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81-575: When Olivetti acquired Acorn Computers in 1985, Hauser, who was Acorn's co-founder, became vice-president for research at Olivetti where he was in charge of laboratories in the US and Europe . In 1986, Hauser co-founded the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) in Cambridge, England, along with Professor Andy Hopper . Hopper became the laboratory's Director. In 1988, Hauser left Olivetti. In 1997

162-810: A Bachelor of Industrial Design (B.I.D.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) or Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.). Afterwards, the bachelor programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as Master of Design , Master of Fine Arts and others to a Master of Arts or Master of Science . Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who focus on

243-623: A 10% stake valued at around $ 300 million , amidst a wave of investment in European companies by their US counterparts. Digital were already reselling Olivetti personal computer models in Europe, and the investment presented an opportunity for the adoption of Digital's Alpha processor in Olivetti's workstation products. The investment programme was to be conducted in two steps over an 18 month period, augmented by additional share purchases. The partnership between

324-419: A CAD model. From this the manufacturing process may be modified to improve the product. Product characteristics specified by industrial designers may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors , texture, form, and aspects concerning the use of the product . Additionally, they may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and

405-415: A better quality of life. " Although the process of design may be considered 'creative,' many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes are best defined by

486-521: A complete line of modern furniture, among many other items. Richard Teague , who spent most of his career with the American Motors Corporation , originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings. He was responsible for such unique automotive designs as the Pacer , Gremlin , Matador coupe , Jeep Cherokee , and

567-808: A controlling stake in Olivetti, but sold it to a consortium including the Pirelli and Benetton groups two years later. Olivetti then launched a hostile bid for Telecom Italia in February 1999, despite being less than a seventh of the size of its target. In a take-over battle against Deutsche Telekom and other potential bidders that initially seem to have been settled in Deutsche Telecom's favour, with an $ 82 billion merger reportedly agreed in April 1999, Olivetti won out and controlled 52.12% of former monopoly Telecom Italia, Italy's #1 fixed-line and mobile phone operator. However,

648-530: A design in use to this day. Schreckengost also founded The Cleveland Institute of Art's school of industrial design. Oskar Barnack was a German optical engineer, precision mechanic, industrial designer, and the father of 35mm photography. He developed the Leica , which became the hallmark for photography for 50 years, and remains a high-water mark for mechanical and optical design. Charles and Ray Eames were most famous for their pioneering furniture designs, such as

729-489: A first drop in filings since 2014. The Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs provides an international mechanism that secures protection of up to 100 designs in multiple countries or regions, through a single international application. International design applications are filed directly through WIPO . The domestic legal framework of each designated contracting party governs

810-503: A mainframe and used in the finance sector. It was followed in 1977 by the TC1800 . During the 1970s Olivetti also manufactured and sold two ranges of minicomputers. The 'A' series started with the typewriter-sized A4 through to the large A8, and the desk-sized DE500 and DE700 series. Olivetti's first modern personal computer, the M20 , featuring a Zilog Z8000 CPU , was released in 1982. The M20

891-479: A mix of both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as materials , production processes , business strategy , and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes. Industrial design, as an applied art , most often focuses on a combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations, but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, physical ergonomics , marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales. For several millennia before

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972-541: A nearly 60-year period starting in the late 1930s. An early example is the portable 1932 Olivetti MP1 (Modello Portatile in Italian). From the 1940s to the 1960s, Olivetti industrial design was led by Marcello Nizzoli , who was responsible for the Lexicon 80 and the portable Lettera 22 typewriters, which were released in 1948 and 1950 respectively. The architect and designer Ettore Sottsass began consulting for Olivetti in

1053-402: A procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. In 2022, about 1.1 million industrial design applications were filed worldwide. This represents a decrease of 3% on 2021, marking

1134-488: A result of heavy losses, AT&T restructured its worldwide research efforts and the Cambridge labs closed on 24 April 2002. This article about a telecommunications company is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Olivetti Olivetti S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of computers, tablets, smartphones, printers and other such business products as calculators and fax machines . Headquartered in Ivrea , in

