57-428: Operation Backfire may refer to: Operation Backfire (WWII) Operation Backfire (FBI) , an FBI operation against certain actions by the radical environmental movement. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Operation Backfire . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
114-454: A coil of fiber optic cable as long as 5 km. Like the ring laser gyroscope , it makes use of the Sagnac effect . A London moment gyroscope relies on the quantum-mechanical phenomenon, whereby a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis of the gyroscopic rotor. A magnetometer determines the orientation of the generated field, which
171-403: A fluid, instead of being mounted in gimbals. A control moment gyroscope (CMG) is an example of a fixed-output-gimbal device that is used on spacecraft to hold or maintain a desired attitude angle or pointing direction using the gyroscopic resistance force. In some special cases, the outer gimbal (or its equivalent) may be omitted so that the rotor has only two degrees of freedom. In other cases,
228-422: A force applied to the input axis by a reaction force to the output axis. A gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free or fixed configuration. An example of some free-output-gimbal devices is the attitude control gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll and yaw attitude angles in a spacecraft or aircraft. The centre of gravity of
285-463: A gyroscope (the "Whirling Speculum" or "Serson's Speculum") was invented by John Serson in 1743. It was used as a level, to locate the horizon in foggy or misty conditions. The first instrument used more like an actual gyroscope was made by Johann Bohnenberger of Germany, who first wrote about it in 1817. At first he called it the "Machine". Bohnenberger's machine was based on a rotating massive sphere. In 1832, American Walter R. Johnson developed
342-421: A gyroscope with a weight on one of the axes. The device will react to the force generated by the weight when it is accelerated, by integrating that force to produce a velocity. A gyrostat consists of a massive flywheel concealed in a solid casing. Its behaviour on a table, or with various modes of suspension or support, serves to illustrate the curious reversal of the ordinary laws of static equilibrium due to
399-411: A gyroscope with two gimbals, the outer gimbal, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of rotational freedom and its axis possesses none. The second gimbal, inner gimbal, is mounted in the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal) so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to
456-404: A human hair viewed from 32 kilometers (20 mi) away. The GP-B gyro consists of a nearly-perfect spherical rotating mass made of fused quartz , which provides a dielectric support for a thin layer of niobium superconducting material. To eliminate friction found in conventional bearings, the rotor assembly is centered by the electric field from six electrodes. After the initial spin-up by
513-471: A jet of helium which brings the rotor to 4,000 RPM , the polished gyroscope housing is evacuated to an ultra-high vacuum to further reduce drag on the rotor. Provided the suspension electronics remain powered, the extreme rotational symmetry , lack of friction, and low drag will allow the angular momentum of the rotor to keep it spinning for about 15,000 years. A sensitive DC SQUID that can discriminate changes as small as one quantum, or about 2 × 10 Wb ,
570-627: A magnetic compass, it does not seek north. When being used in an airplane, for example, it will slowly drift away from north and will need to be reoriented periodically, using a magnetic compass as a reference. Unlike a directional gyro or heading indicator, a gyrocompass seeks north. It detects the rotation of the Earth about its axis and seeks the true north, rather than the magnetic north. Gyrocompasses usually have built-in damping to prevent overshoot when re-calibrating from sudden movement. By determining an object's acceleration and integrating over time,
627-440: A position between the low-accuracy, low-cost MEMS gyroscope and the higher-accuracy and higher-cost fiber optic gyroscope. Accuracy parameters are increased by using low-intrinsic damping materials, resonator vacuumization, and digital electronics to reduce temperature dependent drift and instability of control signals. High quality wine-glass resonators are used for precise sensors like HRG. A dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG)
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#1733085710366684-526: A secretive British Army unit that had, in spring and summer 1945, searched for German military technology and scientists. The handling and launch procedures were unknown, so German personnel were ordered to perform these, which for the most part they did willingly. The launches were filmed and because the personnel wore their original uniforms and the rockets were painted as in their original livery, this footage (often used for documentaries) has been mistaken for footage of wartime German launches. According to
