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64-477: [REDACTED] Look up OOI in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. OOI or Ooi may refer to: Ocean Observatories Initiative , a National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences program Huang (surname) , a Chinese surname Oosterhoff type I (OoI), a category of globular clusters In Japanese, ōi is sometimes written as ooi Topics referred to by

128-460: A carbon source for the upper water column, supporting methane-oxidizing bacteria and larger organisms. As a potent greenhouse gas, it is also important to quantify methane released into the atmosphere. Destabilization of methane hydrates may also lead to slope failures, representing significant geohazards. New overview and quantification sonars funded by Germany through the Bremen University, for

192-418: A changing climate. Active tectonic plate boundaries influence the ocean from physical, chemical and biological perspectives to varying degrees. Lithospheric movements and interactions at plate boundaries at or beneath the seafloor are responsible for short-term events such as earthquakes , tsunamis and volcanic eruptions . These regions are also host to the densest hydrothermal and biological activity in

256-535: A critical role in the transfer of materials within the ocean and in the exchange of energy and gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Horizontal and vertical mixing within the ocean can have a profound effect on a wide variety of biological processes. The coastal ocean is host to a variety of dynamic and heterogeneous processes, including human influences, which often strongly interact. Better understanding of these complex and intertwined relationships and their impacts will aid mastery and management of coastal resources in

320-532: A joint French-American expedition led by Jean-Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution identified the location of the wreck of RMS  Titanic , which sank off the coast of Newfoundland 15 April 1912. On 3 April 2011, within a week of resuming of the search operation for Air France Flight 447 , a team led by WHOI, operating full ocean depth autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) owned by

384-751: A joint program with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). WHOI is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . WHOI also offers public outreach programs and informal education through its Exhibit Center and summer tours. The institution has a volunteer program and a membership program, WHOI Associate. WHOI shares a library, the MBLWHOI Library, with the Marine Biological Laboratory . The MBLWHOI Library holds print and electronic collections in

448-460: A liquid solution of sodium hydroxide into the ocean 10 miles south of Martha's Vineyard in an attempt to remove 20 metric tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution develops technology for the United States Navy, including ocean battlespace sensors, unmanned undersea vehicles, and acoustic navigation and communication systems for operations in

512-813: A long-term Endurance Array in the Eastern Pacific and a re-locatable Pioneer Array in the Western Atlantic. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution installed and operates the Pioneer Array. Oregon State University installed and operates the Endurance Array. There are two global arrays currently in operation (Global Irminger Sea Array and Global Station Papa Array). The Argentine Basin and the Southern Ocean Arrays were removed, but their data remain available through OOI's data portal. The Coastal Pioneer Array

576-774: A long-term network of moorings, benthic nodes, cabled and uncabled sensors and gliders. It is part of a larger network of observatories on the Pacific Coast which also includes the OOI Regional Cabled Array, the OOI Global Station Papa Array and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) Surface Buoy, and Ocean Networks Canada observatories. The array focuses on observing inter-annual (e.g. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ) and decadal (e.g. Pacific Decadal Oscillation ) patterns. Instruments examine wind-driven upwelling and downwelling dynamics as well as

640-555: A permanent independent research laboratory on the East Coast to "prosecute oceanography in all its branches" led to the founding in 1930 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A $ 2.5 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation supported the summer work of a dozen scientists, construction of a laboratory building and commissioning of a research vessel, the 142-foot (43 m) ketch Atlantis , whose profile still forms

704-648: Is a network of platforms and sensors that operate on the continental shelf and slope south of New England . A moored array was centered at the shelf break in the Mid-Atlantic Bight south of Cape Cod , Massachusetts. In 2024, the Coastal Pioneer Array was relocated to the southern Mid-Atlantic Bight, between Cape Hatteras and Norfolk Canyon off the coast of North Carolina. Coastal Pioneer Array data enable scientists to examine how exchange processes structure physical, chemical and biological properties over

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768-516: Is also a site of North Atlantic Deep Water formation, important to the large-scale thermohaline circulation of ocean water. The Irminger Sea Array includes a set of four moorings. With a distance between moorings approximately ten times that of the water depth, the array is able to collect data on the mesoscale variability. One mooring site consists of a paired Global Surface and subsurface Global Hybrid Profiler mooring. The other two sites consist of subsurface Global Flanking Moorings. The water above

832-702: Is also possible to collect data on sudden events or environmental changes. The Global Station Papa Array is located in the Gulf of Alaska North of the Coastal Endurance and Regional Cabled Arrays. The array is part of a larger network of observatories in the Northeast Pacific. The three moorings of the array are co-located with the Ocean Station Papa surface buoy, which is maintained by the NOAA PMEL. This region

