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161-656: The Union Government's pension liabilities in Budget Estimate 2022-2023 on account of Old Pension Scheme for existing retirees is ₹2.07 lakh crore. The cost of pension for all State Government's combined Budget Estimate 2022-2023 is ₹4,63,436.9 Crores. The practice of pension payment to retired employees is evident in Colonial India since 1881. OPS has its origins since British rule when the Royal Commission (Lee Commission) on civil establishments in 1924 recommended half

322-586: A CAGR of 21% per annum in the 1990s. The pension outgo rose to 15,367 crores which was 0.56 per cent of the GDP and 5.8 per cent of net revenue receipts in 2003-04. By 2020-21, the Centre's pension bill had jumped to Rs 190,886 crore, 58 times in three decades. Several states are reintroducing the old pension scheme (OPS) and this has drawn criticism from various political leaders, economists, financial planners and subject matter experts. On several states reverting back to OPS,

483-662: A founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 . India was a participating state in the Summer Olympics in 1900 , 1920 , 1928 , 1932 , and 1936 . The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry . This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains,

644-414: A CAGR of 27% per annum. From 7,813 crore in 1995-96, in 2001-02 the pension expenditure of States reached Rs. 28,197 crore. The ratio of pension payments to States' own revenue receipts (which excludes receivables from centre and other monetary assistance due to federal structure) increased to a greater extent from 3.4 per cent in 1980-81 to 17.2 per cent by 2001-02. The growth of total revenue receipts of

805-536: A European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917. Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and, simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened. However, since the Government of India wanted to ensure against any sabotage of

966-624: A Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing

1127-477: A breach of trust for taxpayers. " A large chunk of government finance will go to as pension for a few retired government employees because of which many in the majority population will be deprived of basic health, education and other social welfare measures when the economic constraints rise eventually. He noted the OPS implementation is a political freebie and it will lead to wealth from poor to be taken and distributed among

1288-592: A champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society , which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among

1449-464: A committee chaired by a British judge, Sidney Rowlatt , and was tasked with investigating "revolutionary conspiracies", with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers. The Rowlatt Committee comprised four British and two Indian members, including Sir Basil Scott and Diwan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri , the present and future Chief Justices of the High Court of Bombay and

1610-464: A debt of Rs 74,622 crore and Sukhvinder Singh's government plans another debt of Rs 3,000 crore to pay salaries and arrears for its employees. This government has promised to add another 1 lakh jobs to existing 60,000 employee vacancy in its workforce. The 2022-23 Himachal budget noted that salaries account for 26% and pensions costs 15% of states expenses. While interest payment and loan repayment together amounts to 21%, welfare schemes for general public

1771-546: A demand for Purna Swaraj ( Hindustani language : "complete independence"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the Congress Working Committee , which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari . Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the Salt Satyagraha , in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to

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1932-616: A loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual Satyagraha . Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during wartime, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into

2093-499: A major fiscal drag worldwide. The pressure of pensions on Central and State finances is becoming increasingly burdensome. " Congress -led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) Bill 2005 in the Parliament to replace an Ordinance introduced in late 2004 by the earlier BJP -led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government. A major portion of outgo in government revenue

2254-520: A more radical resolution which asked for the British to declare that it was their "aim and intention ... to confer self-government on India at an early date". Soon, other such rumblings began to appear in public pronouncements: in 1917, in the Imperial Legislative Council , Madan Mohan Malaviya spoke of the expectations the war had generated in India, "I venture to say that the war has put

2415-402: A practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; Satyagraha , on the other hand, was for him the "last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause". Ahimsa or "non-violence", which formed the underpinning of Satyagraha , came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During

2576-561: A result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor Gopal Krishna Gokhale and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although small,

2737-631: A result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims. In the Lucknow Pact , the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916,

2898-425: A retirement fund during his service and the receivable pension is based on the balance in his pension fund at the time of his retirement. The fund balance is sum of individual contribution and the accrued yield earned on the investment of fund over a period of time. DC scheme provides more flexible and easy portable retirement benefits for the pensioner. In India's context, the extent of benefit at retirement relies upon

3059-416: A secure income for pensioners is the advantage of this scheme while the employer, i.e., government in this case, bears the risk. Having a pure DB or PAYG system of pension costs heavily on the Government finances. The scheme is non-contributory, i.e. the workers do not contribute during their working lives. Defined Contribution (DC) scheme like NPS is a type of in which the beneficiary makes contributions to

3220-579: A watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Government of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some 1.4   million Indian and British soldiers of the British Indian Army took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the Middle East . Their participation had