741-497: A similar device that was based on a rotating disc. The French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace , working at the École Polytechnique in Paris, recommended the machine for use as a teaching aid, and thus it came to the attention of Léon Foucault . In 1852, Foucault used it in an experiment demonstrating the rotation of the Earth. It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see (Greek skopeein , to see)
798-407: A single integrated circuit package, providing inexpensive and widely available motion sensing. All spinning objects have gyroscopic properties. The main properties that an object can experience in any gyroscopic motion are rigidity in space and precession . Rigidity in space describes the principle that a gyroscope remains in the fixed position on the plane in which it is spinning, unaffected by
855-570: A speed of 24,000 revolutions per minute in less than 10 seconds. Gyroscopes continue to be an engineering challenge. For example, the axle bearings have to be extremely accurate. A small amount of friction is deliberately introduced to the bearings, since otherwise an accuracy of better than 10 − 7 {\displaystyle 10^{-7}} of an inch (2.5 nm) would be required. Three-axis MEMS-based gyroscopes are also used in portable electronic devices such as tablets , smartphones , and smartwatches . This adds to
912-443: A thick stem. This shell is driven to a flexural resonance by electrostatic forces generated by electrodes which are deposited directly onto separate fused-quartz structures that surround the shell. Gyroscopic effect is obtained from the inertial property of the flexural standing waves. A vibrating structure gyroscope (VSG), also called a Coriolis vibratory gyroscope (CVG), uses a resonator made of different metallic alloys. It takes
969-405: A toy gyroscope with a pull string and pedestal. Manufacture was at some point switched to Chandler Mfg Co (still branded Hurst). The product was later renamed to a “Chandler gyroscope”, presumably because Chandler Mfg Co. took over rights to the gyroscope. Chandler continued to produce the toy until the company was purchased by TEDCO Inc. in 1982. The gyroscope is still produced by TEDCO today. In
1026-457: Is interpolated to determine the axis of rotation. Gyroscopes of this type can be extremely accurate and stable. For example, those used in the Gravity Probe B experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 milliarcseconds (1.4 × 10 degrees, or about 2.4 × 10 radians ) over a one-year period. This is equivalent to an angular separation the width of
1083-471: Is a miniaturized gyroscope found in electronic devices. It takes the idea of the Foucault pendulum and uses a vibrating element. This kind of gyroscope was first used in military applications but has since been adopted for increasing commercial use. The hemispherical resonator gyroscope (HRG), also called a wine-glass gyroscope or mushroom gyro, makes use of a thin solid-state hemispherical shell, anchored by
1140-426: Is a rotor suspended by a universal joint with flexure pivots. The flexure spring stiffness is independent of spin rate. However, the dynamic inertia (from the gyroscopic reaction effect) from the gimbal provides negative spring stiffness proportional to the square of the spin speed (Howe and Savet, 1964; Lawrence, 1998). Therefore, at a particular speed, called the tuning speed, the two moments cancel each other, freeing
1197-403: Is an instrument, consisting of a wheel mounted into two or three gimbals providing pivoted supports, for allowing the wheel to rotate about a single axis. A set of three gimbals, one mounted on the other with orthogonal pivot axes, may be used to allow a wheel mounted on the innermost gimbal to have an orientation remaining independent of the orientation, in space, of its support. In the case of
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#17330857103661254-427: Is designed to minimize Lorentz torque on the rotor. The main rotor of a helicopter acts like a gyroscope. Its motion is influenced by the principle of gyroscopic precession which is the concept that a force applied to a spinning object will have a maximum reaction approximately 90 degrees later. The reaction may differ from 90 degrees when other stronger forces are in play. To change direction, helicopters must adjust
1311-517: Is represented by spin, θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the nutation angle, and I {\displaystyle I} represents inertia along its respective axis. This relation is only valid with the Moment along the Y and Z axes are equal to 0. The equation can be further reduced noting that the angular velocity along the z-axis is equal to the sum of the Precession and
