The Córdoba fighting dog ( Spanish : viejo perro de pelea cordobés ) was a type of dog indigenous to Córdoba, Argentina , that resulted from crossbreeding old mastiff types of unknown pedigree. They were purposely bred for the sport of dog fighting until the early 20th century. They became extinct after dog fighting became illegal in Argentina in 1954.
32-451: The Córdoba fighting dog was a dog type originating from Córdoba, Argentina utilizing Spanish Mastiffs , Bull Terriers and early Bulldogs brought to South America. In the 1920s, Antonio Nores Martinez and his brother Agustin were inspired to develop a dog that could hunt wildcats, boar, fox and other vermin that were harmful to the region's agriculture. Over time, Martinez developed a new breed of pedigreed dog by repeatedly crossbreeding
64-432: A combination of cinchophen and prednisolone ) are sometimes prescribed. Incorporating omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into the diet can result in improved symptoms of the disease. Omega-3 fatty acids can help decrease inflammation that occurs from osteoarthritis, as well as improve the locomotion of dogs who have the disease. EPA and DHA can be supplemented into
96-482: A dog with arthritis," and "reducing the dog's weight is enough to control all of the symptoms of arthritis in many dogs." With weight control, the goal is to prevent the dog from becoming overweight to reduce mechanical stresses applied to the hip joints. In general terms, the ribs should be easily palpated and there should be an indentation in front of the hip bones. Reasonable exercise stimulates cartilage growth and reduces degeneration, and also regular walks taken in
128-465: A dog, especially before the dog has reached an age of full developmental maturity, has been shown to almost double the chance he or she will develop hip dysplasia versus intact dogs or dogs that were neutered after reaching adulthood. Other environmental influences include overweight condition, injury at a young age, overexertion on the hip joint at a young age, ligament tear at a young age, or repetitive motion on forming joint (e.g. jogging with puppy under
160-458: A large powerful head and serious and vigilant expression. Males in this breed are 70 to 85 centimetres (28 to 33 in) tall at the withers, and range from 50 to 70 kilograms (110 to 150 lb). Females are at least 65 centimetres (26 in), and weigh 40 to 60 kilograms (88 to 132 lb). The ideal Spanish Mastiff is at least 70 centimetres (28 in) at the withers. It has small eyes and drop ears resembling triangles. This dog's coat
192-656: A rigid aesthetic pattern and recognized by the largest canine entities, there is also its more primitive, traditional variety, considered unofficial, that does not meet any aesthetic standards and has as its objective, still today, to serve its owners acting in the protection of flocks against predators. These unofficial strains, for the purpose of differentiation, are termed the Traditional Spanish Mastiff, Working Spanish Mastiff, Leonese Mastiff, and Wolf Dog. These unofficial strains continue to act actively in their original and primitive function, with figures published by
224-660: A very useful means of maintaining muscle tone and range of motion without placing concussive forces on the joint, though swimming is primarily a front-legged exercise. Medication can reduce pain and discomfort, and also reduce damaging inflammation. Most often, medication consists of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which doubles as an anti-inflammatory and painkiller. Typical NSAIDs used for hip dysplasia include carprofen and meloxicam (often sold as Rimadyl and Metacam respectively). Both are used to treat arthritis resulting from dysplasia, although other NSAIDs such as tepoxalin (Zubrin) and prednoleucotropin ("PLT",
256-477: Is a relatively slow process, the tissue being avascular , so the joint may suffer degradation due to the abnormal wear and tear, or may not support the body weight as intended. The joint becomes inflamed and a cycle of cartilage damage, inflammation and pain commences. This is a self-fueling process, in that the more the joint becomes damaged, the more damage it will cause to the surrounding tissues and bones. The inflammation also causes further damage. The bones of
288-408: Is a wonderful protector of its home and family. Socialization and training should begin early to ensure this dog a stable and reliable pet. Supervised exposure in puppyhood to a variety of unfamiliar but non-threatening dogs will help dampen a tendency to aggression toward other dogs. The breed is quite alert and food motivated but can bore easily; training must be consistent and firm but gentle. Once
320-483: Is most often fawn, but it can also be brindle, black or 'wolf'-colored. Reddish tones indicate miscegenation. This noble giant is aloof, dignified, calm and intelligent. It is devoted to its family and may politely accept strangers if it has been socialized properly, although it will be wary of them. It can be aggressive toward other dogs. The Spanish Mastiff may be a less-than-ideal pet in urban situations, where its booming voice and massive size could be problematic. It