3381-536: A wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a founding member of the League of Nations in 1920 and participated, under the name "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Back in India, especially among

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3542-455: Is a ministry of the Government of India in personnel matters specially issues concerning recruitment, training, career development, staff welfare as well as the post-retirement dispensation. The ministry is also concerned with the process of responsive people-oriented modern administration. Allocation of Business Rules defines the work allotted for the ministry. Usually, though not always,

3703-511: Is a major concern. These employees in GIAs and LBs - such as Municipalities ; Panchayat raj institutions , Zilla Parishads , State Electricity Boards , Road Transport Corporations etc. - have certain advantages (e.g., non-transferability, perks, non-uniform terms and conditions of employment) which are not available to regular Government employees. As the employees of these bodies are generally not appointed by following established procedures for filling

3864-504: Is accumulated in the pension funds of its manpower recruited after implementation of NPS in the state. Punjab requires additional budget of nearly Rs 18,000 crore for implementing OPS. On 1 April 2022, Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot restored OPS in Rajasthan. The State Government demanded return of the entire corpus of 39,000 crores accumulated till date in the NPS accounts of its employees who joined

4025-568: Is benefitting a bunch of people who are on the top. Calculating all the expenditures, you have some 10-15 per cent of your receipts for development expenditures. The commitment to OPS is going to affect the development commitments. This is not sustainable in the longer run. " CRISIL Chief Economist D K Joshi pointed out " OPS is an unfunded pension and is therefore a pressure point. There is enough evidence globally, that unfunded pension schemes can lead to extreme fiscal stress at some point in time. It would be if can get that out. The New Pension Scheme

4186-486: Is generally held by the prime minister, but sometimes it has been held by other senior members of the cabinet, such as Minister of Home Affairs . The minister is generally assisted by a minister of state . The position is considered to be a powerful one as of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is the cadre controlling authority of the Indian Administrative Service , Central Secretariat Service and

4347-414: Is left with only 29% of the budget. Jharkhand state government has asked PFRDA to return the funds of their employees who joined the services after NPS came into force. On 18 November 2022, the state government of Punjab notified implementation of the OPS to the 1.75 lakh government employees who are presently being covered under the NPS. 1.26 lakh employees are already covered in OPS and Rs 16,746 crore

4508-524: Is much better as at least there is funding for it. " Finance secretary T. V. Somanathan cautioned states against bringing back OPS and remarked " It is a significant issue, which if not properly addressed, can very adversely affect the finances of states that are making the changes. It is one of the cases where you are appearing to save money today while creating huge problems for future generations and future governments " Reserve Bank of India in its 2022 bulletin on Risk Analysis of State Finances mentioned

4669-549: Is paid as pension benefits to its retired employees and hence considered as economic liability with potential to adversely impact the "fiscal soundness of the Government entities." The Union budget of India for the year 2001-02 acknowledged that the pension liability for the government has "reached unsustainable proportions". States' ability to meet the growing pension liabilities is directly proportional to revenue increment and decreased revenue expenditure. Huge pension costs over long time raises concerns on fiscal sustainability of

4830-583: Is voted to power in 2022 elections. On the lines of implementing OPS in Punjab, Aam Aadmi Party also made similar electoral promises for around seven lakh government employees of Gujarat. On becoming the Chief Minister, Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu declared the Congress government will restore the Old Pension Scheme in the first cabinet meeting. The CM announced restoration of OPS benefits on 13 January 2023 for

4991-635: The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes, and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India. To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two Rowlatt Bills . Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with

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5152-616: The Census of British India in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census—and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the 1857 Mutiny and the Second Anglo-Afghan War —about Indian Muslims rebelling against

5313-576: The Government of India Act 1935 , which authorised the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities. The future Constitution of independent India was based on this act. However, it divided the electorate into 19 religious and social categories, e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Depressed Classes, Landholders, Commerce and Industry, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, etc., each of which

5474-667: The High Court of Madras . It presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: Bengal , the Bombay presidency , and the Punjab . To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee unanimously recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects, and

5635-509: The Indian subcontinent , lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called Crown rule in India , or Direct rule in India . The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom , which were collectively called British India , and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy , called

5796-590: The Indo-Gangetic Plain , a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar Desert . In addition, at various times, it included Aden (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the Straits Settlements (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by

5957-543: The Minto–Morley Reforms , and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for Muslims, Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo-Indians , and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils. The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at

6118-560: The Partition of Bengal , which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there

6279-665: The Second Anglo-Afghan War ) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g. in the Vernacular Press Act of 1878 ). It was, however, Viceroy Lord Ripon 's partial reversal of the Ilbert Bill (1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the Bengal Presidency on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class — many educated at