1215-626: A significant number of household items, such as chairs, stools, lamps, a tea-cart, and vases. Raymond Loewy was a prolific American designer who is responsible for the Royal Dutch Shell corporate logo, the original BP logo (in use until 2000), the PRR S1 steam locomotive, the Studebaker Starlight (including the later bulletnose), as well as Schick electric razors, Electrolux refrigerators, short-wave radios, Le Creuset French ovens, and

1296-407: A significant purchaser of laser printers and laptops from Olivetti, but had begun to manufacture its own personal computers and planned to produce its own laptop products. Meanwhile, Olivetti had been slow to introduce Alpha-based products, eventually shipping models based on Digital's own products. With Digital's finances under pressure, posting quarterly losses and incurring costs around redundancies,

1377-740: A team of 500 engineers, and decided to include transistors in the Elea 9003. Mario Bellini joined Sottsass at Olivetti in 1963. He designed the Programma 101 (1965), the Divisumma 18 (1973), and the Logos 68 (1973) calculators, and in 1966 the TCV-250 video display terminal . Mario Bellini and Ettore Sottsass , who by then directed design for Olivetti, hired designers such as George Sowden and James Irvine . Sowden worked for Olivetti from 1970 until 1990 and designed

1458-411: Is a process of design applied to physical products that are to be manufactured by mass production . It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of the manufacture or production of the product. Industrial manufacture consists of predetermined, standardized and repeated, often automated, acts of replication, while craft -based design

1539-529: Is a process or approach in which the form of the product is determined personally by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its production. All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can vary. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise (e.g. designers, engineers, business experts, etc.). It can emphasize intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making , and often emphasizes

1620-477: Is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences." An extended version of this definition is as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges

1701-583: Is effectively defined by credentials and/or licensure required to engage in the practice of engineering. "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of industrial engineering , except for the latter's sub-specialty of ergonomics . At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows: "Industrial Design

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1782-541: Is often difficult to describe to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design : "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state

1863-457: Is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved. Industrial design can overlap significantly with engineering design , and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general engineering focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on aesthetic and user-interface aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction

1944-498: The Elea 9003 . Although 40 large commercial 9003 and over 100 smaller 6001 scientific machines were completed and leased to customers to 1964, low sales, loss of two key managers and financial instability caused Olivetti to withdraw from the field in 1964. In 1965 Olivetti released the Programma 101 , considered one of the first commercial desktop programmable calculators. It was saved from

2025-603: The Eames Lounge Chair Wood and Eames Lounge Chair . Other influential designers included Henry Dreyfuss , Eliot Noyes , John Vassos , and Russel Wright . Dieter Rams is a German industrial designer closely associated with the consumer products company Braun and the Functionalist school of industrial design. German industrial designer Luigi Colani , who designed cars for automobile manufacturers including Fiat , Alfa Romeo , Lancia , Volkswagen , and BMW ,

2106-664: The Italian Renaissance . In the 17th century, the growth of artistic patronage in centralized monarchical states such as France led to large government-operated manufacturing operations epitomized by the Gobelins Manufactory , opened in Paris in 1667 by Louis XIV . Here teams of hundreds of craftsmen, including specialist artists, decorators and engravers, produced sumptuously decorated products ranging from tapestries and furniture to metalwork and coaches , all under

2187-623: The Metropolitan City of Turin , the company has been part of TIM Group since 2003. The company is known for innovative product design, ranging from the 1950s Lettera 22 portable typewriter, to some of the first commercial programmable desktop calculators , such as the 1964 Programma 101 , as well as the pop-art inspired Valentine typewriter of 1969. Between 1954 and 2001, Italy's Association of Industrial Design (ADI) awarded 16 Compasso d'Oro prizes to Olivetti products and designs – more than any other company or designer. The company

2268-849: The Telecom Italia group, maintaining a separate identity as Olivetti Tecnost. In 2005, Telecom Italia relaunched the company in the information technology sector, investing €200 million, at first restoring the original Olivetti brand, then replacing it with Olivetti Tecnost in 2003. In 2007, Olivetti launched the "LINEA_OFFICE", designed by Jasper Morrison for Olivetti; a new line of PCs, notebooks, printers, fax machines and calculators. Olivetti today operates in Italy and Switzerland , and has sales associates in 83 countries. Research and development are located in Agliè , Carsoli and Scarmagno in Italy, and Yverdon , Switzerland. In March 2011 Olivetti began producing