1368-481: Is the rate of change of the angular momentum that is produced by the applied torque. Precession produces counterintuitive dynamic results such as a spinning top not falling over. Precession is used in aerospace applications for sensing changes of attitude and direction. A Steadicam rig was employed during the filming of the 1983 film Return of the Jedi , in conjunction with two gyroscopes for extra stabilization, to film
1425-465: Is used to monitor the gyroscope. A precession , or tilt, in the orientation of the rotor causes the London moment magnetic field to shift relative to the housing. The moving field passes through a superconducting pickup loop fixed to the housing, inducing a small electric current. The current produces a voltage across a shunt resistance, which is resolved to spherical coordinates by a microprocessor. The system
1482-855: The British Occupation zone in Germany in order to demonstrate the weapon to Allied personnel. The Americans had already taken away most of the V2 rocket technology from the German underground Mittelwerk factory at the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp near Nordhausen . Before the Soviets took control of that area, the British were given the opportunity to gather material. They were able to assemble parts sufficient to build eight V2 rockets. Some parts were still missing and there
1539-621: The Hubble Space Telescope , or inside the steel hull of a submerged submarine. Due to their precision, gyroscopes are also used in gyrotheodolites to maintain direction in tunnel mining. Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses , which complement or replace magnetic compasses (in ships, aircraft and spacecraft, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicycles, motorcycles, and ships) or be used as part of an inertial guidance system . MEMS gyroscopes are popular in some consumer electronics, such as smartphones. A gyroscope
1596-508: The 3-axis acceleration sensing ability available on previous generations of devices. Together these sensors provide 6 component motion sensing; accelerometers for X, Y, and Z movement, and gyroscopes for measuring the extent and rate of rotation in space (roll, pitch and yaw). Some devices additionally incorporate a magnetometer to provide absolute angular measurements relative to the Earth's magnetic field. Newer MEMS-based inertial measurement units incorporate up to all nine axes of sensing in
1653-627: The British to complete this task, including the Fedden Mission and Operation Surgeon . With the consent of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower , Operation Backfire was orchestrated by Major Robert Staver of the Rocket Section of the Research and Development branch of the Ordnance Office, which had been tasked in directing the effort to find and interrogate the German rocket specialists who had built
1710-559: The Earth's rotation (Greek gyros , circle or rotation), which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor. In the 1860s, the advent of electric motors made it possible for a gyroscope to spin indefinitely; this led to the first prototype heading indicators , and a rather more complicated device, the gyrocompass . The first functional gyrocompass was patented in 1904 by German inventor Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe . American Elmer Sperry followed with his own design later that year, and other nations soon realized
1767-436: The Earth's rotation. For example, a bike wheel. Early forms of gyroscope (not then known by the name) were used to demonstrate the principle. A simple case of precession, also known as steady precession, can be described by the following relation to Moment: where ϕ ′ {\displaystyle \phi '} represents precession, ψ ′ {\displaystyle \psi '}
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1824-491: The Report on Operation Backfire, there were three Cuxhaven launches. Backfire Rocket One was prepared for launch on 1 October 1945, but did not function. Backfire Rocket Two was prepared for launch on 2 October 1945 and was launched without difficulty. The second Cuxhaven launch took place on 4 October 1945 with Backfire Rocket One. A third and final rocket was launched for representatives of the press and Allies on 15 October 1945 under
1881-447: The Spin: ω z = ϕ ′ cos θ + ψ ′ {\displaystyle \omega _{z}=\phi '\cos \theta +\psi '} , Where ω z {\displaystyle \omega _{z}} represents the angular velocity along the z axis. or Gyroscopic precession is torque induced. It
1938-610: The V-2. Since 30 April 1945, Major Staver had been in the Nordhausen area searching the smaller laboratories for V-2 technicians. Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) Junior Commander Joan Bernard also played a role in this operation. For this operation, three or possibly four V-2 rockets were launched during October 1945 from a launch pad at 53°50′50″N 8°35′32″E / 53.84722°N 8.59222°E / 53.84722; 8.59222 north-east of Arensch near Cuxhaven within
