39-450: Darwin is the core Unix-like operating system of macOS , iOS , watchOS , tvOS , iPadOS , audioOS , visionOS , and bridgeOS . It previously existed as an independent open-source operating system, first released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code derived from NeXTSTEP , FreeBSD , other BSD operating systems, Mach , and other free software projects' code, as well as code developed by Apple. Darwin's official mascot
78-469: A POSIX compatibility layer and are not otherwise inherently Unix systems. Many ancient UNIX systems no longer meet this definition. Broadly, any Unix-like system that behaves in a manner roughly consistent with the UNIX specification, including having a " program which manages your login and command line sessions "; more specifically, this can refer to systems such as Linux or Minix that behave similarly to
117-466: A UNIX system but have no genetic or trademark connection to the AT&;T code base. Most free/open-source implementations of the UNIX design, whether genetic UNIX or not, fall into the restricted definition of this third category due to the expense of obtaining Open Group certification, which costs thousands of dollars. Around 2001 Linux was given the opportunity to get a certification including free help from
156-434: A burst mode and has an LED flash . Unlike the previous-generation version, the rear camera on the sixth-generation iPod Touch lacks a sapphire crystal lens. The front camera is unchanged from the previous generation, a 1.2 MP sensor and can record video up to 720p. It is the first iPod touch that is available with 128 GB of storage, partially filling the void left behind by the iPod Classic which offered 160 GB of storage at
195-545: A command-line only 17.4 Beta based on Darwin 17. Unix-like A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix ) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell . Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there
234-598: A different date. The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases). Note:
273-583: A historical connection to the AT&;T codebase. Most commercial UNIX systems fall into this category. So do the BSD systems, which are descendants of work done at the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some of these systems have no original AT&T code but can still trace their ancestry to AT&T designs. These systems—largely commercial in nature—have been determined by
312-873: A misuse of their trademark. Their guidelines require "UNIX" to be presented in uppercase or otherwise distinguished from the surrounding text, strongly encourage using it as a branding adjective for a generic word such as "system", and discourage its use in hyphenated phrases. Other parties frequently treat "Unix" as a genericized trademark . Some add a wildcard character to the name to make an abbreviation like "Un*x" or "*nix", since Unix-like systems often have Unix-like names such as AIX , A/UX , HP-UX , IRIX , Linux , Minix , Ultrix , Xenix , and XNU . These patterns do not literally match many system names, but are still generally recognized to refer to any UNIX system, descendant, or work-alike, even those with completely dissimilar names such as Darwin / macOS , illumos / Solaris or FreeBSD . In 2007, Wayne R. Gray sued to dispute
351-615: A number of lesser-known features of macOS, such as mDNSResponder, which is the multicast DNS responder and a core component of the Bonjour networking technology, and launchd , an advanced service management framework . In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the Apple Public Source License (APSL), which the Free Software Foundation (FSF) classifies as a free software license incompatible with
390-451: A standalone operating system. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code. As of January 2023, Apple no longer mentions Darwin by name on its Open Source website and only publishes an incomplete collection of open-source projects relating to macOS and iOS . The kernel of Darwin is XNU , a hybrid kernel which uses OSFMK 7.3 (Open Software Foundation Mach Kernel ) from
429-408: A variety of proprietary systems were developed based on it, including AIX , HP-UX , IRIX , SunOS , Tru64 , Ultrix , and Xenix . These largely displaced the proprietary clones. Growing incompatibility among these systems led to the creation of interoperability standards, including POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification . Various free, low-cost, and unrestricted substitutes for UNIX emerged in
SECTION 10
#1733085875201468-608: Is Hexley the Platypus. Darwin is mostly POSIX -compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting with Leopard , macOS has been certified as compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3). The heritage of Darwin began with Unix derivatives supplemented by aspects of NeXT 's NeXTSTEP operating system (later, since version 4.0, known as OPENSTEP), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1996, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This
507-542: Is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. However, the EarPods that come with the sixth-generation iPod touch do not include a remote or microphone. The sixth-generation iPod Touch supports iOS 8 through iOS 12. The latest version of iOS that this device can run is 12.5.7, which is a security update to iOS 12 only for devices that cannot run iOS 13. The sixth-generation iPod Touch features