896-550: Is composed of two coastal arrays (Coastal Pioneer Array and Coastal Endurance Array), two global arrays (Global Irminger Sea Array and Global Station Papa Array), the Regional Cabled Array (RCA), and Cyberinfrastructure. Data continue to be served from the discontinued arrays in the Argentine Basin and Southern Ocean. Coastal arrays provide sustained, adaptable access to complex coastal systems. Coastal arrays extend from

960-482: Is critical to providing estimates of energy and gas exchange between the surface and deep ocean and improving the predictive capability of storm forecasting and climate change models. Climate variability affects ocean circulation , weather patterns, the ocean's biochemical environment and marine ecosystems . Understanding how these processes change in current and future conditions is a key motivation for collecting multidisciplinary observations. Turbulent mixing plays

1024-481: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages OOI As early as 1987, the ocean sciences community began discussions about the science, design concepts, and engineering of ocean research observatories, leading to the formation of the International Ocean Network (ION) in 1993. The ION national committee was formed in 1995 and later expanded into

1088-453: Is influenced by Gulf Stream rings, meanders and filaments. The frontal region is associated with along- and cross-shelf transport of heat, freshwater, nutrients, and carbon. These fluxes control water mass and ecosystem characteristics in multiple regions. Many of the processes along the shelf-break front evolve rapidly and occur over short spatial scales. The Pioneer Array provides a three-dimensional view of key biophysical interactions at

1152-490: Is known for its productive fishery and low eddy variability, but it suffers from extreme vulnerability to ocean acidification. Continuous measurements of physical, biological, and chemical properties will help monitor mesoscale and large-scale patterns such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The Global Station Papa Array is a set of three moorings. With a distance between moorings approximately ten times that of

1216-617: Is managed and coordinated by the OOI Project Office at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), with four organizations responsible for operations and maintenance of specific components of the OOI system. The sites and platforms of the OOI components target the following key scientific processes: Quantifying the air-sea exchange of energy and mass, especially during high winds (greater than 20 meters-per-second),

1280-548: Is the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the U.S., with staff and students numbering about 1,000. The institution is organized into six departments, the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research, and a marine policy center. Its shore-based facilities are located in the village of Woods Hole , Massachusetts , United States and a mile and a half away on the Quissett Campus. The bulk of

1344-728: The American Geophysical Union , Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography , and several others. Notable scientists include: WHOI operates several research vessels , owned by the United States Navy , the National Science Foundation , or the institution: WHOI formerly operated R/V Knorr , which was replaced by R/V Neil Armstrong in 2015. WHOI operates many small boats used in inland harbors, ponds, rivers, and coastal bays. All are owned by

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1408-616: The Cascadia subduction zone west of Newport, Oregon. Geophysical observations at the Slope Base site detect seismic and tsunami events associated with earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone and far field. This site also contains seafloor infrastructure and moorings with instrumented profilers designed to observe the deeper portions of the California Current, biogeochemical processes in

1472-556: The NEPTUNE cabled observatory that Ocean Networks Canada operates on the northern Juan de Fuca plate. Together these observatories enable long-term, plate-scale seafloor and ocean investigations in the Northeast Pacific. The Continental Margin portion of the RCA, located west of Newport, Oregon, focuses on observations of biogeochemical and physical oceanographic processes, coastal ecosystems, methane seeps/hydrate deposits, and seismic events along

1536-513: The United States Navy . Some of the targets included the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The attacks had been underway since at least April 2017. In August 2024, institution researchers are scheduled, pending approval from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , to conduct a $ 10 million ocean alkalinity enhancement experiment partially funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that will release 6,000 gallons of

1600-438: The continental shelf to the continental slope , allowing scientists to examine coastal processes including upwelling , hypoxia , shelf break fronts, and the role of filaments and eddies in cross-shelf exchange. Technologies that gather data in the coastal region include moored buoys with fixed sensors, moored vertical profilers, seafloor cables , gliders and autonomous underwater vehicles . The coastal observatory includes

1664-660: The Arctic. The institution is also working on Project Sundance for the Office of Naval Research. The B. H. Ketchum award, established in 1983, is presented for innovative coastal/nearshore research and is named in honor of oceanographer Bostwick H. "Buck" Ketchum. The award is administered by the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute and Rinehart Coastal Research Center. Recipients : The Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography

