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47-515: Oliver Mathews (or Matthews ; c.  1520 – c.  1618 ) was a Welsh apothecary and chronicler . He wrote the first history of Shrewsbury , the county town of Shropshire , England , on the River Severn , although as Hugh Owen and John Brickdale Blakeway point out, it contains "strange and unauthorised assertions", and is not considered reliable. According to his own writings, Mathews seems to have been born around 1520. His father

94-469: A community council representing the community's interests, with nine councillors elected from Churchstoke and three from Hyssington . The Churchstoke electoral ward is represented by a county councillor on Powys County Council . Since 1995 the ward has elected an Independent councillor. Admiral Sir Michael Pollock (1916–2006) lived at Churchstoke following his retirement from the Royal Navy while

141-470: A " Brittaine ". He moved to Shrewsbury , and on 19 April 1560 was admitted as a half-brother to the Mercers Company, which included an Apothecaries guild, to trade in "Poticarye and Grocerye". The amount he paid to join (thirty-six shillings and eight pence ) indicates that his father was not a freeman of the company, and he had not served a seven-year apprenticeship to a freeman. On 30 September of

188-437: A "quaint chronicler", saying that his age "is in some measure an excuse for the fanciful exposition of early British history" that he wrote. By 1867, the location of the manuscripts was no longer known. Apothecary In some languages and regions, "apothecary" is not archaic and has become those languages' term for "pharmacy" or a pharmacist who owns one. Apothecaries' investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients

235-622: A 13th-century square tower at the western end, reduced in height in 1812 with a typical Montgomeryshire style timber-framed belfry and a pyramidal roof which was re-tiled with oak roof shingles in 2005. The tower was used as a place of refuge during 14th-century feuds and later in English Civil War battles. In 1646 the Parliamentarians attacked the Royalists who were planning to stay overnight at Churchstoke. The Royalists took refuge in

282-714: A Chinese takeaway and fresh locally made ice cream. A market is also held here on Sundays. The central area of Churchstoke is a conservation area . According to the 2011 Census , Churchstoke is the community with the 2nd lowest proportion of Welsh speakers in Wales. Only 4.3% of people in the community claim to speak the language. According to details published by the Co-operative Group on its bottles, both Co-op Fairbourne Springs Water and their Sparkling Natural Mineral Water are bottled at source in Churchstoke. Churchstoke has

329-583: A collection of more than 800 prescriptions. It lists over 700 different drugs. In ancient India, the Sushruta Samhita , a compendium on the practice of medicine and medical formulations, has been traced back to the 1st century BC. The Shen-nung pen ts'ao ching , a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants (3rd century AD), is considered a foundational material for Chinese medicine and herbalism and became an important source for Chinese apothecaries. The book, which documented 365 treatments, had

376-458: A farm (or settlement) with a church; it was recorded as 'Cirestoc' in 1086 in the Domesday Book . The parish church today is largely the result of 19th-century rebuilding, but retains its 13th-century tower with a later timber belfry . From the period before the 19th century, only a font , a stoup and a chest have survived up to three phases of restoration and reconstruction. The main body of

423-470: A focus on roots and grass. It had treatments which came from minerals, roots and grass, and animals. Many of the mentioned drugs and their uses are still followed today. Ginseng's use as a sexual stimulant and aid for erectile dysfunction stems from this book. Ma huang, an herb first mentioned in the book, led to the introduction of the drug ephedrine into modern medicine. According to Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, and S. Hadzovic, apothecary shops existed during

470-534: A lease from the Crown from 22 June 1580 for six acres of land and all tithes of grain from the town and fields of Cleobury Mortimer for twenty-one years; these had been possessions of the dissolved Wigmore Priory , employed for the maintenance of a sexton for the parish church . Mathews is recorded as living at Bishop's Castle from at least 1599 to 1611, including in the later heraldic visitation of Shropshire , though his letter from 1615 indicates that he lived at

517-500: A subordinate position", because a branch of the Pryce family occupied the Park around that time. Enoch Salisbury instead asserts that Mathews was "neither a Salopian nor a Welshman as some have thought, but a native of Monmouthshire , and born, it is believed, not far from Pontypool ". From his letters, Mathews seems to have considered himself Welsh, and of Celtic descent, referring to himself as

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564-527: Is apoteker , which was borrowed from the Dutch apotheker . In Yiddish the word is אַפּטייק apteyk . Use of the term in the names of businesses varies with time and location. It is generally an Americanism, though some areas of the United States use it to invoke an experience of nostalgic revival and it has been used for a wide variety of businesses; while in other areas such as California its use

