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91-496: Ondokuz Mayıs University was founded on April 1, 1975 pursuant to the Law no. 1873 and its first classes were held in the same year with a total of 50 students. Samsun Faculty of Medicine, which was established in 1973 within the scope of Hacettepe University , was incorporated into newly founded Ondokuz Mayıs University in accordance with the Article 2 of the Law no.1873. As per the Article 3 of

182-514: A halocline that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL). This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer. The base of the CIL is marked by a major pycnocline at about 100–200 metres (330–660 ft), and this density disparity

273-417: A consistent and competitive “European Higher Education Area” based on mutual understanding and complementarity among European countries. This process, which is rapidly growing and which has a dynamic nature, is not an adaptation of a new system; in fact, it is a movement of “innovation in education” that unifies existing systems. Within the framework of Bologna Process, OMU makes continuous effort on developing

364-711: A higher education institution in Turkey, students have to take a university entrance exam administered by Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM). The examination consists of two stages. First stage is the Higher Education Entrance Exam (YGS). Students need to get 140 over 500 to enter the second exam called Bachelor Placement Exam (LYS). The second stage exam, LYS, is applied as 5 separate sessions. Students attend related session according to their study field such as Mathematics, Science etc. Students who get 180 over 500 can make their choices of Bachelor program and

455-536: A marked vertical stratification and a warm, shallow mixed layer. Day length and insolation intensity also control the extent of the photic zone . Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability, as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced nitrate , in the form of ammonia . The benthic zone also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling, as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to

546-677: A positive water balance , with an annual net outflow of 300 km (72 cu mi) per year through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea . While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the Turkish Straits ) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more saline water from the Aegean flows into

637-569: A strongly stratified vertical structure. Because of the extreme stratification, it is classified as a salt wedge estuary . Inflow from the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles has a higher salinity and density than the outflow, creating the classic estuarine circulation. This means that the inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while

728-433: A threat to health—and perhaps even life—for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms, possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths. The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem, dominated by species suited to the brackish , nutrient-rich, conditions. As with all marine food webs,

819-516: A very thick convective bottom layer. The Black Sea undersea river is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the seabed of the Black Sea. The discovery of the river, announced on August 1, 2010, was made by scientists at the University of Leeds and is the first of its kind to be identified. The undersea river stems from salty water spilling through

910-492: A weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months, and surface-intensified autumn production. This pattern of productivity is augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months. Since the 1960s, rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coastline and the construction of a major dam on the Danube have significantly increased annual variability in

1001-622: Is a leading state university in Ankara , Turkey . It was established on 8 July 1967. It is ranked first among the Turkish universities by URAP in 2021. The university has two main campuses. The first campus is in the old town of Ankara and hosts the Medical Centre, and the second one, Beytepe Campus is 13 km (8 mi) from the city centre. The Beytepe Campus covers 6,000,000 m (600 ha; 1,483 acres) of green land and woodland, and hosts

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1092-563: Is also administered by ÖSYM, and submit this score with their application. GRE or GMAT can also be a substitute of ALES. The applicants have to meet additional program requirements defined by the academic units. Recently, the universities have the right for selection of foreign students in accordance with their own regulations. The admission criteria have to be approved by Higher Education Council of Turkey (YÖK). OMU organizes an annual examination called Ondokuz Mayıs University International Students Entrance Examination (OMU-ISE). The examination

1183-586: Is decided by adding up a pre-determined percentage of the YGS score and the local exam (aptitude test). The Registrar's Office coordinate and carries out registration procedures. Students who meet the above-mentioned conditions should finalize the registration procedure personally, on the Academic Calendar of the related year. To study in the graduate programs, the students are required to take an exam called “ALES” (Academic Personnel and Graduate Education Exam), which

1274-496: Is ideal for other recreational activities. The Faculty Of Letters was established as Faculty of Science and Humanities in 1967, inaugurated between 1968 and 1969, and divided into Faculty of Literature and Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences on 20 July 1982. The Faculty of Letters has the highest student population of the university and has 15 academic units. It is at Beytepe Campus, Ankara. This faculty has been publishing Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi since 1983. The journal