1728-678: The Argentine Basin Array was descoped and the Southern Ocean Array was reduced in scope to the surface mooring only, which was later removed in 2020. All OOI data collected at the Argentine Basin and Southern Ocean sites continue to be served on the OOI website. In October 2018, the Program Management office of the OOI shifted from the Consortium for Ocean Leadership to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The OOI Program

1792-421: The Consortium for Ocean Leadership in 2007. In 2005, the OOI Project Office asked for the ocean research community's help in developing the OOI network design by soliciting Request for Assistance (RFA) proposals that resulted in 48 proposals, representing the thoughts and ideas of more than 550 investigators and direct participants, and the involvement of over 130 separate educational and research institutions. Using

1856-619: The Cooperative Agreement supported a range of construction efforts performed by the Marine Implementing Organizations (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Washington, and Oregon State University), including production, engineering, and prototyping of key coastal and open-ocean components (moorings, buoys, sensors), award of the primary seafloor cable contract, completion of a shore station for power and data, and software development for sensor interfaces to

1920-553: The Dynamics of Earth and Ocean Systems (DEOS) committee, tasked with providing a focus for exploratory planning for an ocean observatory network. In 2003 the Pew Oceans Commission recommended changes designed to improve society's use and stewardship of, and impact on, the coastal and global ocean. Momentum for research-oriented ocean observing built with two National Research Council (NRC) studies in 2000 and 2003 ("Illuminating

1984-542: The Global Southern Ocean Array were decommissioned in 2018 and 2020, respectively. The global arrays are developed and operated by Woods Hole and Scripps. Observations from these high latitude areas are critical to understanding ocean circulation and climate change processes. The global arrays include moorings composed of fixed and moving sensors that measure air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum—as well as physical, biological, and chemical properties of

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2048-540: The Hidden Planet: The Future of Seafloor Observatory Science" and "Enabling Ocean Research in the 21st Century" ), and a series of community workshops. In 2000, the National Science Board (NSB) approved the OOI as a potential Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction project for inclusion in a future National Science Foundation budget, which allowed for focused planning efforts. In 2004,

2112-566: The NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) established the OOI Project Office under the Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Network (ORION) to coordinate further OOI planning between two independent but complementary groups, Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI) and Consortium for Ocean Research and Education (CORE). The Program Office subsequently transitioned solely to JOI, which then merged with CORE to form

2176-679: The Northeast Pacific Ocean. The RCA crosses the Juan de Fuca plate , making the RCA the first U.S. ocean observatory to span a tectonic plate. Its observations allow for the in-depth study of volcanic activity, methane seeps, hydrothermal vents, and submarine earthquakes, as well as biological, chemical, and physical processes in the overlying water column. The platforms and sensors are connected by approximately 900 kilometers (560 miles) of electro-optical cable. The design provides high power (10 kV, 8 kW) and bandwidth (10 GbE) to sensor arrays on

2240-509: The OOI advisory committees, consisting of unconflicted members of the community, and in consultation with NSF, then generated a revised CND. In 2007, the National Science and Technology Council's Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology developed an Ocean Research Priorities Strategy (ORPS), which provides a research investment framework to advance understanding of ocean processes and interactions that facilitate responsible use of

2304-632: The OOI. In September 2009, NSF and the Consortium for Ocean Leadership signed a Cooperative Agreement that initiated the construction phase of the OOI. Locations of OOI's global arrays were selected by a team of roughly 300 scientists to target regions that were under-sampled and subject to extreme conditions (e.g., high winds and sea states) that were challenging for continuous or even frequent ship-based measurements. The originally planned global study sites include instrumented moorings and gliders in four locations: Argentine Basin, Irminger Sea, Southern Ocean, and Station Papa. The first year of funding under

2368-480: The Oregon shelf and Offshore sites of the Endurance Array. Two additional sites span the continental margin to the base of the slope. The slope base site is located about 125 km west of Newport, Oregon and sits at a depth of 2900 m. It hosts both seafloor and instrumented profiling moorings and allows investigation of the variability and interactions of deep ocean waters, the California Current, and upwelling. It provides

2432-449: The Pioneer is embedded within an established regional observing system. The Pioneer Array is planned to move from place to place over approximately five-year intervals to characterize processes in different coastal ocean environments. Two autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) sample the frontal region in the vicinity of the moored array and five coastal gliders resolve mesoscale features on

2496-557: The Project's Management Plan, including schedules and milestones, and education and outreach plans. The CDR Panel affirmed that the OOI, as proposed, would transform oceanographic research in the coming decades, and that the CND provided a good starting point for developing the OOI network. Further refinement of the design based on engineering best-practices and financial reviews caused the initial CND to be revisited. The OOI Project Office working with

