Lewis Institute
61-501: Northwestern University Law (1928) U. Chicago Department of Economics M.A.(1932) Foundations of Capitalism, 1959 Capitalism as a System, 1964 Oliver Cromwell Cox (24 August 1901 – 4 September 1974) was a Trinidadian - American sociologist . Cox was born into a middle-class family in Port of Spain , Trinidad and emigrated to the United States in 1919. Cox was often misconceived as
122-717: A Danforth Fellowship to continue his education; he obtained an MA (1957) and PhD in Sociology (1962) from the University of Chicago . Hare started his academic career in 1961 as an assistant sociology professor at Howard University , a historically black university in Washington, DC. He was dismissed in June 1967 after becoming increasingly involved with the Black Power movement on campus and leading student-faculty protests. In 1966, he wrote
183-422: A Marxist due to his focus on class conflict and capitalism ; however, Cox fundamentally disagreed with Marx 's analysis of capitalism. One of Cox's points of contention with Marx was to argue that foreign trade , and not commodity production for the private accumulation of capital , was the primary driving force in capitalist development . Cox was a founder of the world-systems perspective, which posits
244-486: A " Dougla " is a person of African and East Indian descent who may identify as being part of either group. There are multiple festivals on Trinidad, featuring the music of the Caribbean and the steelpan (which originated on Trinidad and is the country's national instrument); These festivals include the multi-national, pre-Lenten Carnivál , J'ouvert , and Panorama , the national steelpan competition. In addition to
305-543: A black faculty member of the college's English Department, and Allan Ross (an independent white intellectual who owned the Graphic Arts of Marin printing company near Sausalito ). They founded the journal, The Black Scholar: A Journal of Black Studies and Research ) in November 1969. The three had met at a bar frequented by San Francisco State faculty members in nearby Stonestown. Hare and Chrisman chipped in $ 300 each to launch
366-462: A letter to the campus newspaper, The Hilltop , mocking Howard president James Nabrit 's statement to The Washington Post on September 3, 1966, that he hoped to increase white enrollment at Howard to as much as 60%. Nabrit had been part of the NAACP legal team to successfully argue the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education case before the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that segregation of public schools
427-895: A master's degree in 1932. From there, he continued at the University of Chicago in the Sociology Department, where he received his Ph.D. in 1938, with a dissertation entitled "Factors Affecting the Marital Status of Negroes in the United States" written under the supervision of William Fielding Ogburn . Cox first initiated his teaching career at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas. From there, he also lectured at Tuskegee Institute in 1944, where many thought he would "bring them prestige." Later in 1949, he moved to Missouri, where he taught at Lincoln University until March 11, 1970, where he told
488-737: A member of the Black Faculty Union, but Hare was the only one invited to become a "quasi-member" of the Central Committee of the Black Student Union. (Student Danny Glover was on the committee prior to his years of becoming a successful Hollywood actor.) Student Ronald Dellums spoke almost daily at the noonday strike rallies; he later became a politician, serving in Congress and as Mayor of Oakland, California . The student-faculty strike disrupted university operations, and contributed to
549-470: A movement for "A Better Black Family." By 1979, in collaboration with his wife, Julia Hare, he founded the Black Think Tank. Among its publications was the periodical, Black Male/Female Relationships , which it published for several years. Hare continued to run a full-time practice of psychology and directs the Black Think Tank. In 1985, it published a small book written by him and his wife ( Bringing
610-480: A press conference with students identified as "The Black Power Committee," and read "The Black University Manifesto." It called for "the overthrow of the Negro college with white innards and to raise in its place a black university, relevant to the black community and its needs." Hare had previously published a book called The Black Anglo Saxons ; he coined the phrase, "The Ebony Tower," to characterize Howard University. In
