Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure :
115-615: Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: Old Calendarists ( Greek : palaioimerologitai or palaioimerologites ), also known as Old Feasters ( palaioeortologitai ), Genuine Orthodox Christians or True Orthodox Christians ( GOC ; Greek : Γνήσιοι Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί , romanized : Gnisioi Orthodoxoi Christianoi ), are traditionalist groups of Eastern Orthodox Christians who separated from mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches because some of
230-446: A Hellenistic era settlement on the hill of Agios Panteleimon. Archaeologists excavated on the site in 1930–1934, but a hotel was later built over the ruins. Excavations began again in the 1980s and the total excavated area is now around 8,000 metres square. The buildings uncovered are mostly residential blocks, and the range of finds suggests that the site was continuously inhabited from the 4th century BC until its destruction by fire in
345-561: A Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered
460-752: A Holy Synod of the Romanian Old Calendarists was "formally established". Since the Ceaușescu period, the Romania Old Calendarist Church "has flourished, establishing a vigorous parochial and monastic life." Since the fall of Ceaușescu , the Romanian Old Calendarist movement "has grown notably." The Romanian Old Calendarist movement remained united, unlike the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Metropolitan Galaction
575-570: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,
690-603: A center of the resistance to this adoption. In 1993, Photius Siromakhov [ bg ] of Triadista was consecrated bishop by the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church to be hierarch of the Bulgarian Old Calendarists. The Orthodox Church of Ukraine adopted the Revised Julian calendar in 2023. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church commonly referred to by the exonym Ukrainian Orthodox Church of
805-508: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on
920-679: A few hundred were Bulgarian supporters and the Ottoman administration in the area was pro–Bulgarian. Journalist H. N. Brailsford was in Macedonia in the aftermath of the Ilinden Uprising (1903). He wrote Florina's Greek bishop spoke in Turkish to the church congregation as they were "Bulgarians", while the town was viewed as Greek because it remained attached to the Patriarch. A Jewish Sephardi community
1035-477: A fortification tower built either in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century was part of a larger residential complex demolished in 1985, the tower remained but became dilapidated. Throughout the twentieth century, most Muslim monuments were destroyed and in the post 1960s reconstruction of Florina nearly all traces of the Muslim presence disappeared. Surviving Ottoman landmarks in a good state of preservation are
1150-573: A lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and
1265-400: A limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in the nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by
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#17330930932801380-642: A mass grave located in south-eastern Florina. When the Communists were defeated on 12 February 1949 by the Greek army thousands of communists and Slav Macedonians were evacuated or fled to Yugoslavia and the Eastern Bloc. The city is served by Florina station on the Thessaloniki–Bitola line , with local trains to Thessaloniki . Florina is a market town with an economy dominated by agriculture, forestry, summer and winter tourism, cross-border trading and
1495-453: A mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and a fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes ,
1610-528: A new section of the A27 motorway was opened from Florina to the border with North Macedonia. The Muslim community existed for five centuries in Florina and they constructed various public and religious buildings. The Ottoman architectural landscape of several mosques, two bathhouses, a clock tower and some Ottoman mansions persisted until the 1923 population exchange. There were seven mosques and all were demolished during
1725-714: A sanjak within the Vilayet of Monastir. Members of Filiki Eteria were the brothers Loukas Nedelkos and Nikolaos Nedelkos, who were born in the Florina region . Florina and its inhabitants greatly contributed to the Macedonian Struggle . Prominent leaders included Nikolaos Pyrzas , and Petros Chatzitasis . In the late Ottoman period the area surrounding Florina supported the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) who fought against
1840-621: A single communion". The Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church severed its communion with the ROCOR in 2005, because they considered the ROCOR was going to enter into a union with the Moscow Patriarchate , and had "jettisoned" its " anti- ecumenist outlook " as well as its cooperation with the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church. Two weeks prior to the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church's decision, the ROCOR had severed communion with
1955-456: A state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in the early 19th century that
