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69-594: Charles Edward Fuller (April 25, 1887 – March 18, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and a radio evangelist . He was born in Los Angeles to a prosperous southern California orange grove owner in 1887. Although raised by devout Methodists, he displayed little interest in religious matters as a youth. Fuller graduated from Pomona College in 1910 as a chemist and worked in his father's citrus-packing business in southern California until 1918. Fuller married his high school sweetheart, Grace Payton, in 1910. Fuller

138-558: A congregationalist polity . This cooperative relationship allows the development of common organizations, for mission and societal purposes, such as humanitarian aid , schools, theological institutes and hospitals. The majority of Baptist churches are part of national denominations (or 'associations' or 'cooperative groups'), as well as the Baptist World Alliance (BWA), formed in 1905 by 24 Baptist denominations from various countries. The BWA's goals include caring for

207-633: A Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island , and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island . According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking." The First Great Awakening energized

276-571: A Baptist minister, he pastored a group that named itself the Calvary Church. Fuller held revival meetings down the West Coast of the United States, and soon began using radio as a method to get his message out. By 1930, he was regularly broadcasting Calvary's Sunday school services as well as Bible study programs in the local area. Eventually, the time he spent on the radio broadcast conflicted with

345-546: A Baptist-type church. In 2020, according to the researcher Sébastien Fath of the CNRS , the Baptist movement has around 170 million believers in the world. According to a census released in 2024, the BWA includes 266 participating fellowships in 134 countries, with 178,000 churches and 51 million baptized members. These statistics may not be fully representative, however, since some churches in

414-487: A faith development organization. Barna has written more than 50 books, mostly addressing cultural trends, leadership, spiritual development, and church dynamics. They include New York Times bestsellers and several award-winning books. His works have been translated into more than a dozen foreign languages. He has sold more books based on survey research related to matters of faith than any author in American history. His work

483-560: A few churches that submit to the leadership of a body of elders , as well as the Episcopal Baptists who have an Episcopal system . Baptists generally believe in the literal Second Coming of Christ. Beliefs among Baptists regarding the "end times" include amillennialism , both dispensational and historic premillennialism , with views such as postmillennialism and preterism receiving some support. Some additional distinctive Baptist principles held by many Baptists: Since there

552-585: A gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists ." A minority view is that early 17th century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view,

621-455: A house church, and has helped to start several churches. After graduating summa cum laude from Boston College, Barna earned two master's degrees from Rutgers University and received an honorary doctorate from Dallas Baptist University. After attending high school and college together, George and his wife Nancy married in 1978. They have three adopted daughters — two from Guatemala , one from Russia and three grandchildren. They live on

690-573: A key role in encouraging religious freedom and the doctrine of separation of church and state. Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth of Jesus ; miracles; substitutionary atonement for sins through the death , burial , and bodily resurrection of Jesus ; the Trinity ; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the Son of God , his death and resurrection); grace;

759-608: A more biblical "truth" had been discovered. During the Reformation, the Church of England ( Anglicans ) separated from the Roman Catholic Church . There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of

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828-408: A plaque marks the site of Fuller's broadcasts. Co-authors Kraphol and Lippy write the following about his legacy: "When Fuller died in 1968, his important role as a major figure in the development of post-World War II neoevangelicalism was not fully appreciated. Yet, his organizational skill, his masterful use of the radio medium, his vision for Christian higher education, and his willingness to moderate

897-460: A religious perspective that was strongly weighted toward fundamentalism and dispensationalism . Fuller then dabbled in volunteer religious work in the Los Angeles area for several years until his fundamentalist views forced him and many of his Sunday school class to split from Placentia Presbyterian in 1925." Initially a Presbyterian , he became a Baptist minister in 1925. After his ordination as

966-558: A result of his work, Barna has coined several terms, including: Barna is known for providing extensive surveys regarding Christianity and the state of the church. Among his findings that have generated substantial interest or controversy in recent years include: Barna considers Maximum Faith to be his most significant book. Others that he cites as being especially valuable include Transforming Children into Spiritual Champions, Think Like Jesus, The Power of Vision, and Revolution. Since 2009 in addition to writing his own books he has also been

1035-776: A statement of their faith and beliefs. Baptist theology shares many doctrines with evangelical theology . It is based on believers' Church doctrine. Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by school of thought—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups, and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds —to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Baptist denominations are traditionally seen as belonging to two parties, General Baptists who uphold Arminian theology, and Particular Baptists who uphold Reformed theology (Calvinism). During

1104-470: A tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized ; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism." Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected

1173-534: Is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely —called Anabaptists." Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611, and he published the first Baptist confession of faith "A Declaration of Faith of English People" in 1611. He founded