671-520: A sailor to climb up to the main top and sighted a cluster of three peaks, therefore Columbus named the island Trinidad from the three peaks and Columbus's special devotion to the Trinity. Caribs and Arawaks lived in Trinidad long before Christopher Columbus encountered the islands on his third voyage on 31 July 1498. The island remained Spanish until 1797, but it was settled mostly by French colonists from
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#1733086218094732-457: A socioeconomic system that encompasses part or all of the world. Additionally, Cox was an important scholar of racism and its relationship to the development and spread of global capitalism , and a member of the Chicago School of Sociology . In 1929 he developed poliomyelitis (polio), causing both his legs to be permanently crippled and that was when he gave up his plans to study law. He was
793-533: Is a subsidence basin formed between the Caribbean and South American plates , and is bounded on the north by the coast ranges of Venezuela and the Northern Range of Trinidad, and bounded on the south by the Guayana Shield . This Guayana shield supplied fine-grained clastic sediments , which with the subsidence, formed a regional negative gravity anomaly and growth faults . Oil and gas discoveries from
854-464: Is diversified, based to a large extent on oil and natural gas . It is one of the leading gas-based export centers in the world, being one of the top five exporters of liquefied natural gas and the largest onshore natural gas well was recently discovered in southern Trinidad. This has allowed Trinidad to capitalize on the biggest mineral reserves within its territories. It is an oil-rich country and stable economically. The Venezuela Tertiary Basin
915-457: Is located in the Northern Range on the island, northeast of the town of Arima . As of the 2011 Trinidad and Tobago Census, the population was 35.43% Indian , 34.22% African , 7.66% mixed African and East Indian, and 15.16% mixed race . Venezuela has also had a great impact on Trinidad's culture, such as introducing the music style parang to the island. Many groups overlap. For example,
976-662: Is marked by a fault extending from the El Pilar Fault System in Venezuela. South of this fault is the Northern Basin, or Caroni Syncline , consisting of Tertiary sedimentary rocks unconformably overlying Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. South of this basin is the Central Range, consisting of Upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks lying unconformably atop Lower Eocene and Paleocene rocks. South of this range
1037-571: Is the Naparima Plain , a thrust belt of Oligocene and Lower Tertiary beds. Hydrocarbon bearing anticlines include those associated with Pitch Lake , Forest Reserve, Point Fortin, Penal, Barrackpore, and Balata Fields. The Los Bajos Fault is a wrench fault , with Lower Pliocene displacement of 6.51 miles, bordered on the north by the Siparia syncline, and on the south by the Erin syncline. Finally,
1098-767: Is the southernmost island in the West Indies . With an area of 4,768 km (1,841 sq mi), it is also the fifth largest in the West Indies . The original name for the island in the Arawaks' language was Iëre which meant "Land of the Hummingbird". Christopher Columbus renamed it La Isla de la Trinidad ('The Island of the Trinity '), fulfilling a vow he had made before setting out on his third voyage. This has since been shortened to Trinidad . Indo-Trinidadians called
1159-737: The French Caribbean , especially Martinique . In 1889 the two islands became a single British crown colony . Trinidad and Tobago was granted self-governance in 1958 and independence from the United Kingdom in August 1962, and it became a republic in September 1976. Major landforms include the hills of the Northern , Central and Southern Ranges (Dinah ranges), the Caroni , Nariva and Oropouche Swamps, and
1220-523: The Pliocene Moruga Group include Teak (1968), Samaan (1971), Poui (1972) and Galeota. These fields are mainly faulted anticline traps producing from depths of 1.2 to 4.2 km (0.75 to 2.61 mi) subsea, with Teak possessing a hydrocarbon column almost 1 km (0.62 mi) thick. The Northern Range is an Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous range of metamorphic rocks striking east and dipping south. The range's southern boundary
1281-837: The Southern Range consists of anticlinal folds, including the Rock Dome-Herrera anticline and the Moruga-West Field. East of this Rock Dome are en echelon folds containing the Lizard Springs Field. South of these folds is another fold trend containing the Moruga-East, Guayaguayare, Beach, and Galeota Fields. South of the Morne Diablo-Quinam Erin Field westward is a strongly folded anticline associated with shale diapirism , which extends west southwestward to