352-417: Is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a snug fit, it is a loose fit, or a partial fit. Secondly, the caput or acetabulum are not smooth and round, but are misshapen, causing abnormal wear and tear or friction within the joint as it moves. The body reacts to this in several ways. First, the joint is continually repairing itself and laying down new cartilage . However, cartilage repair
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#1733085204598384-418: Is only one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of life. In mild to moderate dysplasia it is often the secondary effects of abnormal wear and tear or arthritis, rather than dysplasia itself, which is the direct causes of visible problems. Hip dysplasia may be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, or poorly developed muscles in
416-584: Is to be a livestock guardian dog protecting flocks and/or herds from wolves and other predators . The Spanish mastiff is thought to have existed for thousands of years. Mastiffs were working as livestock guardian dogs when the Romans arrived on the Iberian Peninsula . In medieval times , this dog accompanied the herds of sheep and goats crossing from northern to southern Spain, defending cattle from attack by wolves and other predators. The mastiff had
448-453: The forelimbs , notably osteoarthritis , osteochondritis (OCD) or shoulder or elbow dysplasia , as well as pain in the hocks and stifles or spinal issues. It is important to rule out other joint and bodily issues before concluding that only hip dysplasia is present. Even if some hip dysplasia is present, it is possible for other conditions to co-exist or be masked by it. There is no complete cure, although there are many options to alleviate
480-458: The pelvis ). The bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the strength necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit and a wide range of motion. Normal hip function can be affected by congenital conditions such as dysplasia, trauma, and by acquired diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis . The hip could have major contractions from dysplasias. The caput
512-461: The Asociación Española del Perro Mastín Español was formed, who organized a breeding program looking for the kind of large and strong mastiff of the past times, and drafted a new breed standard focused on recovering the old cattle dogs, fit as pets, and as guard dog and defense. The Spanish Mastiff is a very large and powerful dog, similar in appearance to the other mastiff breeds. They have
544-476: The Córdoba dog became extinct. Often described as "large, white and ferocious," the Córdoba fighting dog was noted for its willingness to fight to the death and its high pain tolerance. The dog was so aggressive that fights would arise even during mating. Spanish Mastiff The Spanish Mastiff or Mastín Español is a breed of dog from Spain, originally bred to be a guard dog and whose specialized purpose
576-798: The Córdoba fighting dogs with modern breeds of dogs that were internationally recognized, such as the Boxer , Dogue de Bordeaux , Bulldog , Pointer , Bull Terrier , Irish Wolfhound , Great Pyrenees , and Great Dane . As a result of that purposeful breeding, the Dogo Argentino was developed. In 1954, Argentina passed Article 3.8 of Law 14.346 on the Ill-Treatment and Acts of Cruelty to Animals which explicitly prohibits "carrying out public or private acts of animal fights, fights of bulls and heifers, or parodies [thereof], in which animals are killed, wounded or harassed." Already quite rare and with no other purpose,
608-533: The World Wide Fund for Nature in 1986 showing a 61% reduction in predation of livestock when flocks are guarded by Mastiffs. Spanish Mastiffs are especially prone to hip dysplasia . The Traditional Spanish Mastiff has a lower prevalence of the disease than the official variety. Hip dysplasia (canine) In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause lameness and arthritis of
640-454: The age of 1 year). As current studies progress, greater information may help provide procedures to effectively reduce the occurrence of this condition. It is most common in medium-large pure bred dogs, such as Newfoundlands , German Shepherd Dogs , retrievers (such as Labradors , Tollers , or Goldens ), Rottweilers and Mastiffs , but also occurs in some smaller breeds such as spaniels and pugs . Dogs with hip dysplasia may exhibit
672-402: The clinical signs. The aim of treatment is to enhance quality of life. Most dogs with hip dysplasia do not need surgery as they do very well with a home physical therapy program, keeping trim and strong, and using pain medication as needed. If the problem cannot be controlled with medications, then often surgery is considered. There are traditionally two types of surgery - those which reshape