546-476: Is also compatible with this generation of iPod touch. With regard to battery life, this device is powered by a non-removable 1,043 mAh lithium-ion polymer battery. Based on tests conducted by Apple, the device can provide up to 40 hours of audio playback or 8 hours of video playback. The iPod touch features an 8 MP rear iSight camera with video which can record in 1080p at 30 fps , or 120 fps in slow-motion mode that records at 720p . The camera also supports
585-566: Is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux and BSD . These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems. One of
624-562: The 64-bit x86-64 variant of the Intel x86 processors used in Intel-based Macs and the 64-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone 5S and later, the 6th generation iPod Touch , the 5th generation iPad and later, the iPad Air family, the iPad Mini 2 and later, the iPad Pro family, the fourth generation and later Apple TVs , the HomePod family, and Macs with Apple silicon such as
663-563: The Apple A8 and Apple M8 motion co-processor chipset with 64-bit architecture which is the same chip on iPad Mini 4, Apple TV 4th Gen, iPhone 6, and the HomePod, but it is slightly underclocked at 1.1 GHz (the iPhone 6 series was clocked at 1.4 GHz while the iPad Mini 4 was clocked at 1.5 GHz) because of its small battery. It has 1 GB of LPDDR3 RAM, twice the amount as the previous-generation iPod touch. Apple's Metal graphics technology
702-654: The GNU General Public License . Previous versions were released under an earlier version of the APSL license, which did not meet the FSF definition of free software, although it did meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition . The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their derivative operating system releases. Note that the corresponding releases may have been released on
741-493: The OSF , various elements of FreeBSD (including the process model, network stack , and virtual file system ), and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit . The hybrid kernel design provides the flexibility of a microkernel and the performance of a monolithic kernel . The last bootable full release of Darwin supported 32-bit and 64-bit Apple PowerPC systems and 32-bit Intel PCs. Darwin currently includes support for
780-520: The Open Group to meet the Single UNIX Specification and are allowed to carry the UNIX name. Most such systems are commercial derivatives of the System V code base in one form or another, although Apple macOS 10.5 and later is a BSD variant that has been certified, and EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux distributions that have been certified. A few other systems (such as IBM z/OS) earned the trademark through
819-597: The POSIX API by way of its BSD lineage (largely FreeBSD userland ), so a large number of programs written for various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes to the source code . Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of macOS, such as the Carbon and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface , and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support
SECTION 20
#1733085875201858-661: The September 7, 2016, Apple Special Event along with the iPhone 7, and released in late December 2016. It is also compatible with the EarPods with Lightning Connector which launched concurrently with the iPhone 7, and the remote functions are active. Nate Ralph from CNET praised the device's camera quality and noted the iPod Touch's exceptional performance, but criticized it for its middling battery life and small display, and stated that he considered it "largely redundant" due to smartphones and tablets. Sascha Segan from PCMag has also noted
897-437: The iPod touch ) is a discontinued mobile device designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface . It is the successor to the iPod Touch (5th generation) , becoming the first major update to the iPod lineup in more than two and a half years. It was released on the online Apple Store on July 15, 2015, along with minor upgrades to the iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle . This generation of iPod Touch
936-508: The 1980s and 1990s, including 4.4BSD , Linux , and Minix . Some of these have in turn been the basis for commercial "Unix-like" systems, such as BSD/OS and macOS . Several versions of (Mac) OS X/macOS running on Intel-based Mac computers have been certified under the Single UNIX Specification . The BSD variants are descendants of UNIX developed by the University of California at Berkeley, with UNIX source code from Bell Labs . However,
975-582: The 2020 Apple M1 Macs, as well as the Raspberry Pi 3B. An open-source port of the XNU kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel and AMD x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, though it does not appear to have been updated since 2009. An open-source port of the XNU kernel also exists for ARM platforms, though it has not been updated since 2016. Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit PowerPC , 64-bit PowerPC, 32-bit x86, and 32-bit ARM. It supports
1014-607: The BSD code base has evolved since then, replacing all the AT&T code. Since the BSD variants are not certified as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification, they are referred to as "UNIX-like" rather than "UNIX". Dennis Ritchie , one of the original creators of Unix, expressed his opinion that Unix-like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems. Eric S. Raymond and Rob Landley have suggested that there are three kinds of Unix-like systems: Those systems with
1053-512: The OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects", and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this." The last stable release