2349-558: The Underwood Typewriter Company that year. In 1964 the company sold its electronics division to the American company General Electric . In order to qualify for new loans, bankers made it a condition that the company's electronic division be sold to General Electric. It continued to develop new computing products on its own; one of these was Programma 101 , one of the first commercially produced programmable calculators . In

2430-570: The netbooks introduced 20 years later. Olivetti did attempt to recover its position by introducing the Envision in 1995, a full multimedia PC , to be used in the living room ; this project was a failure. Gateway also introduced a similar product in the U.S., called the Destination 2000, around the same period, to a similarly mixed commercial reception. The company continued to develop personal computers until it sold its PC business in 1997. In

2511-516: The 1970s and 1980s, they were the biggest manufacturer for office machines in Europe and 2nd biggest PC vendor behind IBM in Europe. Olivetti also inspired Thomas J. Watson Jr. to change IBM's approach to industrial design beginning in the 1950s. In 1980, Olivetti began distributing in Indonesia through Dragon Computer & Communication. In 1981, Olivetti installed the electronic voting systems for

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2592-550: The 1980s and 1990s Olivetti continued to release PC compatible machines, facing mounting competition from other brands. It turned to laptops, introducing in 1991 the D33 , a laptop in a carry case, and continuing with the M111 , M211 , S20 , D33 , Philos and Echos series. A very interesting subnotebook was the Quaderno , about the same size as an A5 paper – it was the grandfather of

2673-569: The 1990s, Olivetti's computer businesses were in great difficulty, reportedly because of the competition from US vendors and new cheap manufacturers for PC components in Taiwan like ASUS , MSI , Gigabyte and others from which local system builders profited much to offer cheaper PCs than Olivetti did with their own designs. It was on the brink of collapse and had needed government support to stay afloat. In 1992, Digital Equipment Corporation announced its intention to invest in Olivetti, approximating to

2754-509: The ETV series video typewriters based on CP/M operating system, ETV 240, ETV 250, ETV 300, ETV 350 and later MS-DOS operating system based ETV 260, ETV 500, ETV 2700, ETV 2900, ETV 4000s word processing systems having floppy drives or hard disks . Some of them (ETV 300, 350, 500, 2900) were external boxes that could be connected through an optional serial interface to many of the ET series office typewriters,

2835-680: The European Parliament in Strasburg and Luxembourg. In 1986, the company acquired Triumph-Adler , a major office equipment manufacturer based in Germany that also produced typewriters, from Litton Industries of the United States. With this acquisition, Olivetti grabbed 50 percent of the European typewriter market. In September 1994, the company launched Olivetti Telemedia chaired by Elserino Piol. Since 2003, Olivetti has been part of

2916-690: The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD). Of course, engineering education requires heavy training in mathematics and physical sciences, which is not typically required in industrial design education. Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a vocational school or university. Relevant programs include graphic design , interior design, industrial design, architectural technology, and drafting . Diplomas and degrees in industrial design are offered at vocational schools and universities worldwide. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study. The study results in

2997-613: The OliPad, its first tablet computer , featuring a ten-inch screen, 3G, WiFi, Bluetooth connectivity, Nvidia Tegra 2, Android 2.2.2 and a 1024 x 600 display. It also features an application store, with apps specifically designed by Olivetti for 'business & government'. In 2014 the R&;D department in Arnad was sold to SICPA . In 2013, Olivetti launched a series of smartphones called Oliphone : Industrial design Industrial design

3078-515: The Praxis 35, Praxis 40 and 45D were some of the first portable electronic typewriters. Later, Olivetti added the Praxis 20, ET Compact 50, ET Compact 60, ET Compact 70, ET Compact 65/66, the ET Personal series and Linea 101. The top models were 8 lines LCD based portables like Top 100 and Studio 801, with the possibility to save the text to a 3.5-inch floppy disk . The professional line was upgraded with

3159-451: The TIM Group (Telecom Italia) through a merger. [A] preoccupation with design developed into a comprehensive corporate philosophy, which embraced everything from the shape of a space bar to the color scheme for an advertising poster. Olivetti became famous for the meticulous attention it paid to the design of its products, through collaborations with notable architects and designers, over