2070-454: A strong Greek faction. In 1916, Greek diplomat Nikolaos Politis wrote Florina had a total population of 10,392 composed of 6,227 Muslims, 3,576 Greeks and 589 former Exharchists. Philologist André Mazon was in Florina and the wider area doing research in 1917-1918 and 1920. Florina had a total of 10,000 people. Mazon wrote Florina was populated by Turkicized Albanians and Christian Slavs, split almost evenly between 9000 inhabitants, with
2185-438: Is "resistance Old Calendarism", the second is " integrist Old Calendarism". The first position "expresses resistance to what it sees as unlawful innovation and walls itself off from churches using the new calendar and compromised by what is seen as the heresy of ecumenism . It refuses, however, to condemn the rites and sacraments of New Calendarists as devoid of grace , and seeks by witness and courteous dialogue to draw
2300-421: Is a town and municipality in the mountainous northwestern Macedonia , Greece . Its motto is, 'Where Greece begins'. The town of Florina is the capital of the Florina regional unit and also the seat of the eponymous municipality. It belongs to the administrative region of Western Macedonia . The town's population is 17,188 people (2021 census). It is in a wooded valley about 13 km (8 mi) south of
2415-544: Is designated by the expression "Old Calendarist", because they remain in communion with the Eastern Orthodox churches that use the new calendar (the Revised Julian calendar ). Old Calendarists have severed communion with the mainstream Eastern Orthodox which follow the old calendar, because the latter maintained communion with Eastern Orthodox churches which had adopted the revised calendar. Thus, to be "Old Calendarist"
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#17330930932802530-643: Is not the same thing as only following the old calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church , for instance, is not Old Calendarist, but follows the old (Julian) calendar. Until 1924, the Eastern Orthodox Church universally used the Julian calendar , whereas the Roman Catholic Church , under Pope Gregory XIII , conducted a calendar reform resulting in the Gregorian calendar in 1582. The difference between
2645-836: Is sometimes called aljamiado , as when Romance languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Greek: Transcription of the example text into Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Florina Florina ( Greek : Φλώρινα , Flórina ; known also by some alternative names )
2760-758: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,
2875-611: Is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near the Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in
2990-695: The Axis Occupation of Greece in World War II , Florina was under German control and the town became a centre of Slavic separatism. For part of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) the mountains of the Florina area were under communist control. The Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front , later simply the National Liberation Front or NOF, had a significant presence in the area: by 1946, seven Slav Macedonian partisan units were operating in
3105-544: The British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in
3220-627: The Church of Greece adopted the Revised Julian calendar , also called 'New calendar'. "At first, resistance to the New Calendar was muted". The Old Calendarists in Greece were at first a small number of laymen, priests and monks, whose number grew over the years. Before they were joined by bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Greece was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which "several hundreds monks from Athos ". In 1935, three bishops of
3335-637: The European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute the objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek
3450-424: The Greek word χλωρός ( chlōrós , "fresh" or "green vegetation"). The name was sometimes Latinized as Florinon (from the Latin flora , "vegetation") in the later Byzantine period, and in early Ottoman documents the forms Chlerina and Florina are both used, with the latter becoming standard after the 17th century. The form with [f] (φλωρός) is a local dialect form of χλωρός in Greek. The local Slavic name for
3565-637: The Greek–Turkish population exchange (1923) based on religious criteria were sent to Turkey, and mainly resettled in Bursa . Following the Greek–Turkish population exchange, Greek refugee families in Florina were from East Thrace (79), Asia Minor (54), Pontus (7) and the Caucasus (44) in 1926. The 1928 Greek census recorded 10,585 town inhabitants. In 1928, the refugee families numbered 178 (750 people) and
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3680-525: The Greek–Turkish population exchange , and as a consequence became a place with strict surveillance by the Greek state with cooperation from the local government and the Orthodox Church. In November 1925, known as the "Dynamite Attempt", Komitadjis attacked a coffee shop in Florina with a grenade injuring 2 children. Some perpetrators escaped to Albania, others were captured by Greek authorities and some locals allegedly involved were also arrested. During
