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56-399: . Duke Frederick is the younger brother of Duke Senior and the father of Celia. Prior to the play he usurps power from his older brother. His hatred and paranoia are displayed when he banishes Rosalind, the daughter of Duke Senior. However, at the end of the play, as Duke Frederick brings his army towards the forest to kill his brother, he happens upon an old priest who convinces him to take up

112-412: A Protestant by many, this made Sir Robert Broke SL the only Catholic MP from London. The London delegation to that Parliament was said to have attended the parliament with an entirely commercial agenda: toiling at legislation to regulate London's physicians , chandlers in both wax and tallow, leather tanners and bowling alleys , as well as a measure to deregulate the sale of wine. Hill endured

168-616: A badge of a half eagle and a key. Curiously, this same device features on the front page of the second quatro edition of A Midsummer Night's Dream . It has been suggested that Hill's statecraft involved the accumulation of state papers and culturally important texts at Soulton, which then passed via the Alkington Cotton into the Cotton Library (which goes on to hold the Beowulf manuscript and copies of Magna Carta ) and this, alongside

224-404: A moment from the scoundrel. But her marriage with Oliver does not bring disgrace to her character. Oliver was a bad character but has changed into a good one by a sudden stroke. So Celia's marriage with Oliver is not a blot on her character. It has been suggested that Celia's role in the play is "subversive", in the sense that she adds to the sexual complications of the plot by her friendship with

280-570: A particular highlight. Hill was a cousin by marriage to Mary Arden , Shakespeare's mother. He was a friend of Thomas Lodge , who witnessed his purchase of the manor of Soulton in 1556. It is possible that "To Rowland" (an alias also used by Michael Drayton ) in Lodge's A fig for Momus (Eclogue 3) is addressed to Hill. It has also been speculated that Rowland Hill is inspiration for Rowland de Bois in As You Like It and his house at Soulton

336-744: A short spell of disfavour under Mary and was dropped from the commissions of the peace for Middlesex and Shropshire in 1554. He recovered the regime's confidence, however, and in March 1556, when the Henry Dudley conspiracy to depose Mary was discovered (leading to a series of trials for high treason at the Guildhall) he was commissioned as a justice for oyer and terminer (an assize judge), along with Sir William Garrard (that year's Lord Mayor) presiding), along with Sir Roger Cholmeley , and Mr Recorder Sir Ralph Cholmley . In June Sir John Gresham of Titsey took

392-437: A usurper like Duke Frederick. He ill-treats his younger brother Orlando , denies him good upbringing and education. He acts like a villain and even tries to kill Orlando by instigating the wrestler, Charles. By the end of the play he gets reformed and falls in love with Celia - which contributes to the happy ending of the play. He is the second son of Sir Rowland de Boys and the brother of Oliver and Orlando . He only appears at

448-486: Is a young shepherd who represents the romantic lover. He is madly in love with Phoebe, a rural girl who does not return his love. Throughout the play, Silvius behaves like a love-sick youth, pining away for Phoebe. He commits many follies and performs many ridiculous actions; even threatening to commit suicide if his love is not returned. Silvius is a typical dejected, petrarchian lover who has no self-respect. Phoebe treats him in an indifferent manner and exploits him to acquire

504-478: Is attracted by the courtly manners and wit of Touchstone and Touchstone probably discovers in her rich honesty. Their love is a parody of the romantic love of the hero and the heroine of the play. Corin is an old shepherd that, despite being in love during his youth, has outgrown his folly and attained worldly wisdom. He feels deeply for the enamored Silvius and tries to console him. He is a simple-hearted shepherd who eats what he earns, envies no man's happiness, and

560-406: Is both aware of the foolishness of romantic love and delighted to be in love. She teaches those around her to think, feel, and love better than they have previously, and she ensures that the courtiers returning from Ardenne are far gentler than those who fled to it. Jaques is one of the followers of Duke Senior. He acts like a cynic throughout the play. He is always in a melancholic mood, earning him

616-525: Is content with his lot. Touchstone calls him a 'natural philosopher'. Corin is an innocent rustic with a good deal of humanity in him. While thinking straightforwardly he never has any inhibitions to proclaim what is on his mind. For Corin, cause and effect exist in a vacuum without any further complexity or need for explanation. Life is seen from a simplistic point of view that renders him much easier to be happy. Corin's simple way of looking at life and things around him make him an intellectually esteemed member of