6440-537: The Viceroy and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces. The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new diarchical system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately

6601-465: The World Economic Forum (WEF), Davos , cautioned that huge liabilities will build up in future if OPS is adopted. Later he suggested states to look for "less costly ways" to provide benefits for its retirees. Saugata Bhattacharya, Executive VP & Chief Economist at Axis Bank , termed the disaster of bringing back of OPS as a ticking fiscal time bomb . He stated " The problem with OPS is it

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6762-676: The princely states . The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire , though not officially. This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India ). It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj

6923-447: The untouchable community . By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was Bal Gangadhar Tilak , who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in

7084-591: The "stray instances" of the existence of excessive count of retirees availing pension probably due to absence of periodic and strict verification of the records of all the State Government pensioners. State governments spend huge amount of money in Pensions for its employees as compared to developmental expenditure like Health, Housing, Social Welfare for general public etc. Pensionary obligations to those employed in grant-in-aid (GIA) institutions and Local Bodies (LBs)

7245-592: The British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the other states under the Persian Gulf Residency were theoretically princely states as well as presidencies and provinces of British India until 1947 and used the rupee as their unit of currency. Among other countries in the region, Ceylon , which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of

7406-562: The British and Indians—not just between British army officers and their Indian staff but in civilian life as well. The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh , who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on,

7567-484: The British as independent states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India. Although the Indian Rebellion of 1857 had shaken the British enterprise in India, it had not derailed it. Until 1857,

7728-532: The British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils with the Indian Councils Act of 1892 . Municipal Corporations and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members. The Indian Councils Act 1909 , known as the Morley-Minto Reforms ( John Morley was the secretary of state for India, and Minto was viceroy)—gave Indians limited roles in

7889-459: The British, especially under Lord Dalhousie , had been hurriedly building an India which they envisaged to be on par with Britain itself in the quality and strength of its economic and social institutions. After the rebellion, they became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion and three main lessons were drawn. First, at a practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between

8050-497: The Congress primarily debated British policy toward India. Its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India. Thomas Baring served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who

8211-463: The Crown). In the three decades since, Muslim leaders across northern India had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. The Arya Samaj , for example, had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation, but also—distraught at the 1871 Census's Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to

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8372-490: The Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman expressed " We should look at a reasonable balance and what we are leaving for generations to come. Yes, you need to borrow for the economy to run, but unless we have a complete understanding of the fiscal health of the state, for not just today but future decades, the rush to a conclusion may not be good. " Raghuram Rajan , former RBI Governor in an interview at

8533-641: The Government of India reporting 379   dead, with 1,100   wounded. The Indian National Congress estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India. In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of non-cooperation , prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from

8694-518: The Hindu fold. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali, Muslim fears increased. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, "Bande Mataram", had first appeared in the novel Anand Math in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors. Lastly, the Muslim elite, and among it Dacca Nawab , Khwaja Salimullah , who hosted

8855-458: The Indian National Congress surprised Raj officials, who previously had seen the Congress as a small elitist body. The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as a ploy to exclude Burmese from any further Indian reforms. With

9016-508: The Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1947. The 1861 Census had revealed that the English population in India was 125,945. Of these only about 41,862 were civilians as compared with about 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 Natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies. Second, it

9177-422: The Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained within the purview of the British governor and his executive council. The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil services and the army officer corps. A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of

9338-507: The League's first meeting in his mansion in Shahbag , was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power. The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members;

9499-457: The Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800   members and did not yet have the wider following among Indian Muslims that it enjoyed in later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the United Provinces (UP), most prominently, two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali , who had embraced

9660-638: The Old Age Crisis" gave rise to the worldwide discussion on pension sector reforms. A High Level Expert Group on Pension was constituted on 25 June 2001 by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions which found that the implementation of the Fifth Central Pay Commission's recommendations resulted in "quantum jump" of government expenditure on pensions. It recommended setting up new pension scheme with contributions from both employees and

9821-483: The Pan-Islamic cause; however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at

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9982-465: The State Governments to its retired employees in 1979-80 was Rs. 268 crore. Pension expenditure of States in 1980-81 as a proportion of total revenue receipts (which includes grants & other receivables from centre) was 2.1 per cent. It almost doubled in a decade from 5.4 per cent in 1990-91 to more than 10 per cent in 2000-01. In the 1990s, State Governments expense towards pension was rising at