3240-639: The USA's first industrial design degree programs in 1934 at Carnegie Institute of Technology . Product design and industrial design overlap in the fields of user interface design , information design , and interaction design . Various schools of industrial design specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges and design schools (product styling), to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines such as exhibit design and interior design , to schools that almost completely subordinated aesthetic design to concerns of usage and ergonomics,

3321-448: The companies, regarded as a way of supporting Olivetti whilst cementing a development relationship around Digital's Alpha platform, developed in the following two years, although the balance of revenue from selling products to each other was reported as being strongly in Olivetti's favour, it having generated 125.3 billion lire from Digital in 1993, but with Digital only selling products worth 9.9 billion lire to Olivetti. Digital remained

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3402-454: The company sold its stake – noted as amounting to 7.8% – for $ 150 million . A company in transition, it had moved out of the typewriter business into personal computers before embracing telecoms between 1997 and 1999, spinning off its personal computer business in 1997 and divesting its computer services business in 1998. In the process it had lost around three-quarters of its staff. In 1999, The Luxembourg -based company Bell S.A. acquired

3483-901: The company's first desktop computer , the Olivetti L1, in 1978 (following ergonomic research lasting two years). In 1991, Sowden's design for the Olivetti fax OFX420 won the ADI Compasso d'Oro Award . In 1999 Michele De Lucchi designed the Art Jet 10 inkjet printer , which was also awarded the Compasso d'Oro, and in 2001, the Gioconda calculator. In 1952, the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA) held an exhibit titled "Olivetti: Design in Industry" Another exhibit

3564-458: The complete interior of the Eagle Premier . Milwaukee's Brooks Stevens was best known for his Milwaukee Road Skytop Lounge car and Oscar Mayer Wienermobile designs, among others. Viktor Schreckengost designed bicycles manufactured by Murray bicycles for Murray and Sears, Roebuck and Company. With engineer Ray Spiller, he designed the first truck with a cab-over-engine configuration,

3645-541: The creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs , a WIPO -administered treaty,

3726-549: The creative supervision of the King's leading artist Charles Le Brun . This pattern of large-scale royal patronage was repeated in the court porcelain factories of the early 18th century, such as the Meissen porcelain workshops established in 1709 by the Grand Duke of Saxony , where patterns from a range of sources, including court goldsmiths, sculptors, and engravers, were used as models for

3807-449: The design protection provided by the resulting international registrations. The Hague System does not require the applicant to file a national or regional design application. in 2019 in 2020 in 2021 in 2022 in 2023 A number of industrial designers have made such a significant impact on culture and daily life that their work is documented by historians of social science. Alvar Aalto , renowned as an architect , also designed

3888-455: The early 16th century led to the emergence in Italy and Germany of pattern books : collections of engravings illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to a wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application. The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during

3969-436: The emotional attachment of the user. These values and accompanying aspects that form the basis of industrial design can vary—between different schools of thought, and among practicing designers. Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. A design patent would also be considered under this category. An industrial design consists of

4050-559: The gap between what is and what's possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres. Industrial Designers place

4131-514: The history of 20th-century design. Those designers also created the Olivetti Synthesis office furniture series which mainly were used to be installed in the firm's own headquarters, worldwide branch offices and showrooms. Olivetti also produced some industrial production machinery, including metalworking machines of the Horizon series. Olivetti began with mechanical typewriters when the company

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4212-484: The human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating

4293-548: The industrial designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied this in interviews), but the discipline predates 1919 by at least a decade. Christopher Dresser is considered among the first independent industrial designers. Industrial design's origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance, the Deutscher Werkbund (a precursor to the Bauhaus founded in 1907 by Peter Behrens and others)

4374-454: The industrial designers and/or other team members. Industrial designers often utilize 3D software, computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. They may also build a prototype or scaled down sketch models through a 3D printing process or using other materials such as paper, balsa wood, various foams, or clay for modeling. They may then use industrial CT scanning to test for interior defects and generate

4455-457: The instruction of draftsmen employed in preparing patterns for the silk manufacture. It has been much more successful than the Paris school; and having been disorganized by the revolution, was restored by Napoleon and differently constituted, being then erected into an Academy of Fine Art: to which the study of design for silk manufacture was merely attached as a subordinate branch. It appears that all