3795-510: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as
3910-651: The State of Greece ; Metropolitan Chrysostomos was imprisoned in Lesbos in 1951 as part of those persecutions. The Greek Old Calendarists experienced schism in 1937, due to a disagreement on the validity of the sacraments performed by members of churches which have adopted the reformed calendar . After Chrysostomos, head of the Holy Synod, refused to declare the sacraments of the New Calendarists as graceless , bishop Matthew led
4025-747: The United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout the Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to
4140-468: The genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in the ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in
4255-417: The syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow the noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However,
4370-488: The 1930s financial crisis. Florina is passed by GR-2 ( Lake Prespa – Edessa ) and GR-3 / E65 (Kozani – Florina – Niki – Bitola). The new A27 motorway will run east of Florina with its Florina-Niki segment already operational since 2015. The historic Via Egnatia is situated to the east. Florina is one of the coldest towns in Greece, because of its elevation and geographic position. Snowfalls, sometimes heavy, thick fog and below-freezing temperatures are common during
4485-719: The 1st century BC. Many of these finds are now on display in the Archaeological Museum of Florina . The town with its present name is linked to the Byzantine Chloron. It is first mentioned in 1334, when the Serbian king Stefan Dušan established a certain Sphrantzes Palaeologus as commander of the fortress of Chlerenon . By 1385, the place had fallen to the Ottomans . An Ottoman defter (cadastral tax census) for
4600-566: The 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as
4715-500: The Aristotle University, reinforced its potential. Florina has 8 radio stations, 2 daily political newspapers, 4 weekly ones, one women's press and two newspapers on sports. During the 1950s and 1960s, the area lost much of its population to emigration, both to Athens and Thessaloniki as well as US, Canada, Australia and Germany. Following Greece's EU membership and the economic upturn, many from Germany returned. In 2016
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4830-450: The Church of Greece joined the movement and consecrated four new bishops for the movement. Of those three bishops, Metropolitan Chrysostomos (Kavourides) [ ru ] of Florina became the leader of the Greek Old Calendarist movement. Of the three bishops who had joined, Chrysostom of Zakynthos soon left the movement after the consecration and went back to the Church of Greece. Of
4945-621: The Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church due to its leader consecrating a bishop in Ossetia as Bishop of Alania [ ru ] . In 1999, it was estimated that "[t]here are probably over one million Old Calendarists in Romania, somewhat fewer in Greece, and considerably fewer in Bulgaria , Cyprus , and the [Eastern Orthodox] diaspora ." There exists two trends within Old Calendarism. The first one
5060-709: The Florina area, and NOF had a regional committee based in Florina. When the NOF merged with the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE), many Slav Macedonians in the region enlisted as volunteers in the DSE. In early February 1949, the Greek National Army and the Gendarmerie defeated an attempted takeover of Florina by the Greek communist Democratic Army of Greece. Communist casualties numbered 750-850 individuals and were all buried in
5175-802: The Germans first to the Hirsch ghetto in Thessaloniki and later in May sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp where they were gassed. In 1945, the Florina Jewish community numbered 64 people, a reduction of 84 percent due to the Holocaust . The Jewish population declined and by 1959 there were 7 Jews in Florina, 1 in 1973 and 0 in 1983. The Romani of Florina are sedentary and in 1968 they converted from Islam to Orthodoxy. In
5290-437: The Greek Italian War (1940-1941). Florina has a military cemetery for fallen Greek soldiers from the Greek Civil War. In the mid 2000s, two attempts to erect a memorial to communist fighters who died during the 1949 attempted takeover of Florina were vandalised and destroyed by unidentified individuals. The Greek Communist Party bought the site in 2009 and erected a memorial in 2016 encompassing several sculpted individuals on
5405-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit
5520-442: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in
5635-406: The Greek province of Macedonia. In 1916, Florina became a World War I battleground of the Macedonian front and was occupied by Bulgaria and later retaken by the French army . Many pro–Bulgarian people or Muslims of Florina and in nearby areas were shot by Greek irregular troops of the Entente following the French capture of the town. Florina continued to be a multiethnic town following
5750-484: The Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek
5865-406: The Jewish cemetery in Florina. The Cathedral of St.Panteleimon was constructed in 1870 and Slavic architectural forms featured on its windows, three domes and an iconastasis with Slavic writing, later replaced with Greek writing. Over time modifications were made to the altar and windows. In 1971, the Cathedral was declared a hazard to public safety and demolished. In Florina, a Bulgarian school
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#17330930932805980-431: The Jewish community numbered 500 people. The town remained multiethnic and continued to have Slavophones, Jews and Romani after the population exchange. Local Jews were involved in the textile, agricultural and raw material sectors of Florina's economy. Florina was occupied in World War Two and Jews came under German rule. The Jewish community numbered 400 people in 1940. During April 1943, 372 Florina Jews were sent by
6095-455: The Julian calendar with an astronomical date of Easter. The astronomical Easter was unpopular and hardly used at all, and for the purpose of calculating the date of Easter the Julian calendar was restored. Not all Eastern Orthodox churches were represented at the congress or adopted its decisions, and the Russian Orthodox Church and some other Eastern Orthodox churches have continued to use the Julian calendar liturgically to this day. In 1924,
6210-485: The Moscow Patriarchate did not switch to the Revised Julian calendar. In 1977, a declaration of intercommunion between the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church and the Romanian Old Calendarist Church was signed. In 1994, an act establishing communion between the ROCOR and the Cyprianite Old Calendarist Church established full communion between those two churches, as well as between Romanian and Bulgarian Old Calendarist churches. Those four churches were therefore "in
6325-404: The National Army during the Civil War with a display of cannons taken from the Communists, the losing side in the conflict. These monuments were erected in an era when their visual presence and symbolism were used by the government as a way to assimilate the local multicultural inhabitants. Other town square monuments are the statue symbolising freedom and a memorial to Greek military casualties of
6440-471: The Ottomans. During the Macedonian Struggle the Greek makedonomachoi gained significant advantage towards the Bulgarian Exarchists within 10 months in 1905 and extended their zone of control in various regions of western Macedonia including the plains north and south of Florina. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) brought an end to Ottoman rule when Florina and the surrounding area was taken by Greece during November 1912. Annexed by Greece, Florina became part of
6555-477: The [Eastern] Orthodox majority to its traditionalist outlook." This trend is to be found for example in among the True Orthodox of Cyprianite stance. The second position "rejects all New Calendarist churches, all those in communion with New Calendarists and all who refuse to reject the sacraments of the New Calendarists as outside the [Eastern] Orthodox Church and therefore as having sacraments devoid of grace." Churches which hold this position "see themselves as
6670-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),
6785-423: The arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During the older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from
6900-412: The city is Lerin (Лерин), which is a borrowing of the Byzantine Greek name, but with the loss of the initial [x] characteristic of the local dialect. The Albanian name for the city is Follorinë . In Aromanian , it is Florina , while in both Bulgarian and Macedonian , it is Лерин ( Lerin ). The current municipality of Florina was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of
7015-613: The collapse of the [Romanian] regime at the end of the Second World War ." In 1955, one bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Galaction Cordun [ ro ] , joined the Old Calendarist movement in Romania. Before they were joined by a bishops, the Old Calendarist movement in Romania was only composed of priests and laypeople, of which "several hundreds monks from Athos ". Metropolitan Galaction, while under house arrest , consecrated other Old Calendarist bishops: Eulogius Oța [ ro ] , Methodius Marinache [ ro ] , and Glycerius Tănase. Later,
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#17330930932807130-495: The country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine ,
7245-441: The dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before
7360-528: The earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of the Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of
7475-482: The east and the south (in Kozani ). The mountains of Verno lie to the southwest and Varnous to the northwest. Winters bring heavy snow and long periods of temperature below freezing point. Furthermore, the town and the surrounding valley is usually covered in thick fog during the winter months that may last even for weeks under specific conditions. During the summer months it becomes a busy market town with an economy boosted by summer and, mostly, winter tourism due to
7590-412: The extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English