10143-487: The States in two decades during the period 1980-2002 was 14.3 per cent. It was much lower than the 23.6 per cent growth in pension payments. Combined expenditure for all states put together jumped by 125 times to Rs 386,001 crore in 2020-21 from Rs 3,131 crore in 1990-91. RBI in its 2003 study found that the committed expenditure of few States on salary, pension and interest payable for borrowed money together has already exceeded their total revenue receipts. It also mentioned

10304-403: The United Nations and the Food and Agricultural Organisation well into the 1970s. By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. Moreover, there was a growing solidarity among its members, created by the "joint stimuli of encouragement and irritation". The encouragement felt by this class came from its success in education and its ability to avail itself of

10465-406: The United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh ). Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change. Until

10626-411: The accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peacetime to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary." In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of

10787-405: The annual public Ganapati festivals that he inaugurated in western India. The viceroy, Lord Curzon (1899–1905), was unusually energetic in pursuit of efficiency and reform. His agenda included the creation of the North-West Frontier Province ; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of

10948-451: The benefits of that education such as employment in the Indian Civil Service . It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted dominion status in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly,

11109-490: The bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the Indian Penal Code . Even so, when it was passed, the new Rowlatt Act aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to

11270-410: The burgeoning Indian markets. Unlike Britain, where the market risks for the infrastructure development were borne by private investors, in India, it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million. Despite these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with the fourth largest railway network in

11431-589: The cadres of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Central Secretariat Service (CSS). DOPT supervises and controls the following organisations, namely — The department is mainly concerned with the formulation of policies regarding the post-retirement benefits of Central Government employees covered under the CCS (Pension) Rules, 1972. It also administers various welfare schemes for central government pensioners, i.e., redressal for Pensioners' grievances through CPENGRAM, an online pension sanction module for civil pensioners "Bhavishya", Sankalp, etc., under

11592-525: The case. Although the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of swaraj . The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas—both in his native Gujarat —one in

11753-456: The central and provincial legislatures. Upper-class Indians, rich landowners and businessmen were favoured. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. The goals were quite conservative but they did advance the elective principle. The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King George V came in person and

11914-571: The civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent incident at Chauri Chaura , the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s. The visit, in 1928, of the British Simon Commission , charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout

12075-412: The clock ... fifty years forward ... (The) reforms after the war will have to be such, ... as will satisfy the aspirations of her (India's) people to take their legitimate part in the administration of their own country." The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by

12236-572: The continuing distrust of Indians resulted in a declining base in terms of quality and quantity. By 1945 Indians were numerically dominant in the ICS and at issue was divided loyalty between the Empire and independence. The finances of the Raj depended on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The Raj's suppression of civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased

12397-721: The country, but especially in the Madras Presidency and in regions like Sind and Gujarat that had hitherto been considered politically dormant by the Congress. Both leagues rapidly acquired new members—approximately thirty   thousand each in a little over a year—and began to publish inexpensive newspapers. Their propaganda also turned to posters, pamphlets, and political-religious songs, and later to mass meetings, which not only attracted greater numbers than in earlier Congress sessions, but also entirely new social groups such as non- Brahmins , traders, farmers, students, and lower-level government workers. Although they did not achieve

12558-576: The country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the Bardoli Satyagraha , brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics. At its annual session in Lahore , the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru , issued

12719-652: The current 1.60 lakh employees and 1.30 lakh pensioners in Himachal Pradesh. The state has a relatively high government employee ratio and 63% of its revenue receipts is spent towards payment of salaries and pensions to government employees. On 3 March 2023, the state government declared that there will be no deduction in salaries towards NPS accounts of 1.36 lakh employees effective from April and those who were retired from service after 15 May 2003 will also be eligible for OPS. The 2004-5 state budget of Himachal Pradesh had revenue receipts of Rs 1252 crore of which Rs 591 crore

12880-464: The current pensioners. When the population of retirees is far less than population of productive young workers (low old age dependency ratio), the scheme yields high benefits with low contributions. Life expectancy in India has increased drastically over the decades. High old age dependency ratio and increasing number of unemployed youth could make this kind of unfunded schemes highly unviable. A Policy Research Report by World Bank in 1994 titled "Averting

13041-522: The decision of some state governments to restore OPS will give rise to a major risk on "subnational fiscal horizon". It noted the decrease in overall states' budget allocations towards medical and public health. Aditya V Kuvalekar, faculty in the Department of Economics at University of Essex , UK in his column published in The Indian Express wrote the revival of OPS in India " is bad economics and

13202-498: The direct administration of India by the British crown and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before the Mutiny. Since Dalhousie had embraced