1365-488: Is increasing every year as an indicator of OMU's objective for creating an international campus. Today, OMU is one of the leading universities in Turkey with approximately 1750 foreign students from 80 countries. OMU started to hold the International Student Entrance Examination (OMU-ISE) as of 2011-2012 academic year, which is the first of its kind in Turkey. The main objective of the examination

1456-549: Is one of the main objectives of OMU; enhancement of the quality of education and researches is also of the utmost importance for international employability of graduates. OMU aims to create a campus area in which international interaction and communication are at top level, and to encourage the students and staff to experience international cultures and educational environments. Bologna Process has acted as an accelerator for establishing an understanding of quality assurance and sustainable development. The Bologna Process aims to create

1547-419: Is only for those applicants to enrol in undergraduate (first cycle) programmes. The first condition for those wishing to take OMU-ISE is having another nationality other than Turkey (stateless persons and refugees can also apply). Secondly, they must be in the last year of secondary education or have successfully completed secondary education. In addition to OMU-ISE organized each year, the students are accepted to

1638-455: Is published biannually. It contains news and innovations of humanities along with essays by Turkish and international authors. 39°52′02″N 32°44′04″E  /  39.86722°N 32.73444°E  / 39.86722; 32.73444 Black Sea Unrecognised states: The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia , east of the Balkans , south of

1729-758: Is ranked the best in the country. Based on the minimum scores required to enroll in medical school, Hacettepe University holds the top spot among state schools for longer than a decade. Main campus is in Sıhhiye, Ankara. In this campus are the following: Faculties of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institutes of Child Health, Health Sciences, Neurological Sciences, Oncology, Public Health and Population Studies, and Schools of Health Administration, HeaIth Technology, Home Economics, Nursing, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation and Health Services, Teaching Hospitals (the Adult Hospital, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital and

1820-580: Is subject to interannual variability. Outside of the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of upwelling around the coastal apron and "wind curl" mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. During the spring, the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea. Beneath the surface waters—from about 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft)—there exists

1911-698: Is the formal head of the university. He is appointed for a period of four years by the President of Turkey from the candidates elected by the University academic staff proposed by the Higher Education Board. He is the Chairperson of the University Administrative Board and Senate. He implements the resolutions of the governing bodies of the higher education, reviews and decides on the proposals of

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2002-454: Is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water. Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass, where salinity increases to 22.3 PSU and temperatures rise to around 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen. Weak geothermal heating and long residence time create

2093-477: Is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter cyclones , which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs and influence Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter. Other influencing factors include

2184-576: Is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the World Ocean . During geological periods when this hydrological link was not present, the Black Sea was an endorheic basin , operating independently of the global ocean system (similar to the Caspian Sea today). Currently, the Black Sea water level is relatively high; thus, water is being exchanged with

2275-596: Is to provide a standard for the application criteria and to facilitate the application process. For increasing the accessibility of the examination, OMU-ISE was held in 33 centers for 2014-2015 academic year, and approximately 4250 students sat for the examination. OMU-ISE is accepted as an admission criterion for international students by 97 Universities (67 State and 30 Foundation) in Turkey. 41°22′N 36°12′E  /  41.367°N 36.200°E  / 41.367; 36.200 Hacettepe University Hacettepe University ( Turkish : Hacettepe Üniversitesi )

2366-624: The East European Plain , west of the Caucasus , and north of Anatolia . It is bounded by Bulgaria , Georgia , Romania , Russia , Turkey , and Ukraine . The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube , Dnieper and Dniester . Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its drainage basin includes parts of 24 countries in Europe. The Black Sea, not including

2457-814: The Hittites . The Hattic city of Zalpa was "situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak , on the Black Sea coast." The principal Greek name Póntos Áxeinos is generally accepted to be a rendering of the Iranian word * axšaina- ("dark colored"). Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as Á-xe(i)nos , identified with the Greek word áxeinos (inhospitable). The name Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in Pindar ( c.  475 BC ),