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#1733085204598704-449: The diet through fish oils. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are nutraceuticals that can also be added into the diet to help treat osteoarthritis caused by hip dysplasia. Both nutraceuticals help with improvement of cartilage, joint health and repairing of tissues. A glucosamine-based nutritional supplement may give the body additional raw materials used in joint repair. Glucosamine can take 3–4 weeks to start showing its effects, so
736-426: The early stages of dysplasia can help prevent loss of muscle mass to the hips. Exercise should fit an individual dog's maximum intensity level with the goal to maintain muscle tone and cardiovascular function without causing pain, stiffness, and inflammation to the joint. Exercise also improves joint range of motion which in turn keeps the dog more comfortable. Swimming, because it is a non-weight bearing exercise, can be
768-533: The following signs and symptoms: Affected dogs can show clinical signs as early as seven months of age, but most do not until one to two years of age. In part this is because the underlying hip problem may be mild or severe, worsening or stable, and the body may be more or less able to keep the joint in repair well enough to cope. Hip dysplasia is diagnosed with radiographs of the pelvis. There are several standardized systems for categorising dysplasia, set out by reputable bodies. The most widely used systems include
800-467: The following: It is also common to X-ray the spine and legs, as well as the hips, since soft tissues can be affected by the extra strain of a dysplastic hip, or there may be other undetected factors such as neurological issues (e.g. nerve damage) involved. The following conditions can give symptoms very similar to hip dysplasia, and should be ruled out during diagnosis: A dog may misuse its rear legs, or adapt its gait, to compensate for pain in
832-415: The hip cannot move fully, the body compensates by adapting its use of the spine , often causing spinal, stifle (a dog's knee joint), or soft tissue problems to arise. The causes of hip dysplasia are considered heritable, but new research conclusively suggests that environment also plays a role. To what degree the causality is genetic and what portion environmental is a topic of current debate. Neutering
864-493: The joint may also develop osteoarthritis , visible on a radiograph as small outcrops of bone, which further degrade the joint. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage between joints resulting in painful bone-to-bone contact. The underlying deformity of the joint may get worse over time, or may remain static. A dog may have good radiographs and yet be in pain, or may have very poor radiographs and have no apparent pain issues. The hip condition
896-457: The joint to reduce pain or help movement, and hip replacement which completely replaces the damaged hip with an artificial joint, similar to human hip replacements . Non surgical intervention is dependent on many factors including age, weight, degree of hip laxity, lifestyle of the owner and their tolerance for the cost incurred for medication and physical therapy. Weight control is often "the single most important thing that we can do to help
928-399: The joints. It is a genetic (polygenic) trait that is affected by environmental factors. It is common in many dog breeds, particularly the larger breeds, and is the most common single cause of arthritis of the hips. In the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the almost spherical end of the femur head (the caput, or caput ossis femoris) fits into the acetabulum (a concave socket located in
960-494: The pelvic area. Large and giant breeds are most susceptible to hip dysplasia (possibly due to the body mass index (BMI) of the individual animal), though many other breeds can suffer from it. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals maintains a list of top 100 breeds affected. To reduce pain, the animal will typically reduce its movement of that hip. This may be visible as "bunny hopping", where both legs move together, or less dynamic movement (running, jumping), or stiffness. Since
992-550: The protection of chunky metal necklaces with skewers. Its function was primarily protective, unlike its fellow Carea dogs, whose function is grazing, driving the herds in response to indications of the shepherd. In some places it is known as perro merinero when it accompanies sheep of the Merino breed. The first breed standard of the Spanish Mastiff was made by the FCI in 1946. In 1981
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1024-436: The trainer has established the dog's respect as leader, the Spanish Mastiff will be an extremely loyal pet. This dog is more inclined to lumber than gallop, but it can move quite rapidly when necessary. A long daily walk will be sufficient, although it will appreciate a fenced area where it can exercise at its own rate. In addition to its considered "official" variety, which is the current and modern Spanish Mastiff framed in
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