13363-438: The economically better government employees. This, according to him, goes against the basic idea where the wealth from rich is to be distributed among the poor. West Bengal and Tripura were the only two states that did not immediately repealed OPS once NPS was implemented from 1 January 2004. After two decades of being scrapped, the OPS has been re-implemented for government employees towards fulfilling election promises in

13524-401: The economy and given the magnitude of the problem, structural alteration in the existing pension scheme would therefore appear to be necessary. The Economic Survey 2004-05 highlighted pension reforms in the chapter on Public Finance. About 89% of working population were out of any kind of post-retirement pension benefit. India need a universal pension plan for its entire population, especially

13685-452: The economy by moving from DB scheme to DC scheme. Under a PAYG scheme, current generation of workers contributes by paying taxes for the pensions of retired workers belonging to previous generation. This can be seen as direct transfer of resources from younger generation to older generation. It can have positive impact on poverty through income transfer to poorer workers. PAYG works well in the booming economy where active contributors outnumber

13846-466: The effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920. Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment crisis, and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces, a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation. The global influenza epidemic and

14007-481: The elderly which is estimated to reach 31.5 crores (315 million) by 2050. The Supreme Court of India in one of its judgement noted that pension for a retiree "is neither a bounty nor a matter of grace depending upon the sweet will of the employer." It did not consider the pension as an ex gratia payment, but a payment to employees for their past services rendered. The court held that it is a social welfare measure, aimed at rendering socioeconomic justice "to those who in

14168-525: The employees who joined the Central government services as per posts advertised or notified before 22 December 2003 one-time option to choose OPS before 31 August 2023. Defined Benefit (DB) scheme like OPS is a type in which the beneficiary pension is based on a defined formula which may have a percentage of salary or a percentage of salary times the years of service or a flat rate per year of service as its parameters. The simple administration with provision for

14329-418: The encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like Monier Monier-Williams and Max Müller , who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India, but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g. in

14490-533: The face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the Lucknow Pact and the founding of the Home Rule leagues , and the realisation, after the disaster in the Mesopotamian campaign , that the war would likely last longer, the new viceroy, Lord Chelmsford , cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion. Towards the end of the year, after discussions with

14651-564: The forefront of the nationalist movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre or "Amritsar massacre", took place in the Jallianwala Bagh public garden in the predominantly Sikh northern city of Amritsar . After days of unrest Brigadier-General Reginald E.H. Dyer forbade public meetings and on Sunday 13 April 1919 fifty British Indian Army soldiers commanded by Dyer began shooting at an unarmed gathering of thousands of men, women, and children without warning. Casualty estimates vary widely, with

14812-502: The form predominantly of the Swadeshi ("buy Indian") campaign led by two-time Congress president, Surendranath Banerjee , and involved boycott of British goods. The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan Bande Mataram ("Hail to the Mother"), which invoked a mother goddess, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess Kali . Sri Aurobindo never went beyond

14973-519: The founding of the All-India Muslim League in Dacca . Although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief Lord Kitchener and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of

15134-401: The full control of their hereditary rulers, with no popular government. To prepare for elections Congress built up its grass roots membership from 473,000 in 1935 to 4.5   million in 1939. In the 1937 elections Congress won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India. Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. The widespread voter support for

15295-557: The government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith—in light of the Indian war role—through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but, most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps. After more discussion, in August 1917,

15456-464: The government to a pension fund under an independent Development and Regulatory Authority. The report submitted by the group to government noted in its foreword: " The logic of the welfare state had prompted most of the developed countries to introduce increasingly liberal post-retirement benefits to their citizens. However, demographic changes in these highly industrialised and post-industrialised societies have made such pension commitments unsustainable in

15617-538: The heyday of their life ceaselessly toiled for the employer on an assurance that in their old age they would not be left in the lurch." After the economic liberalization of 1991, the pay in Private sector was gradually seen as better than that in Public sector. Various studies reveal mixed evidence of one being better than other. Job security with assured pension provisions post-retirement can be an incentive to acquire and retain

15778-475: The instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. In the second half of the 19th century, both

15939-483: The island at that time (now Sri Lanka ) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens . These coastal regions were temporarily administered under Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan , having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by

16100-534: The law when he edited the Bande Mataram magazine; it preached independence but within the bounds of peace as far as possible. Its goal was Passive Resistance. The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when students returned home to their villages and towns. Some joined local political youth clubs emerging in Bengal at the time, some engaged in robberies to fund arms, and even attempted to take

16261-538: The leaders of the Indian National Congress , the war led to calls for greater self-government for Indians. At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and Mesopotamia , had led the previous viceroy, Lord Harding , to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops". Revolutionary violence had already been a concern in British India; consequently, in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw

16422-412: The lives of Raj officials. However, the conspiracies generally failed in the face of intense police work. The Swadeshi boycott movement cut imports of British textiles by 25%. The swadeshi cloth, although more expensive and somewhat less comfortable than its Lancashire competitor, was worn as a mark of national pride by people all over India. The overwhelming, but predominantly Hindu, protest against

16583-426: The long run. Pension reform has, therefore, now become a major public policy issue in most developed countries. " Reserve Bank of India (RBI) decided in its Eleventh Conference of State Finance Secretaries (2003) to constitute a group for studying "the pension liabilities of the State Governments" and to come up with suitable recommendations. The Economic Survey 2004-05 pointed out that " Unfunded pensions have become

16744-551: The magnitude or character of a nationwide mass movement, the Home Rule leagues both deepened and widened organised political agitation for self-rule in India. The British authorities reacted by imposing restrictions on the Leagues, including shutting out students from meetings and banning the two leaders from travelling to certain provinces. The year 1915 also saw the return of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to India. Already known in India as

16905-517: The ministry is headed by the prime minister , with a minister of state reporting to him. In 1954, on the recommendation of Paul H. Appleby report, an Organisation and Methods (O&M) Division was set up in the Cabinet Secretariat . In 1964, the O&;M Division was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs , under the newly created Department of Administrative Reforms. In 1970, on the basis of

17066-429: The new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British political philosophers, especially the utilitarians assembled in Bombay — founded the Indian National Congress . The 70 men elected Womesh Chunder Bonerjee as the first president. The membership consisted of a westernised elite, and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base. During its first 20 years,

17227-475: The new Liberal secretary of state for India, Edwin Montagu , announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire". Although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in

17388-614: The newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After, the Great Famine of 1876–1878 , The Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the Indian Famine Codes , the earliest famine scales and programmes for famine prevention, were instituted. In one form or other, they would be implemented worldwide by

17549-402: The numerous drawbacks of opting for OPS particularly in terms of medium-term fiscal sustainability and the tax burden on future generations. There will be no immediate financial strain on the budget if the states reinstate OPS. But when the recruits from 2004-05 currently under NPS begin to retire from 2034 onwards, the state finances will be affected to a greater extent. Committed expenditure in

17710-493: The outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, Lord Linlithgow , declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab. Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

17871-469: The partition of Bengal and the fear in its wake of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite in India to meet with the new viceroy, Lord Minto in 1906 and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to

18032-474: The party to power again. Alliance of Left - Congress also promised to re-introduce OPS if they win elections in 2023. By 2005-06, almost every state in India has adopted NPS for their government employees except for West Bengal. British rule The British Raj ( / r ɑː dʒ / RAHJ ; from Hindustani rāj , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British Crown on

18193-483: The power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial. With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By the end of 1919, 1.5   million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146   million in revenue for the war. The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had

18354-561: The power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. Again the outbreak of war strengthened them, in the face of the Quit India movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside. In 1935, after the Round Table Conferences, Parliament passed

18515-539: The provinces—with India emphatically within the British Empire—it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony. Montagu and Chelmsford presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for

18676-515: The provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control. Its scope was unsatisfactory to the Indian political leadership, famously expressed by Annie Besant as something "unworthy of England to offer and India to accept". In 1917, as Montagu and Chelmsford were compiling their report,

18837-562: The purpose of identifying who among the Indian population could vote in future elections, the Government of India Act 1919 (also known as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms ) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and Imperial legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by

18998-419: The quantum of employee's along with the government's contribution and the returns thereon, while the investment risk is borne by the employees. Since pension is both a reward for continuous service till the formal age of retirement as well as a form social security in old age, India favored a restructured pension ensuring a balance between retirement benefit of the government employees and the financial burden on

19159-401: The rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on sati by Lord William Bentinck . It was now felt that traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion, even when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in

19320-600: The recommendations of the Administrative Reforms Commission , the Department of Personnel was set up in the Cabinet Secretariat. In 1973, the two departments were merged to form a Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms in the Cabinet Secretariat. In 1977, the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs. And, in 1985, a full-fledged ministry

19481-464: The reform process by extremists, and since its reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased governmental control, it also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime. After the 1906 split between the moderates and the extremists in the Indian National Congress , organised political activity by the Congress had remained fragmented until 1914, when Bal Gangadhar Tilak

19642-414: The removal of untouchability from Indian society; and the exercise of swadeshi —the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian cottage industry . The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and Ahimsa , while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that

19803-502: The rural Kaira district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of Ahmedabad , where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence,