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672-406: Is frequently referred to in the play. Charles, the wrestler, relates that Celia loves her cousin so much that she would have followed Rosalind into exile in case Rosalind too had been banished along with her father. Le Beau, the courtier, describes their love as "dearer than the natural bond of sisters" ( As You Like It 1.2/277 ). This shows that her love for cousin is pure and supreme. Celia

728-494: Is independent-minded, strong-willed, good-hearted, and terribly clever. Rather than slink off into defeated exile, Rosalind resourcefully uses her trip to the Forest of Ardenne as an opportunity to take control of her own destiny. When she disguises herself as Ganymede—a handsome young man—and offers herself as a tutor in the ways of love to her beloved Orlando, Rosalind's talents and charms are on full display. Only Rosalind, for instance,

784-435: Is not prepared to exchange his life in the forest with the comfortable life at the court. He is deeply attached to Duke Senior and, therefore, has willingly accompanied him to the forest of Arden. Amiens does not, in any way, contribute to the action of the play. He does however sing two songs that allude to and perhaps clarify the plot. While his death has immediately preceded the events of the play, such that no actor performs

840-574: Is silent and reserved. She is more conventional than Rosalind and hence more worldly and prudent. Her silence is in contrast to Rosalind's talkative nature. However, Celia, by her prudence, exercises command over herself as well as over others. When the two cousins are alone, Celia is full of life and humour, but in the presence of others she is content to play the part of a spectator. She first listens and judges what to speak,then talks exactly opposite to Rosalind. Some consider that Celia's individual character has been overlooked by literary critics in favour of

896-680: Is the bible that was used by William Shakespeare , Oliver Cromwell , John Knox , John Donne , and others. It was also one of the Bibles taken to America on the Mayflower . The frontispiece is understood to have been the inspiration for Benjamin Franklin 's design for the Great Seal of the United States . This Bible was the first to be mechanically printed. The project of preparing this Bible during

952-654: Is the daughter of Duke Frederick and niece of the banished Duke Senior. Celia and Rosalind are cousins but they have sisterly affection. Celia is beautiful, but with a beauty less sparkling than that of Rosalind. Orlando describes both of them as "fair and excellent ladies". Celia is shorter than her cousin and less majestic in appearance. She has a gentle expression combined with a habitual serious appearance. Hence Rosalind addresses her at one time as "my pretty little coz" ( As You Like It 4.1/218 ), and at another as, "sad brow and true maid" ( As You Like It 3.2/218–219 ). Celia's love for Rosalind knows no limits and

1008-624: The 1978 BBC version of the play directed by Basil Coleman , and Romola Garai in the 2006 production directed by Kenneth Branagh . In a 1985 production by the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), Celia was played by Fiona Shaw . Sophie Thompson played Celia with the Renaissance Theatre Company , and in 1989 it was her first role with the RSC. In New York City, Cloris Leachman played Celia in 145 performances on Broadway at

1064-645: The Cort Theatre in 1950, and Renée Elise Goldsberry played Celia in 2012 at the Delacorte Theater Rowland Hill (MP) Sir Rowland Hill (Hyll or Hylle or Hull or Hall) of Soulton ( c. 1495–1561), was the publisher of the Geneva Bible , thereby earning the title "The First Protestant Lord Mayor of London ", having held that office in 1549. He was a statesman, polymath , merchant and patron of art and philanthropist active through

1120-560: The Catholic Counter-Reformation . Rowland Hill's protegee, Thomas Leigh, led the coronation procession and escorted the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth I through the streets of London on the day of her coronation, and he continued as a Privy Councillor to the young Elizabeth I in the early years of the reign, to the extent he was appointed a Commissioner for Ecclesiastical Cases in 1559, alongside Matthew Parker , newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury . The warrant established

1176-550: The Cheker, and ther took ther hoythe; and ser Rowland Hyll whent up, and master Hoggys toke ser Rowland Hyll a choppyng kneyf, and one dyd hold a whyt rod, and he with the kneyf cute the rod in sunder a-for all the pepull; and after to London to ther plases to dener, my lord mayre and all the althermen and mony worshiphulle men. Hill's roots in Hodnet put him in the orbit of the Vernon family and

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1232-498: The Forest of Arden with a number of loyal men, including Lord Amiens and Jaques. We have the sense that Senior did not put up much of a fight to keep his dukedom, for he seems to make the most of whatever life gives him. Content in the forest, where he claims to learn as much from stones and brooks as he would in a church or library, Duke Senior proves himself to be a kind and fair-minded ruler. The daughter of Duke Senior. Rosalind, considered one of Shakespeare's most delightful heroines,

