization, for its members carry no cards and bear no specific responsibilities", and that the movement does not have "a clearly defined organizational structure". Today, as Hezbollah scholar Magnus Ranstorp reports, Hezbollah does actually have
15600-853: The war on drug trafficking " and claimed that "drug corruption had reached the ministerial level in Venezuela", Dorit Shavit , then in charge of Latin America & Caribbean affairs at the Israeli foreign ministry , stated in El Tiempo that the presence of "cells of Hezbollah guerrillas" had increased in recent years in the Guajira Peninsula and on the island of Margarita . The foreign ministry of Venezuela rejected these allegations as "absurd". In 2011, Iran earmarked $ 7 million to Hezbollah's activities in Latin America. Hezbollah has relied also on funding from
15730-427: Was "used by those involved to disguise their true identity". Hezbollah reportedly also used another name, "Islamic Resistance" ( al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ), for attacks against Israel. A 2003 American court decision found IJO was the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in Lebanon, parts of the Middle East and Europe. The US, Israel and Canada consider the names "Islamic Jihad Organization", "Organization of
15860-677: Was a cross-border military operation carried out by the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) in the Idlib Governorate of northwestern Syria against the Syrian Armed Forces and allied militias. The operation was launched on 27 February 2020 in direct response to the Balyun airstrikes , aiming to address the escalating situation in the region. According to Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar , the primary objective of Operation Spring Shield
15990-604: Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I . These campaigns were directed against Greece in the west , Armenia in the east , France in the south , loyalists and separatists in various cities , and British and Ottoman troops around Constantinople (İstanbul) . The ethnic demographics of
16120-476: Was appointed the Minister of National Defence, and Mirliva İsmet Pasha (İnönü) was appointed the Minister of the Chief of General Staff of the government of the Grand National Assembly (GNA). In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies persuaded Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to launch an expeditionary force into Anatolia and occupy Smyrna (İzmir), beginning
16250-427: Was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran primarily to fight the Israeli invasion of Lebanon . The 1982 and the 1978 Israeli invasions had created a humanitarian crisis in Lebanon; many villages in the south had been destroyed and large numbers of Shias had been displaced from their homes. In addition, the Shia had long been underrepresented in Lebanese politics. Both these factors fostered resentment among
16380-570: Was donated in 1973 for the 50th anniversary of the Turkish Republic and is located in Ankara . On 20 July 1974, the TAF launched an amphibious and airborne assault operation on Cyprus , in response to the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état which had been staged by EOKA-B and the Cypriot National Guard against president Makarios III with the intention of annexing the island to Greece; but
16510-420: Was estimated that there were 378,700 reserve personnel and 156,800 paramilitary personnel ( Turkish Gendarmerie and Turkish Coast Guard ), In 2020, the defence budget amounted to 76.3 billion liras. The Law on the Court of Accounts was supposed to initiate external ex-post audits of armed forces' expenditure and pave the way for audits of extra budgetary resources earmarked for the defence sector, including
16640-520: Was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar (the Deciding Assembly), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialized committees dealing with ideological, financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. In turn,
16770-410: Was to achieve a ceasefire agreement within the framework of the Astana talks and to establish stability in the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone . Additionally, the operation sought to prevent the mass migration of people from Idlib to the Turkish border, a pressing humanitarian concern. On 5 March, Turkey and Russia signed a ceasefire agreement in Moscow , marking a step towards de-escalation in
16900-414: Was wounded by a drone strike near Saraqib . A Turkish Bayraktar TB2 was shot down by Syrian forces in the Idlib Governorate. During the day, 19 Syrian soldiers and seven non-Syrian fighters were killed by Turkish ground shelling and drones in Idlib countryside. On 5 March 2020, the presidents of Turkey and Russia, Erdoğan and Putin, met in Moscow for high-level talks. According to the statements made by
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