1995-411: The background plates for the speeder bike chase. Steadicam inventor Garrett Brown operated the shot, walking through a redwood forest, running the camera at one frame per second. When projected at 24 frames per second, it gave the impression of flying through the air at perilous speeds. The heading indicator or directional gyro has an axis of rotation that is set horizontally, pointing north. Unlike
2052-440: The centre of gravity of the rotor may be offset from the axis of oscillation, and thus the centre of gravity of the rotor and the centre of suspension of the rotor may not coincide. Essentially, a gyroscope is a top combined with a pair of gimbals . Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China. Most of these were not utilized as instruments. The first known apparatus similar to
2109-434: The device was at rest at the extremities of its shaking motion. This was cured by applying a random white noise to the vibration. The material of the block was also changed from quartz to a new glass ceramic Cer-Vit , made by Owens Corning , because of helium leaks. A fiber optic gyroscope also uses the interference of light to detect mechanical rotation. The two-halves of the split beam travel in opposite directions in
2166-520: The equations of motion of a gyrostat. Examples include a solid body with a cavity filled with an inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous liquid, the static equilibrium configuration of a stressed elastic rod in elastica theory , the polarization dynamics of a light pulse propagating through a nonlinear medium, the Lorenz system in chaos theory, and the motion of an ion in a Penning trap mass spectrometer. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscope
2223-436: The ether. In modern continuum mechanics there is a variety of these models, based on ideas of Lord Kelvin. They represent a specific type of Cosserat theories (suggested for the first time by Eugène Cosserat and François Cosserat ), which can be used for description of artificially made smart materials as well as of other complex media. One of them, so-called Kelvin's medium, has the same equations as magnetic insulators near
2280-488: The experimental models went through many changes before it was deemed ready for production by the engineers and managers of Honeywell and Boeing . It was an outcome of the competition with mechanical gyroscopes, which kept improving. The reason Honeywell, of all companies, chose to develop the laser gyro was that they were the only one that didn't have a successful line of mechanical gyroscopes, so they wouldn't be competing against themselves. The first problem they had to solve
2337-472: The first several decades of the 20th century, other inventors attempted (unsuccessfully) to use gyroscopes as the basis for early black box navigational systems by creating a stable platform from which accurate acceleration measurements could be performed (in order to bypass the need for star sightings to calculate position). Similar principles were later employed in the development of inertial navigation systems for ballistic missiles . During World War II,
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2394-416: The gyroscope became the prime component for aircraft and anti-aircraft gun sights. After the war, the race to miniaturize gyroscopes for guided missiles and weapons navigation systems resulted in the development and manufacturing of so-called midget gyroscopes that weighed less than 3 ounces (85 g) and had a diameter of approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm). Some of these miniaturized gyroscopes could reach
2451-410: The gyrostatic behaviour of the interior invisible flywheel when rotated rapidly. The first gyrostat was designed by Lord Kelvin to illustrate the more complicated state of motion of a spinning body when free to wander about on a horizontal plane, like a top spun on the pavement, or a bicycle on the road. Kelvin also made use of gyrostats to develop mechanical theories of the elasticity of matter and of
2508-404: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Backfire&oldid=933029347 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Operation Backfire (WWII) Operation Backfire
2565-407: The military importance of the invention—in an age in which naval prowess was the most significant measure of military power—and created their own gyroscope industries. The Sperry Gyroscope Company quickly expanded to provide aircraft and naval stabilizers as well, and other gyroscope developers followed suit. Circa 1911 the L. T. Hurst Mfg Co of Indianapolis started producing the "Hurst gyroscope"
2622-414: The name Operation Clitterhouse. According to one site, there was a fourth launch on 17 October 1945 that reached an altitude of about 80 kilometres (50 mi). For these launches, the British recruited German personnel, even those transferred from US custody and due to be returned, to assist with this missile programme. The technical aspects of the operation were detailed in a five-volume report. At