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#17330862180941342-606: The Temple in the Sea . The island of Trinidad has a rich biodiversity. The fauna is overwhelmingly of South American origin. There are about 100 species of mammals including the Guyanese red howler monkey, the collared peccary , the red brocket deer , the ocelot and about 70 species of bats . There are over 400 species of birds including the endemic Trinidad piping-guan . Reptiles are well represented, with about 92 recorded species including
1403-552: The "Conceptual Proposal for a Department of Black Studies"; he coined the term "ethnic studies" (which was being called "minority studies") when Hare was introduced by Garrett to a meeting of the Council of Academic Deans. which was considering the establishment of a program of "minority studies" the day Hare arrived on campus. At San Francisco State, the Black Student Union demanded an "autonomous Department of Black Studies." Hare
1464-570: The Black Boy to Manhood ). This was among numerous publications dealing with black youth, and contributed to the development of a 1980s movement for rites of passage for African-American boys. Both of the Hares lectured and promoted this practice across the United States. Julia Hare later published a book, How to Find and Keep a BMW (Black Man Working) (1995). Her comments at the Tavis Smiley State of
1525-665: The Black Union Conference in 2008 about black leaders were widely covered and posted to YouTube. Hare married fellow Langston University student Julia Ann Reed in 1956. She worked in communications and public relations, and later collaborated with him on several books and as cofounder of The Black Think Tank. Nathan Hare died in San Francisco on June 10, 2024, at the age of 91. He was predeceased by his wife in 2019; they had no children. With Robert Chrisman, Hare co-edited: Hare wrote books with his wife Julia Hare (formerly
1586-506: The Caroni and Naparima Plains. Major river systems include the Caroni , North and South Oropouche and Ortoire Rivers . There are many other natural landforms such as beaches and waterfalls. Trinidad has two seasons per the calendar year: the rainy season and the dry season. El Cerro del Aripo , at 940 metres (3,084 ft), is the highest point in Trinidad. It is part of the Aripo Massif and
1647-742: The First Pan African Cultural Festival in Algiers , which he had attended. He published articles from leading African intellectuals as well as the American activist Stokely Carmichael and recently exiled Black Panther leader, Eldridge Cleaver . Nathan wrote the lead article, "Algiers 1969: The First Pan African Cultural Festival," to "set the tone" of the journal. This article was reprinted in Abraham Chapman's New Black Voices (a 1972 paperback Mentor Book from New American Library). Its title
1708-703: The Pedernales Field in southeast Venezuela. The northeast portion of the Southern Range separates into a northern trend containing the Lizard Springs, Navette, and Mayaro Fields, while the southern trend contains the Beach Field. Trinidad is considered one of the best places in the world to catch Atlantic tarpon . Nathan Hare Nathaniel Hare (April 9, 1933 – June 10, 2024) was an American sociologist, activist, academic, and psychologist. In 1968 he
1769-503: The USA. Cox Published his most profound and influential book, Caste, Class and Race in 1948, just ten years after earning his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Chicago. Composed of over 600 pages of scholarship, the book remains a landmark of sociological analysis. Caste, Class and Race provided an alternative to the liberal pluralist view of race by attempting to integrate race and class in order to critique capitalism. Cox believed that
1830-573: The editorial board had become too enamored of marxist thought and was not publishing enough other representatives of black nationalist culture. He changed fields to psychology. He earned his second Ph.D., this one in clinical psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology, in San Francisco. His dissertation was Black Male/Female Relations. Hare set up a private practice of psychotherapy , with offices in San Francisco and Oakland. With his new practice, Hare also worked on developing
1891-465: The firing of President Summerskill and resignation of his successor, Robert Smith. The next president was S. I. Hayakawa , a semantics scholar. (He later was elected as a U.S. Senator). Hayakawa used a hard-line strategy to put down the five-month strike, declaring "martial law" and arresting a crowd of 557 rallying professors and students (the overwhelming majority of whom were white). Weeks later, on February 28, 1969, Hayakawa dismissed Hare as chairman of