1242-494: Is frequently cited as an authoritative source by the media. Barna has been hailed as “the most quoted person in the Christian Church today” and has been named by various media as one of the nation's most influential Christian leaders. A frequent speaker at ministry conferences around the world, he has been on the faculty at several universities and seminaries, and has served as a pastor of a large, multi-ethnic church as well as

1311-457: Is no hierarchical authority and each Baptist church is autonomous, there is no official set of Baptist theological beliefs. These differences exist among associations and even among churches within the associations. Some doctrinal issues on which there is widespread difference among Baptists are: Excommunication may be used as a last resort by some denominations and churches for members who do not want to repent of beliefs or behavior at odds with

1380-530: Is the Baptist World Alliance , and there are many different groupings of Baptist churches and Baptist congregations. Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where

1449-606: Is the sole infallible authority, as the rule of faith and practice) and congregationalist church government . Baptists recognize only two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning, those identifying as Baptists today may differ widely from one another in what they believe, how they worship, their attitudes toward other Christians, and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship. Baptist missionaries have spread various Baptist churches to every continent. The largest group of Baptist churches

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1518-763: The Baptist Union of Great Britain . Some Baptist associations support same-sex marriage. This is the case of the Alliance of Baptists (USA), the Canadian Association for Baptist Freedoms, the Aliança de Batistas do Brasil, the Fraternidad de Iglesias Bautistas de Cuba, and the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists (international). Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of

1587-526: The Barna Research Group in 1984 (now The Barna Group ), a marketing research firm focused on the intersection of faith and culture. Through the Barna Group, George served several hundred parachurch ministries, thousands of Christian churches, and many other non-profit and for-profit organizations as well as the U.S. military. He sold it in 2009. He currently serves as the president of Metaformation,

1656-632: The General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English Dissenters under James I . Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to

1725-484: The International Association of Baptist Colleges and Universities was founded in the United States. In 2023, it had 42 member universities. Many churches promote virginity pledges to young Baptist Christians, who are invited to engage in a public ceremony of sexual abstinence until Christian marriage. This pact is often symbolized by a purity ring . Programs like True Love Waits , founded in 1993 by

1794-658: The Kingdom of God ; last things ( eschatology ) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to Earth; the dead will be raised ; and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions . Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control. Exceptions to this local form of local governance include

1863-606: The Southern Baptist Convention have been developed to support the commitments. Most Baptist associations around the world believe only in marriage between a man and a woman. Some Baptist associations do not have official beliefs about marriage in a confession of faith and invoke congregationalism to leave the choice to each church to decide. This is the case of American Baptist Churches USA , Progressive National Baptist Convention (USA), Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (USA), National Baptist Convention, USA and

1932-583: The abolitionism of the Triennial Convention (now American Baptist Churches USA) left to form the Southern Baptist Convention. They believed that the Bible sanctions slavery and that it was acceptable for Christians to own slaves. They believed slavery was a human institution which Baptist teaching could make less harsh. By this time many planters were part of Baptist congregations, and some of

2001-682: The holiness movement , some General Baptists accepted the teaching of a second work of grace and formed denominations that emphasized this belief, such as the Ohio Valley Association of the Christian Baptist Churches of God and the Holiness Baptist Association . Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but their beliefs may vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played

2070-570: The 19th century, the rise of the modern missions movement, and the backlash against it, led to widespread and bitter controversy among the American Baptists. During this era, the American Baptists were split between missionary and anti-missionary. A substantial secession of Baptists went into the movement led by Alexander Campbell to return to a more fundamental church. Leading up to the American Civil War , Baptists became embroiled in

2139-642: The Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention , while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). In 2015, Baptists in the U.S. number 50 million people and constitute roughly one-third of American Protestants . The Baptist churches in Ukraine were preceded by

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2208-633: The Baptist movement spread across the south of Ukraine and then to other regions as well. One of the first Baptist communities was registered in Kyiv in 1907, and in 1908 the First All- Russian Convention of Baptists was held there, as Ukraine was still controlled by the Russian Empire. The All-Russian Union of Baptists was established in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipro ) in southern Ukraine. At

2277-650: The Baptist movement, and the Baptist community experienced spectacular growth. Baptists became the largest Christian community in many southern states, including among the enslaved Black population. Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville , Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church

2346-514: The Baptist successionist or perpetuity view consider the Baptist movement to have existed independently from Roman Catholicism and prior to the Protestant Reformation. The perpetuity view is often identified with The Trail of Blood , a booklet of five lectures by James Milton Carroll published in 1931. Other Baptist writers who advocate the successionist theory of Baptist origins are John T. Christian and Thomas Crosby . This view

2415-612: The English General Baptists. Representatives of this theory include A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley writes that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback. This view was also taught by the Reformed historian Philip Schaff . However, the relations between Baptists and Anabaptists were early strained. In 1624,

2484-696: The English Separatist movement in the 17th century, over a century after the foundation of the Church of England during the Protestant Reformation . This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that