2679-488: The orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of angular momentum . Gyroscopes based on other operating principles also exist, such as the microchip-packaged MEMS gyroscopes found in electronic devices (sometimes called gyrometers ), solid-state ring lasers , fibre optic gyroscopes , and the extremely sensitive quantum gyroscope . Applications of gyroscopes include inertial navigation systems , such as in
2736-415: The pitch angle and the angle of attack. Gyro X prototype vehicle created by Alex Tremulis and Thomas Summers in 1967. The car utilized gyroscopic precession to drive on two wheels. An assembly consisting of a flywheel mounted in a gimbal housing under the hood of the vehicle acted as a large gyroscope. The flywheel was rotated by hydraulic pumps creating a gyroscopic effect on the vehicle. A precessional ram
2793-400: The pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame (outer gimbal). This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom. The axle of the spinning wheel (the rotor) defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is always perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal. So the rotor possesses three degrees of rotational freedom and its axis possesses two. The rotor responds to
2850-401: The rotor can be in a fixed position. The rotor simultaneously spins about one axis and is capable of oscillating about the two other axes, and it is free to turn in any direction about the fixed point (except for its inherent resistance caused by rotor spin). Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements. For example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in
2907-495: The rotor from torque, a necessary condition for an ideal gyroscope. A ring laser gyroscope relies on the Sagnac effect to measure rotation by measuring the shifting interference pattern of a beam split into two separate beams which travel around the ring in opposite directions. When the Boeing 757 -200 entered service in 1983, it was equipped with the first suitable ring laser gyroscope. This gyroscope took many years to develop, and
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#17330857103662964-412: The site of the former launchpad there is a trough and some remnants of shelters. Gyroscope A gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gŷros , "round" and σκοπέω skopéō , "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity . It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating,
3021-468: The state of magnetic saturation in the approximation of quasimagnetostatics. In modern times, the gyrostat concept is used in the design of attitude control systems for orbiting spacecraft and satellites. For instance, the Mir space station had three pairs of internally mounted flywheels known as gyrodynes or control moment gyroscopes . In physics, there are several systems whose dynamical equations resemble
3078-434: The velocity of the object can be calculated. Integrating again, position can be determined. The simplest accelerometer is a weight that is free to move horizontally, which is attached to a spring and a device to measure the tension in the spring. This can be improved by introducing a counteracting force to push the weight back and to measure the force needed to prevent the weight from moving. A more complicated design consists of
3135-706: Was a military scientific operation of the Western Allies during and after the Second World War that was performed mainly by British personnel. The operation was designed to completely evaluate the entire V-2 rocket assembly, interrogate German personnel specialized in all phases of it, and then to test and launch missiles across the North Sea. With the end of the war, the Allies scrambled to acquire German technology. Several military operations had been previously mounted by
3192-413: Was a search throughout Germany. Some 400 railway cars and 70 Lancaster flights were used to bring some 250,000 parts and 60 specialized vehicles to Cuxhaven, the most elusive parts being electrical batteries to operate the guidance gyros . The US supplied some tail assemblies from those that they had taken. Many of the rockets and the hydrogen peroxide fuel used in the operation were provided by T-Force ,
3249-444: Was that with laser gyros rotations below a certain minimum could not be detected at all, due to a problem called "lock-in", whereby the two beams act like coupled oscillators and pull each other's frequencies toward convergence and therefore zero output. The solution was to shake the gyro rapidly so that it never settled into lock-in. Paradoxically, too regular of a dithering motion produced an accumulation of short periods of lock-in when
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