611-459: Is Montgomery . In the 2011 census the village had a population of 708. The community of Churchstoke covers a wider area than the village, including the neighbouring villages of Hyssington and The Marsh . Recently the detached part of the community around Weston Madoc was transferred to Montgomery's community. The community is situated on a salient and covers an area of over 50 square miles (130 km ). The placename identifies it as

658-572: Is a sundial without gnomon on the south side of the church near the entrance porch. There are many fine mature trees in the graveyard, which are protected by law, as they are in the Conservation Area . Although physically in Wales, the churches at Hyssington and Churchstoke are within the Church of England Diocese of Hereford . When the Welsh Church Act 1914 had been passed to disestablish

705-1099: Is current and used to designate a pharmacist/chemist, such as Dutch and German Apotheker , Hungarian patikus , Irish poitigéir , Latvian aptiekārs and Luxembourgish Apdikter . Likewise, "pharmacy" translates as apotek in Danish , Norwegian and Swedish , apteekki in Finnish , apoteka in Bosnian , patika in Hungarian, aptieka in Latvian , апотека ( apoteka ) in Serbian , аптека ( apteka ) in Russian , Bulgarian , Macedonian and Ukrainian , Apotheke in German and apteka in Polish . The word in Indonesian

752-468: Is legally obligated to be run at all times by at least one Apotheker (male) or Apothekerin (female), who actually has an academic degree as a pharmacist – in German Pharmazeut (male) or Pharmazeutin (female) – and has obtained the professional title Apotheker by either working in the field for numerous years, usually by working in a pharmacy store, or taking additional exams. Thus a Pharmazeut

799-412: Is narrower than the nave . There are encaustic floor tiles throughout the chancel and sanctuary, and the tiled reredos has recently been uncovered. There is a piscina in the south wall of the chancel, and three 19th Century brasses. These were probably added in 1867. The south transept houses the organ and the north transept forms the choir vestry underneath which is the boiler house. The church

846-489: Is noon apothecarie, I shal myself to herbes techen yow, That shul been for youre hele and for youre prow. In modern English, this can be translated as: ... and you should not linger, Though in this town there is no apothecary, I shall teach you about herbs myself, That will be for your health and for your pride. In Renaissance Italy , Italian Nuns became a prominent source for medicinal needs. At first they used their knowledge in non-curative uses in

893-547: Is not always an Apotheker . Magdalena Neff became the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Germany when she studied pharmacy at the Technical University of Karlsruhe and later passed the apothecary's examination in 1906. Apothecaries used their own measurement system, the apothecaries' system , to provide precise weighing of small quantities. Apothecaries dispensed vials of poisons as well as medicines, and as

940-401: Is restricted to licensed pharmacies. The profession of apothecary can be dated back at least to 2600 BC to ancient Babylon , which provides one of the earliest records of the practice of the apothecary. Clay tablets have been found with medical texts recording symptoms, prescriptions, and the directions for compounding. The Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt, written around 1500 BC, contain

987-504: Is situated in a raised sub-circular churchyard which has been extended in recent times. A few signs of musket shots from the skirmishes in the Civil War can still be seen, notably on the soffit of the upper storey round-headed window on the north wall of the tower. The graveyard extension to the west of the church was consecrated in 1868. The earliest gravestone recorded is a sandstone slab to Sarah (died 1749) and Hugh Pugh (died 1768). There

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1034-404: Is still the case, medicines could be either beneficial or harmful if inappropriately used. Protective methods to prevent accidental ingestion of poisons included the use of specially-shaped containers for potentially poisonous substances such as laudanum . Apothecary businesses were typically family-run, and wives or other women of the family worked alongside their husbands in the shops, learning

1081-641: The Church in Wales , Churchstoke, and Hyssington with Snead parishes both straddled the England-Wales border . The Welsh Church Commissioners therefore carried out a ballot of parishioners in 1915 to decide whether the parishes of Churchstoke and Hyssington with Snead should remain part of the Church of England, or form part of the Church in Wales . The parishioners in Churchstoke voted by 390 to 70, and those in Hyssington with Snead by 108 to 33, to remain part of

1128-759: The Middle Ages in Baghdad , operated by pharmacists in 754 during the Abbasid Caliphate , or Islamic Golden Age . Apothecaries were also active in Al-Andalus by the 11th century. By the end of the 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer ( c.  1342 –1400) was mentioning an English apothecary in the Canterbury Tales , specifically " The Nun's Priest's Tale " as Pertelote speaks to Chauntecleer (lines 181–184): ... and for ye shal nat tarie, Though in this toun

1175-433: The Church of England. Churchstoke English Methodist church was built in 1879. A Gothic Revival building, it is built of polychromatic brick under a slate roof. A plaque records the building's construction. The village has many facilities including a large supermarket ( Midcounties Co-operative , formerly Harry Tuffins), as well as a primary school, two public houses (The Horse and Jockey and The Court House Hotel),