1288-609: The Geneva Bible or New Testament were produced. This Bible's frontispiece is understood to have been the inspiration for Benjamin Franklin's design for the Great Seal of the United States. Hill was responsible for publishing of 26 other books between 1559 and 1562. These were on diverse and esoteric topics ranging from Rithmomachia to statcraft to theology to the New World and medicen , including: Some of his publishing work carried

1344-524: The Geneva Bible project in which Hill was also involved. Nevertheless, later in the same year hearing the indictment of Sir Ralph Bagnall for treason . Nevertheless, after the accession of Elizabeth he helped put into execution the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity . It is remarkable and unique that Hill had commissions to seize prohibited books under both the Protestant Reformation and

1400-472: The Golden World. His daughter Rosalind is kept at the court by Duke Frederick to company Celia. Duke Senior appears as a contented man who rarely feels adversity. At the end of the play he is restored with the kingdom by Duke Frederick. The father of Rosalind and the rightful ruler of the dukedom in which the play is set. Having been banished by his usurping brother, Frederick, Duke Senior now lives in exile in

1456-651: The Marching Watch or Mid Summer Watches in London. In these pageants 15,000 citizens all in bright harness, with coats of white silk or cloth, and chains of gold, passed through London to Westminster, and round St. James's Park, and on to Holborn. Hill's involvement is recorded in Lady Long's household-book at Hengrave , Suffolk, which notes that Henry VIII watched these marches from Mercers Hall with Jane Seymour ; "the presence of more than 300 demi lunces and light horsemen" were

1512-459: The Stanley family which included Elizabeth Vernon who married Shakespeare's patron Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton . Hill was a close friend of Sir John Gresham , who provided him with a black gown to attend his funeral and whose executor he was. Hill was a "trusty friend" of Sir Thomas Seymour, and was given land at Hoxten for life under his will. He was said to " ‘knew much of

1568-500: The affairs of the Mercers' Company . He was warden between 1535–6, and between 1543–4 and 1550–51 and 1555–6. His membership of the Mercers overlapped with Francis Wren, grandfather of Christopher Wren . In 1560 the Geneva Bible was published by Sir Rowland Hill, and he has subsequently been culturally associated with it. He was involved with the network of Marian exiles . This

1624-420: The commission stated; having especial trust and confidence in your wisdoms and discretions, [We] have authorized, assigned, and appointed you to be our commissioners; and by these presents do give our full power... from time to time hereafter during our pleasure to inquire,... for all offences, misdoers, and misdemeanours done and committed and hereafter to be committed or done contrary to the tenor and effect of

1680-444: The cross-dressing Rosalind. Celia effectively sets up home with Rosalind in the forest, requiring no male presence, and her marriage to Oliver may be regarded as a means of prolonging their relationship rather than the result of any affection she feels for him. Celia has been played by various notable actresses on screen. Sophie Stewart played Celia in a 1936 film, Rosalind Knight in the 1963 UK television series, Angharad Rees in

1736-442: The end of the play when he brings the news of Duke Frederick's reformation. Adam is the old faithful servant of the family of Sir Rowland de Boys, who spent four-score years in the family with unflinching devotion to his master. His loyalty to the old master is evidenced by the touching reference to the dead master when Oliver calls him an old dog. He loves Orlando, because he is the image and 'memory of old Sir Rowland'. He places all

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1792-403: The intent and purpose’ of Sir Thomas Seymour, Bishop Ridley refers to Hill in his farewell his friendes in generall before his execution. He was a member of the company of Merchant Adventurers . Rowland Hill was a guest of the family at the burial of Sir Thomas Wriothesley . He was left a piece of gold in the 1552 will of Chief Justice Sir Thomas Bromley (died 1555) ‘for a token of

1848-643: The lord mayor sat many times'. In the summer of 1553 John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (a colleague of Hill's on the Council of Wales and the Marches ) had attempted to place Jane Grey on the throne and was defeated by a rebellion in favour of Mary, and the executed as a traitor. Hill was one of the city's representatives in the first parliament of Queen Mary 's reign (October–December 1553), temporarily replacing Sir Martin Bowe (a Catholic); with Hill being regraded as