2560-471: The Waitt Institute discovered, by means of sidescan sonar , a large portion of debris field from flight AF447. In March 2017 the institution effected an open-access policy to make its research publicly accessible online. In 2019, iDefense reported that China's hackers had launched cyberattacks on dozens of academic institutions in an attempt to gain information on technology being developed for

2624-573: The Washington Line was selected as a companion line to the north. Both areas are influenced by the nearby Columbia River plume, the largest source of freshwater to the US west coast. Glider observations span 500 km from northern Washington (~48°N) to Coos Bay, Oregon (~43°N). Gliders sample from 20 m isobaths between the mooring lines along one north–south transect at 126°W and five east–west transects out to 126°W or to 128°W for transects intersecting with

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2688-461: The array and vertically profiling gliders that sample the waters above the subsurface moorings. Data from the gliders is transmitted wirelessly though an acoustic modem from the moorings to a satellite for transmission to OOI's servers. Shore-based control of the gliders and certain parts of the array is used to collect data on sudden events or environmental changes. The Regional Cabled Array (RCA) consists of cabled arrays of ocean observing sensors in

2752-765: The arrays. Some Endurance Array Oregon Line infrastructure connects to the RSN cabled network to provide enhanced power and communications for observing water column and seafloor processes. Locations of the global arrays were selected by a team of scientists (~300 people) based on regions that are under-sampled and subject to extreme conditions (e.g., high winds and sea states) that are challenging for continuous or even frequent ship-based measurements. The planned global study sites included instrumented moorings and gliders in four locations: Argentine Basin ; Irminger Sea ; Southern Ocean ; and Station Papa. The Global Argentine Basin Array and

2816-526: The biological, biomedical, ecological, and oceanographic sciences. The library also conducts digitization and informatics projects. On October 1, 2020, Peter B. de Menocal became the institution's eleventh president and director. In 1927, a National Academy of Sciences committee concluded that it was time to "consider the share of the United States of America in a worldwide program of oceanographic research." The committee's recommendation for establishing

2880-434: The continental shelf and slope. Continuous rapid sampling at intervals of hours to days over multiple spatial scales (meters to hundreds of kilometers) provides insight into oceanographic processes that occur through more than one seasonal or annual cycle. The Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf-break front is a persistent oceanographic feature associated with the changing bathymetry of the continental shelf and slope. The frontal region

2944-472: The first time, image all methane plumes emanating from Southern Hydrate Ridge. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ( WHOI , acronym pronounced / ˈ h uː i / HOO -ee ) is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of marine science and engineering . Established in 1930 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts , it

3008-595: The foundation for making connections of transport up the slope and understanding the connection of deep to shallow processes acting at the Oregon Offshore Site. Other sites in the RCA focus on Southern Hydrate Ridge , an area of massive sub-seafloor gas-hydrate deposits and fluxes of methane from the seafloor into the ocean, and Axial Seamount , the most magmatically robust volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge spreading center that erupted in April 2011. The RCA complements

3072-630: The influence of the Columbia River on the coastal ecosystem. The array consists of two lines of moorings, one off Newport, Oregon (the Oregon Line) and the other off Grays Harbor, Washington (the Washington Line). The site for the Oregon Line was selected because it is close to the historic Newport Hydrographic Line, along which regular oceanographic sampling has occurred since 1961. The site of

3136-400: The institution's funding comes from grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation and other government agencies, augmented by foundations and private donations. WHOI scientists, engineers, and students collaborate to develop theories, test ideas, build seagoing instruments, and collect data in diverse marine environments. Ships operated by WHOI carry research scientists throughout

3200-489: The institution's logo. WHOI grew substantially to support significant defense-related research during World War II, and later began a steady growth in staff, research fleet, and scientific stature. From 1950 to 1956, the director was Dr. Edward "Iceberg" Smith , an Arctic explorer, oceanographer and retired Coast Guard rear admiral . In 1977 the institution appointed oceanographer John Steele as director, and he served until his retirement in 1989. On 1 September 1985,

3264-583: The network. Subsequent years of funding supported the design, build, and deployment of coastal, deep-ocean, and seafloor systems. The OOI was commissioned and accepted by the NSF in 2016 and data from more than 900 sensors at the seven sites became freely available for download in and near-real time online. The annual budget is approximately $ 44 million. In 2018, in keeping with some of the recommendations laid out in Sea Change: 2015-2025 Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences,