19964-401: The salary during active service to be given as pension after retirement for its recruits serving in India. Adoption of Government of India Act 1935 further strengthened the provisions of pension benefits to government employees in the pre-independence era. An employee joining the central or state services prior to 1 January 2004 would receive pension payments as lifetime income security from

20125-416: The same if Congress is voted to power in the 2023 Telangana state elections. Tripura scrapped OPS and implemented NPS in 2015. CPI-M formed the government in the state for nearly 25 years until BJP won the state elections in 2018. CPI-M made electoral promise to persuade the 80,800 pensioners and 1.04 lakh government employees among the 28 lakh voters in the state that OPS will be re-implemented if they vote

20286-523: The satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement. In 1916, in

20447-557: The sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the Round Table Conferences . In local terms, British control rested on the Indian Civil Service (ICS), but it faced growing difficulties. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, and

20608-665: The smoke nuisance in Calcutta. Trouble emerged for Curzon when he divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India, the Bengal Province , into the Muslim-majority province of Eastern Bengal and Assam and the Hindu-majority province of West Bengal (present-day Indian states of West Bengal , Bihar , and Odisha ). Curzon's act, the Partition of Bengal , had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since

20769-502: The spheres of restructuring the government, process improvement, organisation and methods and grievance handling, and by promoting modernization, Citizen's Charters, award schemes, e-governance, and best practices. It provides online grievance redress services through Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System . The Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions is the cabinet minister in charge of Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The position

20930-432: The state budgets consisting of interest payments on borrowed money and salaries to government employees along with pensions for retirees accounts for a significant portion of the total revenue expenditure (over 35%) in states like Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, etc., leaving little scope for developmental expenditure. In 2023, RBI published a report in 2023 titled 'State Finances: A Study of Budgets of 2022-23' in which it remarked

21091-458: The states of Himachal Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Rajasthan , Jharkhand and Punjab . To a question in 2022 Lok Sabha session raised by Asaduddin Owaisi of AIMIM , the ruling BJP Government has clarified that there is no proposal under consideration for restoration of the Old Pension Scheme (OPS). Chhattisgarh adopted NPS on 1 November 2004. The Old Pension Scheme for State Government employees

21252-446: The superiority of this new form of organised agitation, which had achieved some success in the Irish home rule movement , over the political violence that had intermittently plagued the subcontinent during the years 1907–1914. The two Leagues focused their attention on complementary geographical regions: Tilak's in western India, in the southern Bombay presidency , and Besant's in the rest of

21413-667: The talented workers. However, it is also a fact that the work efficiency of most government employees with long service is always under question. The ever increasing year-on-year budgetary allocation for pension expenditure can be attributed to a number of factors which include expansion in the number of Government employees; extension of pension benefits to those employed in various non-Government offices like Grant-in-Aid Institutions and Local Bodies; impact of various pay revisions; introduction of wage indexation, and significant improvement in life expectancy which results in prolonged payment of pension to retirees. The cost of pension payments of

21574-531: The technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw the rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India, and telegraph links were equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland, could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay , for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back for sale in

21735-459: The time of Lord William Bentinck, but was never acted upon. Though some considered it administratively felicitous, it was communally charged. It sowed the seeds of division among Indians in Bengal, transforming nationalist politics as nothing else before it. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants, protested fervidly. Following

21896-410: The time of retirement (at age 58, in most cases) until death. This was an entitlement for government employees for their services rendered during the tenure which often lasted more than three decades. The amount received monthly as Superannuation Pension was derived from number of years served and 10-month average salary before the retirement. However, Gratuity and Provident Fund are received as lumpsum at

22057-504: The time of retirement. Existing faculties from of Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Central Universities , and dozens of other CEIs shifting from one such institution to another after January 2004 were allowed by the HRD Ministry to continue with OPS. Following a supreme court order in 2023, Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare (DPPW) allowed

22218-417: The time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen as such by the British. During 1916, two Home Rule Leagues were founded within the Indian National Congress by Tilak and Annie Besant , respectively, to promote Home Rule among Indians, and also to elevate the stature of the founders within the Congress itself. Besant, for her part, was also keen to demonstrate

22379-541: The total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate. In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts. Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of

22540-513: The umbrella of Pensioners' Portal. However, the pensioners of Ministries of Railways and Defence are governed by their respective pension rules. The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances is to facilitate the pursuit of excellence in governance through the promotion of: The department acts as a facilitator, in consultation with central ministries/departments, states/UT administrations, organisations and individuals, to improve government functioning through administrative reforms in