1904-565: The love between William and Audrey is superficial. Sir Oliver Martext is a vicar who is called to perform the marriage of Touchstone and Audrey. Lords and ladies in Duke Frederick's court Lords in Duke Senior's forest court Pages and musicians Hymen, the God of Marriage Celia (As You Like It) Celia is one of the important characters of Shakespeare 's As You Like It . Celia

1960-496: The love of Ganymede whom she loves. She constantly rebukes and insults Silvius, yet he longs for her love. Rosalind feels sympathy for him and scolds him for having become a 'tame snake' because of his passion for Phoebe. Finally, he marries Phoebe with the clever manipulation of Rosalind. Audrey is a homely and ignorant shepherd girl. Touchstone introduces her to the Duke as 'a poor virgin, sir, an ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own'. She

2016-403: The mart," is taken by pirates of Norway, to the loss to Sir Ralph Waryn, good Mr. Lock, Rowland Hyll, and others, of 10,000. Complaint was made to Thomas Cromwell was invoked to obtain letters from Henry VIII to the kings of Denmark, France and Scotland that search might be made. The loss to Hill and his coventurers was £10,000. The ship was recovered but not the cargo. Hill was prominent in

2072-472: The monastic life of peace and simplicity. Celia is the daughter of Duke Frederick. She has been portrayed as a foil to her cousin, Rosalind . She displays qualities of the head and heart similar to her cousin. Rosalind and Celia are intimate friends who have been bred and brought up together. It is the love for Rosalind that makes Celia choose a life of voluntary exile . In fact, Celia effects her own individuality so that her cousin may shine brilliantly all

2128-496: The more central character of Rosalind. Celia's love for Oliver is sudden, intense and uncontrollable, despite the knowledge of Oliver's past wicked deeds. In this connection, it should be remembered that love in Shakespeare is an irrational passion. Celia's marriage with Oliver has been criticised by many critics. Stopford Brooke opines that this marriage is against probability because it looks strange that Oliver should change in

2184-509: The more. 'Celia' literally means 'heavenly' and she is really divine. She may be called the 'moral heroine' of the play as Rosalind is its 'intellectual heroine'. Touchstone . Le Beau is a courtier in the Court of Duke Frederick; he commands the court. Charles is the court-wrestler, who appears in the first Act of the play. He is a source of some preliminary information regarding the two Dukes and their two daughters. Orlando fights against him in

2240-504: The place of Hill on the bench for the indictment of Silvestra Butler, in the same matter. Hill received, from Queen Mary two bucks of the season out of the great park at Nonesuch , on behalf of the city of London, in 1557. In 1557, when he was appointed a Commissioner Against Heretics the command for which gave: full power and authority unto you, and three of you, to inquire... of all and singular heretical opinions...heretical and seditious book... against us, or either of us, or against

2296-482: The play who frequently critiques the complexities of the court. William is a country lad - humble and silly. He comes to profess his love for Audrey but during his conversation with Touchstone, he does not show the depth of his feelings. He appears to be a coward . When he is threatened that he would be beaten and killed if he does not give up Audrey, he does not challenge Touchstone, his rival in love. Audrey's silence and her request that William should go away shows that

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2352-512: The quiet governance and rule of our people and subjects, by books, lies, tales, or otherwise, in any county... [and] to search out and take into your hands and possessions, all manner of heretical and seditious books, letters, and writings, wheresoever they or any of them shall be found, as well in printers' houses and shops, as elsewhere, willing you and every of you to search for the same in all places, according to your discretions. Intriguingly, this commission to collect such materials overlaps with

2408-496: The reign of Mary was extremely dangerous, and the forward highlights the perils attaching to those engaged in the project: for God knoweth with what fear and trembling we have been now, for the space of two years and more day and night occupied herein,,, the time persecution sharp and furious. Royal permission was obtained from Queen Elizabeth for its printing in England. In the eighty-four years of its publication, some 140 editions of

2464-542: The reigns of Henry VIII , Edward VI , Mary I and Elizabeth I . He is associated with the recovery and development of Tudor English drama a generation before Shakespeare, and events that Hill was involved in may have shaped one or more Shakespearean characters. As a political operator, he has been said to have been "influential at the highest level". Rowland Hill was born of an ancient Shropshire family (first recorded as 'de Hull' and 'de la Hull'), with connections to Court of Hill near Hope Bagot and Burford . He