2553-535: The General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty , separation of church and state , and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. It is certain that the early Baptist church led by Smyth had contacts with the Anabaptists; however it is debated if these influences found their way into

2622-549: The General Baptists. The Particular Baptists were established when a group of Calvinist Separatists adopted believers' Baptism. The Particular Baptists consisted of seven churches by 1644 and had created a confession of faith called the First London Confession of Faith. Both Roger Williams and John Clarke are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639 Williams established

2691-550: The German Anabaptist and Mennonite communities, who had been living in southern Ukraine since the 16th century, and who practiced adult believer's baptism. The first Baptist baptism (adult baptism by full immersion) in Ukraine took place in 1864 on the river Inhul in the Yelizavetgrad region (now Kropyvnytskyi region), in a German settlement . In 1867, the first Baptist communities were organized in that area. From there,

2760-523: The Internet. Baptist Baptists are a denomination of Christianity distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers ( believer's baptism ) and doing so by complete immersion . Baptist churches generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency (the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ), sola fide (salvation by faith alone), sola scriptura (the Bible

2829-470: The Puritans and Congregationalists , they went into exile in 1607 with other believers who held the same biblical positions. They believe that the Bible is to be the only guide and that the believer's baptism is what the scriptures require. In 1609, the year considered to be the foundation of the movement, they baptized believers and founded the first Baptist church. In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote

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2898-701: The Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism. Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy. Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination

2967-693: The Southeast. In 2007, the Pew Research Center 's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically Black tradition. George Barna George Barna grew up a Catholic in New York City and Princeton, New Jersey but he has since engaged with evangelical Christianity . Barna has filled executive roles in politics, marketing, advertising, media development, research and ministry. He founded

3036-460: The United States have dual or triple national Baptist affiliation, causing a church and its members to be counted possibly by more than one Baptist association, if these associations are members of the BWA. Among the censuses carried out by individual Baptist associations in 2023, those which claimed the most members on each continent were: Since the early days of the Baptist movement, various associations have adopted common confessions of faith as

3105-648: The autonomy of churches, but generally an individual becomes a member of a church through believer's baptism (which is a public profession of faith in Jesus, followed by immersion baptism). Most Baptists do not believe that baptism is a requirement for salvation but rather a public expression of inner repentance and faith. In general, Baptist churches do not have a stated age restriction on membership, but believer's baptism requires that an individual be able to freely and earnestly profess their faith. In 2010, an estimated 100 million Christians identified as Baptist or belonging to

3174-463: The basis for cooperative work among churches. Each church has a particular confession of faith and a common confession of faith if it is a member of an association of churches. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith , 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith , and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as

3243-706: The central California coast and attend Mission Church in Ventura. He enjoys reading, music, rooting for the Yankees and Lakers, and relaxing on the beach. Barna leads seminars for church leaders, speaks at ministry conferences, has taught at seminaries , and has been a pastor . As an author, he has written more than 50 books on contemporary Christian issues, with topics ranging from worldviews, trends and children to church life, spiritual growth and leadership. He also written more than 200 articles that have been published in professional journals, mass market publications, and online. As

3312-726: The church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as " Puritans " and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists. In 1579, Faustus Socinus founded the Unitarian Polish Brethren in Poland-Lithuania , which

3381-646: The confession of faith of the community. When an entire congregation is excluded, it is often called disfellowship. In Baptist churches, worship service is part of the life of the church and includes praise , worship , of prayers to God , a sermon based on the Bible , offering , and periodically the Lord's Supper. Some churches have services with traditional Christian music , others with contemporary Christian music , and some offer both in separate services. In many churches, there are services adapted for children, even teenagers. Prayer meetings are also held during

3450-591: The controversy over slavery in the United States . Whereas in the First Great Awakening , Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission , over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free Blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By

3519-586: The denomination's prominent preachers, such as Basil Manly Sr. , president of the University of Alabama , were also planters who owned slaves. As early as the late 18th century, Black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies. Blacks set up some independent Baptist congregations in the South before the Civil War. White Baptist associations maintained some oversight of these churches. In

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3588-755: The end of the 19th century, there were between 100,000 and 300,000 Baptists in Ukraine. An independent All-Ukrainian Baptist Union of Ukraine was established during the brief period of Ukraine's independence in early 20th-century and once again after the fall of the Soviet Union, the largest of which is currently known as the Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine . Some Baptist church congregations choose to be independent of larger church organizations ( Independent Baptist ). Other Baptist churches choose to be part of an international or national Baptist Christian denomination or association while still adhering to

3657-511: The first General Baptist Church in Spitalfields , east London, in 1612. Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury , a Calvinist minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion (as opposed to affusion or aspersion ). According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for