2548-585: The Kartvelian tribe of Speris or Saspers . Other modern names such as Chyornoye more and Karadeniz (both meaning Black Sea) originated during the 13th century. A 1570 map Asiae Nova Descriptio from Abraham Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum labels the sea Mar Maggior (Great Sea), compare Latin Mare major . English writers of the 18th century often used Euxine Sea ( / ˈ j uː k s ɪ n / or / ˈ j uː k ˌ s aɪ n / ). During

2639-682: The Ottoman Empire , it was called either Bahr-e Siyah ( Perso-Arabic ) or Karadeniz ( Ottoman Turkish ), both meaning "Black Sea". The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows: On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara [A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli (41°13'N)]. In the Kertch Strait . A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N). The area surrounding

2730-585: The Sea of Azov , covers 436,400 km (168,500 sq mi), has a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft), and a volume of 547,000 km (131,000 cu mi). Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the Pontic Mountains to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas, the Caucasus Mountains to the east, and the Crimean Mountains to the mid-north. In the west,

2821-531: The region , the Stag was chosen as the symbol of the university, and was abstracted to represent a lowercase "h" – the first letter of the university's name. The Best Global Universities Ranking 2019 of the U.S. News & World Report , Hacettepe University is ranked 532nd (worldwide), and it is ranked first in Turkey and 176th globally in the subject area "Clinical Medicine. In 2019, University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) ranked Hacettepe University 534th in

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2912-717: The 13th century. In Greece , the historical name "Euxine Sea", which holds a different literal meaning (see below), is still widely used: The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms – the others being the Red Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians and their conquerors,

3003-650: The Aegean Sea. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the Dardanelles . To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait . The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in the water level in the basin, the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical water levels, connections with surrounding water bodies can become established. It

3094-573: The Black Sea Depression they are terrigenous non-carbonate silts , and at the foot of the continental slope turbidite sediments. The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water with a meromictic basin. The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water. The Black Sea's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs, which result in

3185-526: The Black Sea belong to Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine: Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the North Atlantic oscillation , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear, it

3276-585: The Black Sea features a range of trophic groups, with autotrophic algae, including diatoms and dinoflagellates , acting as primary producers. The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea, but the distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification, which is, in turn, dictated by seasonal physiographic development. During winter, strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients, while high summer temperatures result in

3367-608: The Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region . Its northern part lies within the Chernozem belt (black soil belt) which goes from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ), along the Danube (northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) and southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) to northeast Ukraine and further across the Central Black Earth Region and southern Russia into Siberia . The littoral zone of

3458-757: The Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone . The largest bays of the Black Sea are Karkinit Bay in Ukraine; the Gulf of Burgas in Bulgaria; Dnieprovski Bay and Dniestrovski Bay, both in Ukraine; and Sinop Bay and Samsun Bay, both in Turkey. The largest rivers flowing into the Black Sea are: These rivers and their tributaries comprise a 2-million km (0.77-million sq mi) Black Sea drainage basin that covers wholly or partially 24 countries: Unrecognised states: Some islands in

3549-402: The Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore anoxic . This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of ancient shipwrecks which have been found in the Black Sea, which ultimately drains into the Mediterranean Sea , via the Turkish Straits and

3640-727: The Board of Higher Education in 1988 in the city center, Vocational Schools founded in Samsun and Bafra in 1992, in Havza in 1993, Vezirköprü in 1994, in Kavak in 1995, Faculty of Engineering founded in 1992 in accordance with law no. 3837, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences established in accordance with the decree no. 95/7515 of the Council of Ministers, Samsun Vocational School of Health founded in 1997 in accordance with

3731-517: The Bosporus Strait from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, where the water has a lower salt content. Because of the anoxic water at depth, organic matter, including anthropogenic artifacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived algal blooms form organic rich layers known as sapropels . Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of

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3822-483: The Bosporus is located at 36.5 m (120 ft) below present sea level (deepest spot of the shallowest cross-section in the Bosporus, located in front of Dolmabahçe Palace ) and has a wet section of around 38,000 m (410,000 sq ft). Inflow and outflow current speeds are averaged around 0.3 to 0.4 m/s (1.0 to 1.3 ft/s), but much higher speeds are found locally, inducing significant turbulence and vertical shear. This allows for turbulent mixing of