4536-494: The lab became the Olivetti & Oracle Research Lab . In January 1999 it was acquired by AT&T Corporation and became AT&T Laboratories Cambridge . AT&T Laboratories Cambridge was for three years Europe's leading communications engineering research laboratory. The laboratory was internationally recognised as a centre of excellence, undertaking advanced research into communications, multimedia and mobile technologies. As

4617-550: The late 1950s and designed a series of products including the Tekne 3 typewriter in 1958, the Elea 9003 computer in 1959, and later, the Praxis 48 typewriter in 1964 and the Valentine portable typewriter in 1969. In 1954, Mario Tchou joined Olivetti and was in put in charge of a team responsible for creating a commercial computer. In 1957, the team created the Elea 9001. Tchou went on to lead

4698-434: The mechanical and other functional aspects of the product, assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations. Industrial design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer. Design, itself,

4779-417: The mid 18th century. The rise of industrial manufacture changed the way objects were made, urbanization changed patterns of consumption , the growth of empires broadened tastes and diversified markets, and the emergence of a wider middle class created demand for fashionable styles from a much larger and more heterogeneous population. The first use of the term "industrial design" is often attributed to

4860-436: The onset of industrialization , design, technical expertise, and manufacturing was often done by individual crafts people , who determined the form of a product at the point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or apprenticeship . The division of labour that underlies

4941-469: The others were fully integrated with an external monitor which could be installed on a holder over the desk. Most of the ET/ETV/Praxis series electronic typewriters were designed by Marion Bellini. By the 1970s and 1980s, the typewriter market had matured under the market dominance of large companies from Europe and the United States. Before the advent of dailywheel and electronic machines (and subsequently

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5022-416: The ownership structure of the merged Olivetti / Telecom Italia was complex and multi-layered with Olivetti took on around $ 16 billion of extra debt. It was then referred to as the "Olivetti/Telecom Italia affair" because of the unpleasant secret affairs behind. After a 2003 reorganization, Olivetti became the office equipment and systems services subsidiary of Telecom Italia. In 2003 Olivetti was absorbed into

5103-448: The personal computers and word processing software) — Olivetti and the other major manufacturers faced strong competition from typewriters from Asia, including Brother Industries and Silver Seiko Ltd. of Japan. By 1994, Olivetti stopped production of typewriters, as most users had transitioned to personal computers . Between 1955 and 1964 Olivetti developed some of the first transistorized mainframe computer systems, such as

5184-432: The practice of industrial design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era. The growth of trade in the medieval period led to the emergence of large workshops in cities such as Florence , Venice , Nuremberg , and Bruges , where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique. Competitive pressures in

5265-424: The purpose of examining the state of schools of design in those countries, will be fresh in the recollection of our readers. His report on this subject was ordered to be printed some few months since, on the motion of Mr. Hume; and it is the sum and substance of this Report that we are now about to lay before our own especial portion of the reading public. The school of St. Peter, at Lyons, was founded about 1750, for

5346-461: The sale of the computer division to GE thanks to an employee, Gastone Garziera, who spent successive nights changing the internal categorization of the product from "computer" to "calculator", so leaving the small team in Olivetti and creating some awkward situations in the office, since that space was now owned by GE. In 1974 the firm released the TC800 , an intelligent terminal designed to be attached to

5427-486: The so-called functionalist school. Except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, the former is considered an applied art while the latter is an applied science. Educational programs in the U.S. for engineering require accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in contrast to programs for industrial design which are accredited by

5508-764: The students who entered the school commence as if they were intended for artists in the higher sense of the word and are not expected to decide as to whether they will devote themselves to the Fine Arts or to Industrial Design, until they have completed their exercises in drawing and painting of the figure from the antique and from the living model. It is for this reason, and from the fact that artists for industrial purposes are both well-paid and highly considered (as being well-instructed men), that so many individuals in France engage themselves in both pursuits. The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design by Jacques-Eugène Armengaud

5589-562: The vessels and figurines for which it became famous. As long as reproduction remained craft-based, however, the form and artistic quality of the product remained in the hands of the individual craftsman, and tended to decline as the scale of production increased. The emergence of industrial design is specifically linked to the growth of industrialization and mechanization that began with the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in

5670-517: The way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale . The inclusion of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added value by improving usability , lowering production costs, and developing more appealing products. Industrial design may also focus on technical concepts, products, and processes. In addition to aesthetics , usability, and ergonomics , it can also encompass engineering, usefulness, market placement, and other concerns—such as psychology, desire, and