3726-550: The five existing Baptist churches of London issued a condemnation of the Anabaptists. Furthermore, the original group associated with Smyth (popularly believed to be the first Baptists) broke with the Waterlander Mennonite Anabaptists after a brief period of association in the Netherlands. Traditional Baptist historians write from the perspective that Baptists had existed since the time of Christ. Proponents of

3795-533: The level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word crisis comes from the Greek word meaning 'to decide.' Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism , though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion, crises among Baptists each have become decision moments that shaped their future. Early in

3864-472: The mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the board did not want to appear to condone slavery. In 1845 a group of churches in favor of slavery and in disagreement with

3933-399: The more divisive aspects of his own fundamentalism background made him a significant force in the development of modern American evangelical ethos." The book Pagan Christianity by George Barna and Frank Viola notes Fuller's popularization of the use of the terminology "personal savior" when speaking of Jesus. As of 2015 re-broadcasts of the Old Fashioned Revival Hour stream weekly on

4002-427: The national Foreign Mission Convention to support Black Baptist missionary work. Two other national Black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention . This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest Black religious organization and the second-largest Baptist organization in the world. Baptists are numerically most dominant in

4071-406: The needy, leading in world evangelism and defending human rights and religious freedom. Missionary organizations favored the development of the movement on all continents. The BMS World Mission was founded in 1792 at Kettering , England. In United States, International Ministries was founded in 1814, and the International Mission Board was founded in 1845. Membership policies vary due to

4140-412: The postwar years, freedmen quickly left the white congregations and associations, setting up their own churches. In 1866, the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from Black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up Black state conventions, which they did in Alabama , Arkansas , Virginia , North Carolina , and Kentucky . In 1880, Black state conventions united in

4209-580: The program was again produced in a studio. The broadcasts were noted for their music, featuring the Old Fashioned Revival Hour Choir and quartet, accompanied by organist George Broadbent and pianist Rudy Atwood . The choir made several popular recordings in the 1940s and 1950s. Aided by his wife, Grace, the Old Fashioned Revival Hour program created a family-like atmosphere, and by 1942 it had attracted an audience of over 10 million listeners worldwide. Fuller founded Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California , in 1947. His son, Daniel Fuller , served

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4278-409: The program was carried on the ABC Radio Network , heard on more than 650 radio stations. The Old Fashioned Revival Hour broadcast was originally recorded in a Hollywood studio. In 1941, it was moved to the Long Beach Municipal Auditorium in Long Beach, California . From 1941 through 1958, audiences attended services that were broadcast live on the radio from the Auditorium. After January 12, 1958,

4347-400: The seminary as Dean and professor of hermeneutics . In 2005 Daniel Fuller was honored at an awards convocation for 50 years of service to the seminary. Charles Fuller died in 1968, shortly after his final broadcast of the Old Fashioned Revival Hour . He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California . The Long Beach Municipal Auditorium was demolished in the 1960s, but

4416-442: The time he spent pastoring his church, so he either resigned his pastorship or was fired in 1933 and formed the nonprofit Gospel Broadcasting Association to support his radio efforts. He gained renown as the host and speaker of The Old Fashioned Revival Hour , a weekly Sunday radio broadcast that aired from 1937 to 1968. The first nationwide broadcast occurred on October 3, 1937, on the Mutual Broadcasting System . Beginning in 1951,

4485-412: The week. The architecture is generally sober, and the Latin cross is one of the only spiritual symbols that can usually be seen on the building of a Baptist church and that identifies the place where it belongs. Baptist churches established elementary and secondary schools, Bible colleges , colleges and universities as early as the 1680s in England, before continuing in various countries. In 2006,

4554-401: Was a tolerant country. The Unitarians taught baptism by immersion . After their expulsion from the Commonwealth in 1658, many of them fled to the Netherlands. In the Netherlands, the Unitarians introduced immersion baptism to the Dutch Mennonites . Baptist churches have their origins in a movement started by John Smyth and Thomas Helwys in Amsterdam . Because they shared beliefs with

4623-460: Was converted under the preaching of Paul Rader , pastor of Chicago's Moody Church in 1916. After his conversion in 1916, Fuller began to teach the adult Sunday school class at Placentia Presbyterian Church in Los Angeles, and later entered the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University ), eventually becoming chairman of the board. Kraphol & Lippy (1999) states, "Under the tutelage of Biola's dean, Reuben A. Torrey , Fuller developed

4692-427: Was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline . Many of Alline's followers, after his death, converted and strengthened the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region. Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes . These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists (Arminian in their doctrine). In May 1845,

4761-447: Was held by English Baptist preacher Charles Spurgeon as well as Jesse Mercer , the namesake of Mercer University . In 1898 William Whitsitt was pressured to resign his presidency of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary for denying Baptist successionism. In 1612 Helwys established a Baptist congregation in London, consisting of congregants from Smyth's church. A number of other Baptist churches sprang up, and they became known as

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