3913-694: The Deans, a representative from each Faculty and the Directors of the Graduate Schools and Schools directly attached to the Rectorate. It is the chief academic body of the University. It is responsible for research, pedagogical and study matters which affect Ondokuz Mayıs University or any central institute. The University Administrative Board consists of the Rector as the Chairperson, the Deans and three Professors selected by

4004-637: The Decree Law no. 41 regarding the Organization of Higher Education Institutions issued on July 20, 1982 pursuant to the provisional Article 28 of the Higher Education Law, and the afore-said institutions were reorganized. OMU was reshaped in accordance with the subclauses (c), (d) and (e) of the Article 27 of the Law no. 2809 and Article 18 and Additional Article 29 of the Law no. 3837. As a result of this reorganization, Ondokuz Mayıs University consists of

4095-604: The Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Science. In 1973, the School of Technology was established. In 1982, the former faculties were reorganized as the Faculty of Letters, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Fine Arts, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences and the Ankara State Conservatory was affiliated to Hacettepe University. In 1984, the School of Health services and in 1989,

4186-430: The Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Letters (previously named “Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering”), Faculty of Education, Faculty of Theology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs Samsun State Conservatory, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Fine Arts, Vocational School of Health Services established by

4277-745: The Faculty of Medicine, is also a university hospital. Similarly, the Faculty of Dentistry is a Dental Hospital. Serving the inhabitants of the entire Black Sea region, both faculties provide treatment in all areas of health and dental care. As of 2013-2014 Academic Year, OMU has a total of 28,418 undergraduate, 4659 graduate, and 10.850 associate degree students. The registration, examinations and evaluation procedures in Ondokuz Mayıs University are carried out according to Higher Education Law and Regulations put by Higher Education Council (YÖK). In order to gain admission to an associate (2-year, short cycle) or undergraduate program (4-year, first cycle) in

4368-407: The Mediterranean. The Black Sea undersea river is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the seabed of the Black Sea, the first of its kind discovered. Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name "Black Sea", including these given in the countries bordering the sea: Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate

4459-647: The Mid-Black Sea High, which includes the Andrusov Ridge, Tetyaev High, and Archangelsky High, extending south from the Crimean Peninsula . The basin includes two distinct relict back-arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo - and Neo- Tethys oceans, but the timings of these events remain uncertain. Arc volcanism and extension occurred as

4550-562: The N:P:Si ratio in the basin. Coastal areas, accordingly, have seen an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms, with diatom-bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6. The non-diatoms, such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophore), Chromulina sp., and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii , can out-compete diatom species because of

4641-777: The Neo-Tethys Ocean subducted under the southern margin of Laurasia during the Mesozoic . Uplift and compressional deformation took place as the Neotethys continued to close. Seismic surveys indicate that rifting began in the Western Black Sea in the Barremian and Aptian followed by the formation of oceanic crust 20 million years later in the Santonian . Since its initiation, compressional tectonic environments led to subsidence in

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4732-439: The Official Gazette no. 26111 dated March 17, 2006. Sinop Faculty of Aquaculture, Sinop Faculty of Science and Letters, Boyabat Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Sinop Vocational School of Health, Sinop, Boyabat , Gerze and Ayancık Vocational Schools were incorporated into Sinop University which was founded pursuant to the law no. 5662 issued in the Official Gazette no. 26536 dated May 29, 2007 * . The Rector

4823-416: The Oncology Hospital), a biomedical library, biomedical research units, student dormitories, sports and recreation centers and clubs. This campus is in Beytepe. The faculties of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Education, Engineering, Fine Arts, Letters and Natural Sciences, Institutes of History of Modern Turkey, Natural Sciences, Nuclear Sciences and Social Sciences and Schools of Foreign Languages, and

4914-464: The Rim Current. The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50–100 cm/s (20–39 in/s). Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin. The Eastern and Western Gyres are well-organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected eddies in the summer and autumn. Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and

5005-431: The School of Sport Sciences and Technology were established. Recently in 1998 the two Polatli; Vocational Schools and Kaman Vocational School have been established. The emblem of the university was designed in 1967 by Dr. Yücel Tanyeri, then a second year medical student, in the likeness of a stag – the symbol of a Hittite deity discovered at the royal tombs in Alacahöyük . Inspired by this archeological symbol common to