1222-829: The Italian peninsula. From the 15th century to the 16th century, the apothecary gained the status of a skilled practitioner. In London, the apothecaries merited their own livery company , the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries , founded in 1617. Its roots, however, go back much earlier to the Guild of Pepperers formed in London in 1180. Similarly in Ireland, Apothecaries were organized since before 1446. In Ireland and Great Britain they were allowed to diagnose in addition to compounding and dispensing, becoming regulated general medical practitioners and

1269-577: The Mercer's Company until 6 August 1572, when he paid to become a full brother and freeman, which was the last time he appears in their records. He seems to have continued to live in Shrewsbury, and trade as an apothecary there, until at least 1576, before retiring to Bishop's Castle . On 7 January 1577, he married Jane Broughton, daughter of Edward Broughton of the Broughton family , at Bishop's Castle. He obtained

1316-519: The church and in the ensuing battle the Parliamentarians set fire to the church door forcing the Royalists to surrender. The wooden belfry and the spire were added in 1815. The clock was installed in 1887. There is a suggestion that the tower was originally higher than it stands now. In 1751 the south wall of the church was taken down and a new south aisle was constructed. In 1812 the old church

1363-499: The church with its large high pitched roof dates to the second half of the 19th century, although the sequence of construction is not completely clear. The layout of the churchyard and its location immediately above the River Camlad suggests an early medieval origin. In 1881 the interior was laid out in its present form and the church was rededicated to St. Nicholas (having previously been dedicated to St. Mary). The church has

1410-410: The convents to solidify the sanctity of religion among their sisters. As they progressed in skill they started to expand their field to create profit. This profit they used towards their charitable goals. Because of their eventual spread to urban society, these religious women gained "roles of public significance beyond the spiritual realm (Strocchia 627). Later apothecaries led by nuns were spread across

1457-615: The early nineteenth century, and Hamer reported in 1869 that "several living persons remember the Matthews family residing at the Park", with one old man of that name still living in the area who claimed to be a descendant of Oliver Mathews. Salisbury reported that some of Mathews' descendants lived in Herefordshire as well as Shropshire , though none in Monmouthshire . His family's connection to Cleobury Mortimer may also have persisted, with

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1504-799: The first woman to be licensed to practice medicine in Britain by passing the examination of the Society of Apothecaries. By the end of the 19th century, the medical professions had taken on their current institutional form, with defined roles for physicians and surgeons, and the role of the apothecary was more narrowly conceived, as that of pharmacist (dispensing chemist in British English). In German-speaking countries, such as Germany, Austria and Switzerland, pharmacies or chemist stores are still called apothecaries or in German Apotheken . The Apotheke ("store")

1551-686: The forerunners of General Practitioners there. However, there were ongoing tensions between apothecaries and other medical professions, as is illustrated by the publication of 'A Short View of the Frauds and Abuses Committed by Apothecaries' by the Physician Christopher Merrett in 1669 and the experiences of Susan Reeve Lyon and other women apothecaries in 17th century London. Often women (who were prohibited from entering medical school) became apothecaries which took away business from male physicians. In 1865 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson became

1598-475: The name of this second wife is not legible in the parish records. In any case, "Jane, wife of Oliver Mathews, gent" was buried on 9 January 1611 at Bishop's Castle, with most sources assuming this to be his first wife, Jane née Broughton. Although his date of death is not known, Mathews had died by 2 April 1618, when his will (which had been made on 20 June 1615) was proved. Morgan states that Mathews' family held Park farm near Caersws for many generations, until

1645-586: The names Matthews and Oliver continuing there for several generations. Four works by Mathews are known, consisting of one letter with historical notes, two blackletter chronicles , and a final piece appended to the first chronicle: These manuscripts have been published a number of times. A 1693 letter from David Evans of the Ashmolean Museum to Humphrey Foulkes summarises Mathews' history of Caersws , and mentions his histories of Shrewsbury and Bristol . Evans had direct access to Mathews' manuscripts, and

1692-657: The nearby village of Snead . He and his wife had a daughter, Jane, and two sons, Thomas, and Edward. His daughter Jane married Shrewsbury goldsmith Thomas Gittins on 11 December 1599, and had at least three children by 1615: Thomas, Symon, and Elizabeth. Mathews' son Thomas, a mercer , was admitted to the Mercers Company on 4 October 1608, and had three sons: Thomas (bapt. 1616), Oliver (bapt. 1617), and Edward (bapt. 1618), all christened at St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury . One source, William Allport Leighton , reports that Mathews married again on 30 November 1602 at Church Stoke , but