Oliver Cox - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-405: The ideas of this justly famous writer as gospel, but because we have not discovered any other that could explain the facts so consistently. (p. xi) Trinidad Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago . The island lies 11 km (6.8 mi) off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It
2013-478: The island चीनीदत्त ( Devanagari script ) , 𑂒𑂲𑂢𑂲𑂠𑂞𑂹𑂞 ( Kaithi script ) , چینی دت ( Perso-Arabic script ) , Chinidat or Chinidad in Trinidadian Hindustani which translated to the land of sugar. The usage of the term goes back to the 19th century when recruiters from India would call the island Chinidat as a way of luring workers into indentureship. On Tuesday, 31 July, 1498 Columbus sent
2074-555: The journal, The Black Scholar: A Journal of Black Studies and Research ), of which Nathan Hare was founding publisher from 1969 to 1975. After earning his Ph.D., in clinical psychology, Hare set up a private practice in Oakland and San Francisco. Together with his wife, Julia Hare, he founded the Black Think Tank and for several years published a periodical, Black Male/Female Relationships. He and his wife have written and published several books together on black families and history. Hare
2135-681: The journal, working from a room that Ross made available to them rent-free in the Graphic Arts building. Ross came to the journal space after his own work to set type into the night. Other early members of the editorial board included Shirley Chisholm , later elected to the US Congress; Imamu Baraka , a noted playwright; Angela Davis , scholar and activist; Dempsey Travis, Max Roach , John Oliver Killens , Ossie Davis , Shirley Graham Du Bois , Ron Karenga , and Lerone Bennett . The first issue attracted attention because of its cover design. In addition, Hare used it to promote articles and thinkers from
2196-466: The largest species of snake in the world, the green anaconda , the spectacled caiman , and one of the largest lizards in the Americas, the green iguana . Trinidad is also the largest leatherback turtle nesting site in the western hemisphere; they nest on Trinidad's eastern and northern beaches. There are 37 recorded frog species, including the tiny El Tucuche golden tree frog , Trinidad poison frog , and
2257-419: The more widespread huge cane toad . About 43 species of freshwater fish are known from Trinidad, including the well known guppy . It is estimated that there are at least 80,000 arthropods, and at least 600 species of butterflies . The William Beebe Tropical Research Station (founded by William Beebe ), also known as Simla, lies 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Arima . The economy of Trinidad and Tobago
2318-604: The newly formed black studies department, the first in the United States, effective June 1 of that year. Then, Hare met with the Black Student Union and members of the Black Studies faculty as unofficial "Chairman in Exile" until the end of the fall. Ten years earlier, in 1959, while doing graduate study in Northwestern University 's Medill School of Journalism , Hare had been a part-time clerical assistant to Roger F. Hacket,
2379-569: The president at the college, Walter Daniels, that he was retiring. Cox moved and accepted a position as a Visiting Professor in the sociology department that was encouraged by Alvin W. Rose at Wayne State University of Michigan. Cox was a Marxist who criticized capitalism and race in Foundations of Capitalism (1959), Capitalism and American Leadership (1962), Capitalism as a System (1964) and his last, Jewish Self-Interest and Black Pluralism (1974). Perhaps Cox's most profound and influential book
2440-565: The racialized system in the US was a result of the intersection of class and democracy. Understanding race, and race relations in the United States requires an understanding of the context and history of capitalism in America. The Racial and Ethnic Minorities' Oliver Cromwell Cox Article Award (for Anti-Racist Scholarship) is given out annually and also The Section on Racial and Ethnic Minorities' Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award (for Anti-Racist Scholarship). Cox
2501-452: The son of William Raphael Cox and Virginia Blake Cox. Cox's father was William Raphael Cox. He worked as a captain of a revenue schooner , and later on as a customs and excise officer. Virginia Blake Cox was the mother of Cox and his seven siblings. Cox's uncle, Reginald Vidale was the Catholic school master at St. Thomas Boys’ School. He was a prominent teacher in the local school system and