5096-421: The Turkish Parliament. Over 150 different undergraduate degree programs are offered and there are also over 200 different degree programs for postgraduate studies. The university has about 49,582 students enrolled for undergraduate studies and academic staff of 3.600. Beytepe Campus also has a large artificial forest, where different sportive activities such as trekking, mountain-biking, running can be done and it

5187-1103: The University Senate for a period of four years. OMU's main campus in Atakum covers 10,000 acres with a view of the Black Sea on the one side and a view of the nationally famous Kocadag Mountain on the other side, which is well known for its national yearly walks. The following faculties and facilities are located in the main campus: Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Divinity, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Foreign Languages, Rectorial Office, Main Library and IT Centre, Vocational School of Basic Sciences, Auditorium, Children's Hospital, Staff Residences, UZEM (Distance Learning Center), Yaşardoğu Faculty of Sport, Planetarium, Observatory , Student Dormitories, OMU Mosque, Surgical Research Clinic, Atatürk Congress and Culture Centre, Children Education Centre, Continuous Education Centre, Guesthouse, International Relations Office, Veterinary Hospital. The University's first and largest faculty,

5278-427: The Vocational School of Technology, School of Sport Sciences and Technology, and administrative offices, library, student dormitories, sports and recreation centers are on this campus. Hacettepe University currently has thirteen faculties, eight vocational schools, one conservatory, thirteen institutes and forty one research centres. Hacettepe University is a state university supported mainly by state funds allocated by

5369-465: The above-mentioned Law, the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering was established as the second faculty within the framework of Ondokuz Mayıs University. Faculty of Agriculture, the third faculty, was founded pursuant to the Decree no. 11.5/0 dated August 31, 1976 of the Board of Higher Education . Certain higher education institutions affiliated to the Ministry of National Education were incorporated into Ondokuz Mayıs University in accordance with

5460-670: The academic programs in order to enhance the quality of education and research, and to increase the quantity and quality of the international mobility. Every year, increasing number of incoming and outgoing students benefits from mobility programs like Erasmus+ and Mevlana and mutual cooperation agreements. In addition to the mobility programs, academic cooperation protocols also open the way for developing international cooperation. OMU has 125 Erasmus Agreements with 23 European countries, 56 Mevlana protocols and 48 mutual cooperation agreements signed between OMU and international universities. The number of international degree students studying at OMU

5551-425: The basin, interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large-scale volcanism and numerous orogenies , causing the uplift of the Greater Caucasus , Pontides , southern Crimean Peninsula and Balkanides mountain ranges. During the Messinian salinity crisis in the neighboring Mediterranean Sea , water levels fell but without drying up the sea. The collision between the Eurasian and African plates and

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5642-412: The centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres (7,257.22 feet) just south of Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula . The Paleo- Euxinian is described by the accumulation of eolian silt deposits (related to the Riss glaciation ) and the lowering of sea levels ( MIS 6, 8 and 10). The Karangat marine transgression occurred during the Eemian Interglacial (MIS 5e). This may have been

5733-490: The coast is generally small floodplains below foothills such as the Strandzha ; Cape Emine , a dwindling of the east end of the Balkan Mountains ; and the Dobruja Plateau considerably farther north. The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi). Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from the Bosporus ) Burgas , Varna , Constanța , Odesa , Sevastopol , Novorossiysk , Sochi , Poti , Batumi , Trabzon and Samsun . The Black Sea has

5824-401: The dark color of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions , with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence, "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between

5915-436: The decree no. 2008/14492 of the Council of Ministers. Certain units separated from Ondokuz Mayıs University formed the basis for 3 universities in 3 cities: Amasya Faculty of Education, Amasya Faculty of Science and Letters, Faculty of Professional and Technical Education and Faculty of Architecture, Amasya Vocational School of Health, and Amasya and Merzifon Vocational Schools were incorporated into Amasya University which