1739-438: The old box pews and the interior was laid out in its present form. The exterior buttresses were added together with the nave windows and the ground level lowered around the church. The north and south walls of the chancel were rebuilt, and a new south porch was added. The aisles are divided from the nave by arcades of six bays above which is a frieze of timber arcading. The chancel is supposed to have been added in 1867 and

1786-415: The past such as urine, fecal matter, earwax, human fat, and saliva, are no longer used and are generally considered ineffective or unsanitary. Trial and error were the main source for finding successful remedies, as little was known about the chemistry of why certain treatments worked. For instance, it was known that drinking coffee could help cure headaches, but the existence and properties of caffeine itself

1833-597: The same year, he was admitted as a Burgess of Shrewsbury. He became a prosperous businessman, and in 1570/1571 is recorded as having owned land worth twenty shillings in the Welsh Ward of Shrewsbury. In 1571, Queen Elizabeth I gave the Manor of Arwystli to Robert Dudley , causing Mathews to complain of the "given awaie of the parkes of Caersouse from the burgesses to keep the King's breeding Mares." Mathews frequently served as warden of

1880-514: The spellings of names that he gives differ from Hearne's later transcription. This letter was collected with the correspondence of Edward Lhuyd , and published by Rupert Morris in 1911. Shrewsbury publisher Stafford Price sent the manuscripts to John Thorpe , who communicated them to Thomas Hearne ; Hearne transcribed them as an appendix to his History and Antiquities of Glastonbury (1722). In 1877, Shrewsbury publisher T. W. Bickley reprinted Hearne's 1722 transcription of all these manuscripts under

1927-655: The title The Scituation, Foundation, and Auncient Names of the Famous Towne of Sallop (the title of the most notable manuscript). Assessing his work in their History of Shrewsbury (1825), topographers Hugh Owen and John Brickdale Blakeway described it as containing "strange and unauthorised assertions", but noted that Mathews' statement that he was ninety-five years old when writing it "disarms all criticism", and ultimately write that he "amused his age" by penning it. Williams called his works "quaint and curious compositions", while editor William Valentine Lloyd described him as

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1974-463: The trade in tobacco which was imported as a medicine. The term "apothecary" derives from the Ancient Greek ἀποθήκη ( apothḗkē , "a repository, storehouse") via Latin apotheca ("repository, storehouse, warehouse", cf. bodega and boutique ), Medieval Latin apothecarius ("storekeeper"), and eventually Old French apotecaire . In some European and other languages, the term

2021-920: The trade themselves. Women were still not allowed to train and be educated in universities so this allowed them a chance to be trained in medical knowledge and healing. Previously, women had some influence in other women's healthcare, such as serving as midwives and other feminine care in a setting that was not considered appropriate for males. Though physicians gave medical advice, they did not make medicine, so they typically sent their patients to particular independent apothecaries, who did also provide some medical advice, in particular remedies and healing. Many recipes for medicines included herbs, minerals, and pieces of animals (meats, fats, skins) that were ingested, made into paste for external use, or used as aromatherapy. Some of these are similar to natural remedies used today, including catnip , chamomile , fennel , mint , garlic , and witch hazel . Many other ingredients used in

2068-400: Was Richard Mathews, a yeoman of Kinton near Chirbury , said by Richard Williams Morgan to have been from an "old and respectable family". Antiquary Richard Williams writes that they had "settled for many generations" near Caersws at Park farm, where he says Oliver Mathews appears to have been born. However, Edward Hamer, another antiquary, notes that if so they "appear to have occupied

2115-484: Was a precursor to the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology . In addition to dispensing herbs and medicine, apothecaries offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed by other specialist practitioners, such as surgeons and obstetricians . Apothecary shops sold ingredients and the medicines they prepared wholesale to other medical practitioners, as well as dispensing them to patients. In 17th-century England, they also controlled

2162-519: Was still a mystery. Church Stoke Churchstoke or Church Stoke ( Welsh : Yr Ystog ) is a village, community and electoral ward in Montgomeryshire , Powys , Wales . Located in the southeast of the Vale of Montgomery , it is overlooked by Todleth Hill, Roundton Hill and Corndon Hill . The rivers Caebitra and Camlad have their confluence just outside the village. The nearest town

2209-497: Was taken down and a new nave was built using stone from Churchstoke Hall and Churchstoke Quarries. It was roofed with slate from Corndon Hill and included a schoolroom and galleries. The present iron columns, made in Coalbrookdale , presumably carried the galleries. The columns, which have octagonal stone bases and square decorative capitals, now support the lowered roofline. In 1881 the schoolroom and galleries were removed along with

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