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3328-430: The ocean basins. The oceanic crust contains the largest aquifer on Earth and supports a vast deep biosphere . Thermal circulation and reactivity of seawater-derived fluids can modify the composition of oceanic plates, lead to the formation of hydrothermal vents that support unique micro- and macro-biological communities and concentrate methane to form massive methane gas and methane hydrate reservoirs. The OOI

3392-547: The ocean environment. The ORPS identified three cross-cutting elements, one of which is ocean observing for research and management. In late 2007, the OOI project completed its Preliminary Design Review and in 2008 completed its Final Network Design Review resulting in the Final Network Design. In May 2009, the National Science Board authorized the Director of NSF to award funds for the construction and initial operation of

3456-503: The outer shelf and the slope sea between the shelf break front and the Gulf Stream. Two profiling gliders have acted as moorings by sampling at a single point. Gliders monitor a total area of 185 km by 130 km. Nominal AUV missions sample in the along-shelf and cross-shelf directions in two 14 km by 47 km rectangles. The Coastal Endurance Array, located on the continental shelf and slope off Oregon and Washington, provides

3520-411: The overlying water column including ocean acidification and thin layers, and topographic forcing of ocean waters induced by steep, rough topography. Southern Hydrate Ridge is located in a region of buried deposits of methane hydrates and, more rarely, hydrates exposed on the seafloor. Methane-rich fluids and bubble plumes emitted from these seeps support dense benthic microbial communities and may provide

3584-595: The responses from the RFA process and associated review results, the OOI ORION Project Office and the external Science & Technical Advisory Committee developed an initial Conceptual Network Design (CND) for the OOI, which then served as the focus at an OOI Design and Implementation Workshop in March 2006. In August 2006, NSF convened a Conceptual Design Review (CDR) to assess the Project's technical feasibility and budget,

3648-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ooi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ooi&oldid=1014962952 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3712-598: The seafloor and throughout the water column using moorings with instrumented wire-following profilers, 200 m instrumented platforms and winched profilers. The cables provide two-way real-time communication between the seafloor and water column instrumentation and the shore station in Pacific City, Oregon. The RCA was installed and operated by the University of Washington. Seven large seafloor substations (Primary Nodes) provide power and bandwidth to six sites that include those on

3776-429: The shelf break using its flexible, multiplatform array that combines moored and mobile components with high spatial and temporal resolution. The array includes seven sites of moorings that span along 9 km and across 47 km of continental shelf. The mooring sites are located 9.2 km to 17.5 km apart from each other. Three of the seven sites contain paired moorings. In its initial location south of Cape Cod,

3840-408: The subsurface Global Hybrid Profiler Mooring is sampled by vertically profiling gliders. The water in and around the array is sampled by open-ocean gliders collecting data on spatial variability. Data from the gliders is transmitted wirelessly though an acoustic modem to the moorings and to a satellite for transmission to OOI's servers. Wireless reprogramming of the gliders and certain parts of the array

3904-462: The water column. Each array also includes gliders to sample within the array's footprint. The Global Irminger Sea Array is located in the North Atlantic off the southern tip of Greenland. High winds and waves drive strong atmosphere-ocean interactions, including energy and gas exchanges that contribute to CO 2 sequestration and the region's high biological productivity and fisheries. This area

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3968-757: The water depth, the array is able to collect data on the mesoscale variability. Unlike the design of the Global Irminger Sea Array, the Global Station Papa array does not have an OOI Surface Mooring. Instead the subsurface Global Hybrid Profiler Mooring is co-located with the NOAA PMEL Surface Mooring at one corner of the triangle. Similar to the Global Irminger Sea Array, the other two corners are occupied by subsurface Global Flanking Moorings. The moorings are supplemented by open-ocean gliders that collect data on spatial variability in and around

4032-588: The world's oceans. The WHOI fleet includes two large research vessels ( Atlantis and Neil Armstrong ), the coastal craft Tioga , small research craft such as the dive-operation work boat Echo, the deep-diving human-occupied submersible Alvin , the tethered, remotely operated vehicle Jason/Medea , and autonomous underwater vehicles such as the REMUS and SeaBED . WHOI offers graduate and post-doctoral studies in marine science. There are several fellowship and training programs, and graduate degrees are awarded through

4096-399: Was established in 1960 in honor of the first WHOI Director, biologist Henry Bryant Bigelow . Recipients : Source: Over the years, WHOI scientists have made seminal discoveries about the ocean that have contributed to improving US commerce, health, national security, and quality of life. They have received awards and recognition from scientific societies such as The Oceanography Society ,

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