6006-404: The decree no. 96/8655 of the Council of Ministers, Yaşar Doğu Vocational School of Sports Sciences established in accordance with the decree no. 97/9414 of the Council of Ministers, Terme Vocational School founded in 1999 by the Board of Higher Education, Çarşamba Vocational School founded in 2000 by the Board of Higher Education, and the Faculty of Law established in December, 2008 pursuant to

6097-425: The establishment of the Institute of Child Health on 8 July 1958, and the inauguration of the Hacettepe Children's Hospital founded by Prof. Dr. İhsan Doğramacı . In 1961, the School of Health Sciences and its divisions of Nursing, Medical Technology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation and Nutrition were opened, all centered on the Institute of Child Health. On 15 June 1963, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine

6188-482: The faculties of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Law, Education, Engineering, Fine Arts, Letters, and Science. In addition to these two main campuses, the School of Social Work is at Keçiören , and the Turkish State Conservatory in Ankara, affiliated with the university as of 1982, is at the Beşevler Campus. The rector of the university is Mehmet Cahit Güran, who was appointed by the Presidency on 24 June 2020. The history of Hacettepe University can be traced back to

6279-758: The framework of the current agreements between OMU and applicant students' university. The exchange students can enrol in the courses offered at OMU and study for either one semester, or for the whole academic year. Application procedures for exchange students are administered by the OMU International Relations Office . Detailed information such as related year's deadlines, update news and contact persons can be found here. OMU puts emphasis on internationalization process and provision of necessary information, technology, communication and human resources against increasing competition in education in order to make progress in rapidly globalizing world and to be recognized in international platforms. For this purpose, internationalization

6370-441: The highest sea levels reached in the late Pleistocene . Based on this some scholars have suggested that the Crimean Peninsula was isolated from the mainland by a shallow strait during the Eemian Interglacial. The Neoeuxinian transgression began with an inflow of waters from the Caspian Sea . Neoeuxinian deposits are found in the Black Sea below −20 m (−66 ft) water depth in three layers. The upper layers correspond with

6461-642: The institution. The placement into most of the first cycle degree programs is made by ÖSYM based on the scores students obtained from the exam and their grade point averages (GPA) of secondary education (high school in Turkish Education System). The placement of the students who want to study in an associate programme is based on the scores from YGS. An exception, however, is recognized, by law, for vocational high school graduates to apply for placement in two-year vocational school programs which are compatible with their high school majors, without an entrance examination. These students are placed centrally by ÖSYM according to

6552-518: The late 1980s. Additionally, an alien species—the warty comb jelly ( Mnemiopsis leidyi )—established itself in the basin, exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons. The change in species composition in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry, as calcium-producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH, although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified. In central Black Sea waters, silicon levels also reduced significantly, due to

6643-407: The limited availability of silicon, a necessary constituent of diatom frustules. As a consequence of these blooms, benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light, while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals. Overfishing during the 1970s further compounded the decline in macrophytes, while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of copepods and other zooplankton in

6734-431: The north of the basin is up to 190 km (120 mi) wide and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia , however, are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km (12 mi) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The Euxine abyssal plain in

6825-547: The northern (black) and southern (red) seas : this points to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC). In the Greater Bundahishn , a Middle Persian Zoroastrian scripture, the Black Sea is called Siyābun . In the tenth-century Persian geography book Hudud al-'Alam , the Black Sea is called Georgian Sea ( daryā-yi Gurz ). The Georgian Chronicles use the name zğua sperisa ზღუა სპერისა (Sea of Speri) after

6916-454: The outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the Sea of Marmara occurs near the surface. According to Gregg (2002), the outflow is 16,000 cubic metres per second (570,000 cubic feet per second) or around 500 cubic kilometres per year (120 cubic miles per year), and the inflow is 11,000 m /s (390,000 cu ft/s) or around 350 km /a (84 cu mi/a). The following water budget can be estimated: The southern sill of

7007-501: The peak of the Khvalinian transgression, on the shelf shallow-water sands and coquina mixed with silty sands and brackish-water fauna, and inside the Black Sea Depression hydrotroilite silts. The middle layers on the shelf are sands with brackish-water mollusc shells. Of continental origin, the lower level on the shelf is mostly alluvial sands with pebbles, mixed with less common lacustrine silts and freshwater mollusc shells . Inside