22701-405: The vacancies under State Government machinery, State Governments are not legally obliged to accept any financial obligation on them. The pension expenditure of Central Government in 1990-91 was 0.38 per cent of GDP and 3.9 per cent of net revenue amounting to 2,138 crores. In 1993-94, the pension liability jumped to 0.6 per cent of GDP at 5,206 crores. The pension cost for exchequer was growing at

22862-517: The wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the Turkish Sultan , or Khalifah , had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca , Medina , and Jerusalem , and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as

23023-494: The whims of those markets, lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders. The latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale famines in India . Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying, and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in

23184-573: The workforce after enactment of PFRDA law. Gehlot has considered the option to escalate this matter to Supreme Court if funds are not returned and claimed the BJP lost the 2022 state elections to Congress including Himachal Pradesh "over the issue of OPS". Tamil Nadu has not implemented the NPS for its government employees and is not in agreement with PFRDA . N. Uttam Kumar Reddy , Lok Sabha Congress MP from Suryapet Assembly constituency and former MLA, demanded restoration of OPS and made electoral promise of

23345-524: The world and a history of 60 years of its construction, only ten per cent of the "superior posts" in the Indian Railways were held by Indians. The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets. Many small farmers, dependent on

23506-444: The years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of Satyagraha in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws. Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay, Hind Swaraj , (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of Swaraj , or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims;

23667-605: Was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Union of India (later the Republic of India ) and Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ). Later, the People's Republic of Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan. At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma ,

23828-567: Was a gap which had to be filled by the production of those goods in India itself. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The large Bengali Hindu middle-class (the Bhadralok ), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political assertiveness. The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision took

23989-630: Was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the Defence of India Act 1915 , which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process, and added to the power it already had under the Indian Press Act of 1910 to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press. It was under the Defence of India act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and Annie Besant ,

24150-422: Was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed Myanmar in 1989. The Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden was also part of British India at the inception of the British Raj, and became a separate colony known as Aden Colony in 1937 as well. As India , it was a founding member of the League of Nations , and

24311-517: Was also felt that both the princes and the large land-holders, by not joining the rebellion, had proved to be, in Lord Canning's words, "breakwaters in a storm". They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their territories guaranteed. At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of

24472-528: Was created with the name Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions with three separate departments under it: The ministry comprises three departments viz:- DOPT is concerned with the formulation of policy and the watchdog of the Government ensuring that certain accepted standards and norms, as laid down by it, are followed by all ministries/departments in the recruitment, regulation of service conditions and posting transfers and deputation of personnel as well as other related issues. It solely controls

24633-455: Was crowned Emperor of India . He announced the capital would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This period saw an increase in the activities of revolutionary groups , which included Bengal's Anushilan Samiti and the Punjab's Ghadar Party . However, the British authorities were able to crush violent rebels swiftly, partly because the mainstream of educated Indian politicians opposed violent revolution. The First World War would prove to be

24794-461: Was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as viceroys appointed by Conservative governments. Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example, Pandita Ramabai , poet, Sanskrit scholar, and

24955-550: Was given separate representation in the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. A voter could cast a vote only for candidates in his own category. The 1935 Act provided for more autonomy for Indian provinces, with the goal of cooling off nationalist sentiment. The act provided for a national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government, but the rulers of the princely states managed to block its implementation. These states remained under

25116-403: Was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting indigo (for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, Rajendra Prasad , from Bihar, who would become

25277-615: Was perpetuating not only the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of swaraj ; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society. Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in Champaran district in Bihar , near the Nepal border, where he

25438-553: Was reinstated by Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel on 11 May 2022. The state government's demand for Central Government and PFRDA to return the accumulated corpus of 17,000 crores in pension funds of its three lakh employees under NPS since 2004 did not yield as there are no such provisions in the existing regulations. INC leader Rahul Gandhi accused the BJP government of making elderly people dependents and promised restoration of OPS as they have done in Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh if Congress

25599-420: Was released from prison and began to sound out other Congress leaders about possible reunification. That, however, had to wait until the demise of Tilak's principal moderate opponents, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pherozeshah Mehta , in 1915, whereupon an agreement was reached for Tilak's ousted group to re-enter the Congress. In the 1916 Lucknow session of the Congress, Tilak's supporters were able to push through

25760-572: Was spent on pensions. For the year 2021-22, out Rs 9,282 crores revenue receipts the government paid Rs 7082 crores towards pensions. By introducing the Himachal Pradesh Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Amendment) Bill, 2023 , the newly formed Congress government increased limit of borrowing by additional 50% from the existing 4% of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) to 6%. The state has accumulated

25921-425: Was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled Satyagraha (or Striving for Truth). For Gandhi, Satyagraha was different from " passive resistance ", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as

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