Oliver Cox - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-602: The spring of 1967, Hare invited the champion fighter Muhammad Ali to speak at Howard. He was controversial for statements about black power and as one of numerous opponents to the Vietnam War . The champion gave his popular "Black Is Best" speech to an impromptu crowd of 4,000 gathered at a moment's notice outside the university's Frederick Douglass Hall. The administration had padlocked the Crampton Auditorium to prevent Ali from speaking there because of his statements against
2623-562: The test.) Hare won first prize at the meet, with more prizes to come in ensuing years. The L'Ouverture principal encouraged him to go to college and arranged for him to start at Langston with a full-time job working in the University Dining Hall to pay his way. By his junior year, Hare was working as a Dormitory Proctor of the University Men, and as a Freshman Tutor in his senior year. When Hare enrolled at Langston University , it
2684-565: The traditional Christian holidays and official public days (such as Boxing Day , Christmas , Easter Sunday, Easter Monday , Emancipation Day , Good Friday , Independence Day , Labour Day , New Year's Day , and Republic Day ) in Trinidad, the island nation also celebrates a significant percentage of its population's Indian ancestry (of both Hindu and Muslim backgrounds), with officially-recognised holidays such as Divali , Eid al-Fitr and Indian Arrival Day . Sites of cultural or religious significance include Mount Saint Benedict and
2745-566: The war, days before he refused to be drafted. Hare was dismissed effective in June 1967. Thereafter, Hare briefly resumed his own aborted professional boxing efforts. He won his last fight by a knockout in the first round in the Washington Coliseum on December 5, 1967. Hare was recruited to San Francisco State in February 1968 by John Summerskill , the college's liberal president, and the Black Student Union leader Jimmy Garrett. Hare wrote
2806-532: The white editor of the Journal of Asian Studies . Hare was inspired to dream of editing a "Journal of Negro Studies" ("Negro" was the commonly used word among blacks in 1959). During the next decade, Hare published articles in such magazines and periodicals as: Ebony , Negro Digest , Black World , Phylon Review , Social Forces , Social Education , Newsweek , and The Times . Months after being fired from San Francisco State, Hare teamed with Robert Chrisman ,
2867-572: Was Caste, Class and Race , published in 1948. Also in 1948 Cox published Race: A Study in Social Dynamics. In a scathing "Introduction" to The Black Anglo Saxons by Nathan Hare , Cox ridiculed what he regarded as a misguided approach to the study of race relations he called "The Black Bourgeoisie School" headed by E. Franklin Frazier. The title of Caste, Class and Race referred to the vigorous criticism of W. Lloyd Warner 's caste conception of race in
2928-539: Was born on his parents' sharecropper farm near the Creek County town of Slick, Oklahoma , on April 9, 1933. He attended segregated public schools, L'Ouverture (variously spelled "Louverture") Elementary School and L'Ouverture High School. The two schools were named after the Haitian revolutionary and general Toussaint Louverture ; they were part of the so-called "Slick Separate Schools" in the late 1930s and 1940s. When Hare
2989-616: Was eleven years old, his family migrated to San Diego, California during the defense buildup related to World War II. His single mother took a civilian janitorial job with the Navy air station. Hundreds of thousands of blacks left the South and migrated to California and other places on the West Coast, in the Great Migration through 1970, totaling 5 million in all. As World War II ended and his mother
3050-420: Was featured in Newsweek under an article entitled, "From the Ebony Tower." The New York Times would soon call it "the most important journal devoted to black issues since ' The Crisis ,'" the journal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Hare left The Black Scholar in 1975, in an ideological dispute over the direction of the journal. In an open letter, he said that
3111-475: Was featured on a cover that included pieces by Eldridge Cleaver , John Oliver Killens , Ernest J. Gaines , Robert Hayden , Malcolm X , Chester Himes , Imamu Amiri Baraka , Nikki Giovanni , Margaret Walker , James Baldwin , Ralph Ellison and Ishmael Reed . Through friends and contacts of Hare's wife Julia, who was then Public Information Director of the Western Regional office of the National Committee against Discrimination in Housing, The Black Scholar