7098-488: The photic zone, enhancing productivity. In total, the Black Sea's biodiversity contains around one-third of the Mediterranean's and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or "Mediterranizations". The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates , diatoms , coccolithophores and cyanobacteria . Generally, the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate-dominated spring production, followed by

7189-488: The region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology , as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D , located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey . Modelling shows that, in the event of an asteroid impact on the Black Sea, the release of hydrogen sulfide clouds would pose

7280-457: The regional topography , as depressions and storm systems arriving from the Mediterranean are funneled through the low land around the Bosporus, with the Pontic and Caucasus mountain ranges acting as waveguides, limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region. The Black Sea is divided into two depositional basins—the Western Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea—separated by

7371-518: The sea was called the "Inhospitable Sea Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos by the inhabitants of the Pontus region of the southern shoreline before Greek colonisation due to its difficult navigation and hostile barbarian natives (7.3.6), and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the Milesians colonised the region, bringing it into the Greek world. Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from

7462-408: The two layers. Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 practical salinity units (PSU) and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 PSU. Likewise, an inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 PSU experiences a decrease to about 34 PSU. Mean surface circulation is cyclonic ; waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin-wide shelfbreak gyre known as

7553-444: The type of vocational high schools they graduated and their grade point averages (GPA). Students willing to enrol in School of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education Department of Fine Arts Education (Music Education and Arts Education) have to take aptitude test as defined by the University's Senate with the related Boards' opinions. For such programs, the YGS is also a prerequisite for placement. The final list of students

7644-651: The undergraduate programmes according to the score of one of the international exams determined by the Senate. The international candidates may apply to graduate studies at master or doctorate levels. Applications to graduate programs are processed by Graduate Schools. There are minimum requirements for application to different departments. OMU actively uses the Erasmus+ , Mevlana , and Farabi (a national programme where students can exchange between Turkish universities) exchange programmes. Exchange students are accepted to OMU within

7735-518: The university board and ensures coordination among organizations attached to the university. Four Vice Rectors are appointed by the University Rector chosen from professors employed in the University to assist the rector during the rector's term of office. The University Rector may also appoint advisors to the Rector. The University Senate comprises the Rector as Chairperson, the Vice Rectors,

7826-582: The westward escape of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian and East Anatolian faults dictates the current tectonic regime, which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region. These geological mechanisms, in the long term, have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system. The large shelf to

7917-551: The world and best university in Turkey. In QS World University Rankings 2020, it is ranked 320th in the field of "Life Sciences and Medicine". Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks Hacettepe University 501–600th in the world and 251–300th in the subject are "Clinical, pre-clinical & health" as of 2020. In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019, Hacettepe is ranked 301–400th in "Clinical Medicine". Locally, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine

8008-565: Was chartered through Act No. 892 of the Turkish Parliament on 8 July 1967. Hacettepe Institutes of Higher Education formed the core of Hacettepe University, and the Faculties of Medicine, Science and Engineering, and Social and Administrative sciences were established. In 1969, Hacettepe School of Pharmacy and Health Administration were established. In 1971, with a reorganization, the former schools were given faculty status and thus they became

8099-506: Was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name Póntos Áxeinos remained favoured. Strabo 's Geographica (1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often simply called "the Sea" ( ὁ πόντος ho Pontos ). He thought that

8190-444: Was established and a general teaching hospital was built. Three months later Hacettepe University School of Dentistry was established. In the summer of 1964, a School of Basic Sciences was opened, offering courses in the natural sciences, social sciences and the humanities. At the time, all Hacettepe teaching institutions were affiliated to Ankara University and grouped under the title "Hacettepe Science Center". Hacettepe University

8281-478: Was founded pursuant to the law no. 4567 issued in the Official Gazette no. 26111 dated March 17, 2006. Ordu Faculty of Science and Letters, Ünye Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Fatsa Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu Vocational School of Health, and Mesudiye, Ünye and Fatsa Vocational Schools were incorporated into Ordu University which was founded pursuant to the law no. 4567 issued in

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