1092-938: The POSIX chair Andrew Josey for the symbolic price of one dollar. There have been some activities to make Linux POSIX-compliant, with Josey having prepared a list of differences between the POSIX standard and the Linux Standard Base specification, but in August 2005, this project was shut down because of missing interest at the LSB work group. Some non-Unix-like operating systems provide a Unix-like compatibility layer , with varying degrees of Unix-like functionality. Other means of Windows-Unix interoperability include: IPod Touch (6th generation) 1136-by-640-pixel resolution at 326 ppi 800:1 contrast ratio (typical) 500 cd/m² max brightness (typical) The sixth generation iPod Touch (marketed as
1131-550: The core operating system components of Mac OS X were released as open-source software under the Apple Public Source License (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as the Cocoa and Carbon frameworks, remained closed-source . Up to Darwin 8.0.1, released in April 2005, Apple released a binary installer (as an ISO image ) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on PowerPC and Intel x86 systems as
1170-566: The corresponding ProductName ("macOS"), the ProductVersion number ("11.2.3") and the BuildVersion string ("20D91"). Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there have been projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system. OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by Apple Inc. and Internet Systems Consortium . Its goal
1209-435: The key features of Unix-like systems is their ability to support multiple users and processes simultaneously. This allows users to run multiple programs at the same time and to share resources such as memory and disk space. This is in contrast to many older operating systems, which were designed to only support a single user or process at a time. Another important feature of Unix-like systems is their modularity . This means that
Darwin (operating system) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1248-488: The operating system is made up of many small, interchangeable components that can be added or removed as needed. This makes it easy to customize the operating system to suit the needs of different users or environments. The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the Single UNIX Specification, with the "UNIX" name being used as a certification mark . They do not approve of the construction "Unix-like", and consider it
1287-508: The status of UNIX as a trademark, but lost his case, and lost again on appeal, with the court upholding the trademark and its ownership. "Unix-like" systems started to appear in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many proprietary versions, such as Idris (1978), UNOS (1982), Coherent (1983), and UniFlex (1985), aimed to provide businesses with the functionality available to academic users of UNIX. When AT&T allowed relatively inexpensive commercial binary sublicensing of UNIX in 1979,
1326-534: The tables above contain the release dates of the corresponding OS releases. Build dates for Darwin versions are not publicly available; the commands below only give the build date for the XNU kernel. The command uname -r in Terminal will show the Darwin version number ("20.3.0"), and the command uname -v will show the XNU build version string, which includes the Darwin version number. The command sw_vers will show
1365-443: The time it was discontinued. The exterior design of the sixth-generation iPod touch is largely identical to that of its predecessor, with the exception of the iPod Touch Loop button, which was removed. The sixth-generation iPod touch comes with a Lightning Charging cable. This model also comes with the EarPods without Remote and Mic. This iPod touch is compatible with Apple's AirPods wireless headphones, which were announced at
1404-543: Was developed into Rhapsody in 1997, Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, and Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. In 1999, Apple announced it would release the source code for the Mach 2.5 microkernel, BSD Unix 4.4 OS , and the Apache Web server components of Mac OS X Server. At the time, interim CEO Steve Jobs alluded to British naturalist Charles Darwin by announcing "because it's about evolution". In 2000,
1443-657: Was officially discontinued by Apple on May 28, 2019, with the release of its next-generation successor . It supports up to iOS 12.5.7, released on January 23, 2023. The sixth-generation iPod Touch features iOS, Apple's mobile operating system . The device originally shipped with iOS 8.4, which was released on June 30, 2015, along with the Apple Music streaming service. It can play music, movies, television shows, audiobooks, and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists , genres , composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations . Scrolling
1482-407: Was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the free software community . Apple benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open-source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin. On July 25, 2006,
1521-446: Was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004. PureDarwin is a project to create a bootable operating system image from Apple's released source code for Darwin. Since the halt of OpenDarwin and the release of bootable images since Darwin 8.x, it has been increasingly difficult to create a full operating system as many components became closed source. In 2015 the project created a preview release based on Darwin 9 with an X11 GUI, followed by
#200799