2520-583: The release of George Ferrers , a member of parliament imprisoned for debt in the Bread Street Counter. King Henry VIII , took the side of the House of Commons in this case of member's privilege; however, he showed favour to Hill shortly after the affair by knighting him on 18 May 1542. He witnessed the surrender of St Bartholomew's to Sir Richard Rich in 1539. In the wake of the coup d'état against Protector Somerset , Hill took over as Lord Mayor for

2576-467: The repeated traditional memorialization of Sir Rowland Hill with Magna Carta offers a potential explanation for the battle of Wem in the English Civil War during which Soulton was ransacked. As Lord Mayor of London Hill was noted in contemporary records for relaxing the regulation of theatre in the city. Hill was involved, with his friend and fellow lord mayor Sir Thomas Gresham , in revival of

2632-408: The role in the drama, the ethos which Shakespeare established for Old Sir Rowland may be summarized as whatever qualities cultivate adoration and the appearance of divine grace. A possible 'real world' identity for this character, Sir Rowland Hill , has been conjectured. Oliver is the eldest son of Sir Rowland de Boys and the heir to his father's estates. In the beginning of the play he appears as

2688-544: The said several acts and statutes and either of them, and also of all and singular heretical opinions, seditious books A curious account survives of a rent payment ritual in London for the Merchant Taylors School in which Hill presided shortly before he died: The xxx day of September my lord mayre and the althermen and the new shreyffes took ther barges at the iij cranes in the Vintre and so to Westmynster, and so into

2744-440: The savings of his thrifty life and faces all unknown perils to save the life of the young master from the clutches of the cruel brother. Thus Adam has the 'soul of a servant to him'. He is a servant in the household of Oliver de Boys. A shepherdess who is in love with Ganymede who is really Rosalind in disguise. At the same time Silvius (another shepherd) who is madly in love with Phoebe tries to get her to love him back. Silvius

2800-468: The title of Melancholy Jaques and constantly criticizes the Duke and other characters. Also, he does not like the world of court and always criticizes it. He is a lead, and says two of Shakespeare's most common monologues. Lord Amiens was Elder Duke's friend. Amiens is one of the lords attending Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden . He agrees with the Duke when the latter says "sweet are the uses of adversity". He

2856-399: The wrestling match. It is his defeat which makes Orlando a hero enabling him to win the heart of Rosalind. He is also the means to convey Oliver's villainy and serves as a foil to Orlando. Duke Senior is the elder brother of Duke Frederick. He has been banished by his younger brother. He, along with his faithful follower, lives in the Forest of Arden and fleets his time careless as they did in

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2912-462: The year beginning in November 1549. This was a period of substantial religious uncertainty, but he oversaw some of the critical changes in the direction of godly Protestantism, including the removal of altars. Nevertheless, in 1549, as mayor at the height of the iconoclasm of the reformation, he adjusted the route his Lord Mayors day procession and said a de profundis at the tomb of St Erkenwald . He

2968-563: Was a close friend of Sir Thomas Bromley (a member of the Regency Council appointed for the minority or Edward VI) and was given a token under the will of that statesman. Of his conduct in office as Lord Mayor it was said "this mayor was a good minister of justice". His mayoralty witnessed a determined campaign against moral offences, the wardmote inquests being required in April 1550 to make fresh presentments of ill rule, 'upon which indictments

3024-534: Was apprenticed to a London mercer , Thomas Kitson , obtaining his freedom of the Company in 1519. In 1538, Hill, along with Sir Ralph Waryn and Mr Lock (likely William Lock) invested in cargo in the George Mody; she never reached her port of destination, because Norwegian pirates pillaged her, with correspondence between Thomas Thacker to Cromwell recording: One Mody's ship, with goods of merchants of London, "from

3080-497: Was born at Hodnet , Shropshire about 1495. He was the eldest son of Thomas Hill and Margaret Wilbraham, daughter of Thomas Wilbraham of Woodhey , Cheshire. He had a younger brother, William (a priest), and four sisters, Agnes, Joan, Jane and Elizabeth. Hill was born around the same time as George Vernon of Hodnet (died 1555) whose grand daughter Elizabeth married Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton , who have both been suggested as muses for Shakespeare's sonnets . He

3136-624: Was conceived of as a theatre. In 1541–42, he was elected sheriff of the City of London , and is recorded as being hosted by the incumbent Lord Mayor and provided with "a great stagge and tow fatt buckes". by the king as he entered this office. From 28–30 March 1542, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on the orders of the House of Commons , as a result of his 'abuse' of the Sergeant of Parliament sent to secure

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