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#17330862180943172-486: Was founded by black nationalists hoping to make the Oklahoma Territory an all-Black state. Langston, Oklahoma claimed to being the first all-black town established in the United States. One of Hare's professors was the poet Melvin B. Tolson . He was also elected mayor of the town for four terms, and was named poet laureate of Liberia . His spectacular style of teaching would be portrayed in The Great Debaters . Graduating from Langston with his BA in Sociology, Hare won
3233-513: Was highly respected in the community. Reginald transitioned from the position of a teacher to the Inspector of schools in 1943 and later became a city councilman, an alderman, and then mayor of Port Spain. Cox had three nieces Ann V. Awon-Pantin, Esther Awon-Thomasos, and Juliet Awon-Uibopuu/ He attended Saint Thomas Boys' School when he was in Trinidad, where he studied Math, English, Language and more. Cox attended YMCA High school and Crane Junior College in Chicago. Growing up in Trinidad, Cox
3294-548: Was laid off, she brought her family back to Oklahoma. This put on hold Hare's ambition to become a professional boxer, an idea he had picked up after adult neighbors in San Diego assured him that writers all starve to death. Hare's life changed in high school after he was selected in ninth grade to represent the class at the annual statewide "Interscholastic Meet" of the black students held at Oklahoma's Langston University . (His English teacher had administered standardized tests in English Composition, and selected him for his score on
3355-404: Was not Marxian because in his studies he strived to understand modern society, while the religious Marxists, in their exegetical discussions, center their attention not upon the ongoing social system but rather upon an explanation and criticism of Marx — a sort of rumination of his conclusions, incidental errors and all. If, therefore, parts of this study seem Marxian, it is not because we have taken
3416-450: Was removed from the racial discrimination and hostilities that are present in the United States. Cox grew up as a member of the majority group, in a predominantly black world where white Europeans were considered outsiders. This perspective influenced Cox's research and sociological exploration. In 1928, Cox earned a Law degree from Northwestern University . Cox also attended the University of Chicago Economics Department and graduated with
3477-405: Was soon involved in a five-month strike to establish such a department. The strike was led by the Black Student Union and backed by the Third World Liberation Front and the local chapter of the American Federation of Teachers . A broad range of students and professors participated in the strike, which also included community leaders and the Black Faculty Union headed by Hare. Mel Stewart was also
3538-408: Was the first ever recipient of the DuBois-Johnson-Frazier Award by the American Sociological Association . Cox's manuscript for "Capitalism as a System" is available for research in the Oliver Cromwell Cox Papers at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit. http://reuther.wayne.edu/node/14325 At best, Marxian hypotheses are "servants, not masters." Indeed, it has been said that Karl Marx himself
3599-450: Was the first person hired to coordinate a Black studies program in the United States. He established the program at San Francisco State University . A graduate of Langston University and the University of Chicago , he had become involved in the Black Power movement while teaching at Howard University . After being fired as chair of the Black Studies program at San Francisco State, in November 1969 Hare and Robert Chrisman co-founded
3660-406: Was the only college to admit Black students in the state of Oklahoma. The town of Langston and the college were named for John Mercer Langston , one of five African Americans elected to Congress from the South in the late 19th century, before the former Confederate states passed constitutions that effectively disenfranchised most blacks and ended their participation in politics for decades. The town
3721-420: Was unconstitutional. By 1966, the civil rights movement had achieved passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 . After that, some activists were seeking " Black Power ," as declared by Stokely Carmichael in Montgomery, Alabama, who was a former student of Hare. (Hare had also taught Claude Brown , future author of Manchild in the Promised Land ). On February 22, 1967, Hare held
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