5751-536: Was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with Great Britain and the United States. The earliest published use of the term may have been in The Art-Union , 15 September 1840. Dyce's Report to the Board of Trade, on Foreign Schools of Design for Manufactures. Mr. Dyce's official visit to France, Prussia, and Bavaria, for

5832-447: Was also considered pivotal to the company, which engaged architects and designers such as Gae Aulenti , Walter Ballmer  [ it ] , BBPR , Egon Eiermann , Figini e Pollini  [ it ] , Ignazio Gardella , Louis Kahn , Le Corbusier , Carlo Scarpa , Giovanni Pintori , Bob Noorda , and Lella and Massimo Vignelli to design factories, office buildings, showrooms, and publicity materials. Giovanni Pintori

5913-735: Was followed in 1983 by the M24 , a clone of the IBM PC using DOS and the Intel 8086 processor (at 8 MHz ) instead of the Intel 8088 used by IBM (at 4.77 MHz). The M24 was sold in North America as the AT&;T 6300 . Olivetti also manufactured the AT&;T 6300 Plus , which could run both DOS and Unix . The M24 in the US also was sold as Xerox 6060. The Olivetti M28

5994-466: Was founded as a typewriter manufacturer by Camillo Olivetti in 1908 in the Turin commune of Ivrea , Italy . The firm was mainly developed by his son Adriano Olivetti . Olivetti opened its first overseas manufacturing plant in 1930, and its Divisumma electric calculator was launched in 1948. Olivetti produced Italy's first electronic computer, the transistorised Elea 9003 , in 1959, and purchased

6075-454: Was founded in 1909, and produced them until the mid-1990s. Until the mid-1960s, they were fully mechanical, and models such as the portable Olivetti Valentine were designed by Ettore Sottsass. With the Tekne/Editor series and Praxis 48, some of the first electromechanical typewriters were introduced. The Editor series was used for speed typing championship competition. The Editor 5 from 1969

6156-405: Was hired by Adriano Olivetti in 1936 to work in the publicity department. Pintori was the creator of the Olivetti logo and many promotional posters used to advertise the company and its products. During his activity as Art Director from 1950, Olivetti's graphic design obtained several international awards, and he designed works that created the Olivetti image and became emblematic Italian reference in

6237-839: Was mounted by the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris in 1969 and later toured five other cities. Many Olivetti products and archival material related to design are held in museum collections including the MoMA design collection, the Cooper Hewitt in New York, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Between 1954 and 2001, Olivetti won 16 Compasso d'Oro awards for design. In May 2022, ADI Design Museum in Milan paid tribute to this achievement with an exhibition titled Podium 16. Olivetti paid attention to more than product design. Graphic design and architectural design

6318-478: Was one of the first manufacturers to introduce electronic daisywheel printer-based word processing machines, called TES 401 and TES 501. Later the ET series typewriters without (or with) LCD and different levels of text editing capabilities were popular in offices. Models in that line were ET 121, ET 201, ET 221, ET 225, ET 231, ET 351, ET 109, ET 110, ET 111, ET 112, ET 115, ET 116, ET 2000, ET 2100, ET 2200, ET 2250, ET 2300, Et 2400 and ET 2500. For home users in 1982

6399-515: Was printed in 1853. The subtitle of the (translated) work explains, that it wants to offer a "complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing." The study of those types of technical drawing, according to Armengaud, belongs to the field of industrial design. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the field of drawing education in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Robert Lepper helped to establish one of

6480-510: Was the firm's first PC to have the Intel 80286 processor. The same year Olivetti produced its M10 laptop computer, a 8085 -based workalike of the successful Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 , which it marketed in Europe. These were the first laptops to sell in million-unit quantities, though the Olivetti M10  [ it ] itself only attained sales figures in the tens of thousands and went out of production within two years. During

6561-558: Was the top model of that series, with proportional spacing and the ability to support justified text borders. In 1972 the electromechanical typeball machines of the Lexicon 90 to 94C series were introduced, as competitors to the IBM Selectric typewriters , the top model 94c supported proportional spacing and justified text borders like the Editor 5, as well as lift-off correction. In 1978 Olivetti

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