7705-401: The field commemorating the fighters. In 2005, three marble reproductions of funerary monuments were placed in the town centre, the ancient Greek originals dating from Classical and Roman antiquity are displayed in the Florina Archaeological Museum. There have been some efforts by local people to showcase Florina's heritage from the Ottoman period and other less highlighted or neglected parts of
7820-400: The following 4 former municipalities, that since 2011 became municipal units: The municipality has an area of 819.698 km , and the municipal unit 150.634 km . The municipal unit of Florina is further divided into the following communities: The ancient settlement of Melitonus was located in the area of Florina. Within the boundaries of the present-day city lie the remains of
7935-546: The former Soviet Union , Aromanians and Hellenised Aromanians from Bitola who went to Florina in 1913, Romani, Albanians, and a small number of foreigners. In fieldwork done by Riki Van Boeschoten in late 1993, the population of Florina is mixed and Greek is often the language used for communication. Minority languages are used in the town, especially on market days when farmers from the villages arrive in Florina to sell their produce. The Romani community of Florina speak Romani and are multilingual in all other languages used in
8050-425: The four bishops consecrated, two joined the Church of Greece. This left the Greek Old Calendarist movement with four bishops: Chrysostomos of Florina, Germanos of Demetria, Germanos of the Cyclades, and Matthew (Karpoudakis) of Vrestheni. Those remaining four bishops created an Old Calendarist Holy Synod . While the Greek Old Calendarists were "[o]riginally perhaps a million strong", they were severely persecuted by
8165-514: The government, the two-storey building was proposed to house the future Art Museum of Florina. Instead the school was demolished in late 1978 by the local municipal authority with support from Florina's Archbishop Kantiotis who opposed the building's Bulgarian Church origins. The site was rebuilt as a high school. In early twenty first Florina, over 40 monuments exist in the town and include sculptures, statues, headstones, busts and other objects depicting or in reference to its history, in particular
8280-526: The group which seceded from the Holy Synod. After this, Matthew ordained a number of bishops himself, and formed a separate Holy Synod of which he was the head as archbishop of Athens. Matthew died in 1950. After Chrysostomos' death in 1955, his group had no bishop until 1960, when two bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) consecrated Akakios [ ru ] archbishop. Akakios consecrated other bishops with
8395-562: The heavy snowfalls and the nearby ski resorts. Even though Florina was the site of the first rail line built in the southern Ottoman provinces in the late 19th century, its rail system remains undeveloped. Today, Florina is linked by a single track standard gauge line to Thessaloniki and Bitola, and to Kozani (meter gauge) where it was intended to continue south and link up with the terminal in Kalambaka , in Thessaly but this did not proceed due to
8510-616: The houses in Florina, we should indicate that there are at most 3,000, with half of the population Albanian and Turkish Muslims and the other half Christian Bulgarians ." According to an 1878 French ethnographic book Florina was a town of 1,500 households, inhabited by 2,800 Muslims and 1,800 Bulgarians. In 1896 traveller Victor Bérard visited Florina and stated it had 1,500 houses composed of Albanians and "converted Slavs", with 100 "Turkish" families and 500 Christian families. Bérard wrote "these Slavs nonetheless call themselves Greek and speak Greek—with us at least", while in Florina
8625-428: The icon, others reject the rejecters as iconoclasts ." Old Calendarist groups include: Publications by Old Calendarist clergy on the subject Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized : Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized : Hellēnikḗ ) is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within
8740-591: The international border of Greece with North Macedonia . Florina is the gateway to the Prespa Lakes and, until the modernisation of the road system, of the old town of Kastoria . It is located west of Edessa , northwest of Kozani , and northeast of Ioannina and Kastoria cities. Outside the Greek borders it is in proximity to Korçë in Albania and Bitola in North Macedonia. The nearest airports are situated to
8855-449: The language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to the modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows
8970-463: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write
9085-523: The latter adopted the revised Julian calendar while Old Calendarists remained committed to the Julian calendar . Old Calendarists are not in communion with any mainstream Eastern Orthodox churches. "Old Calendarists" is another name for the True Orthodox movement in Romania , Bulgaria , Greece and Cyprus . Mainstream Eastern Orthodox Christians which use the old (Julian) calendar are not what
9200-456: The local press for temperatures in villages of the municipality that reached -32 °C, but there was no official record of such temperature. The National Observatory of Athens ' station reported a temperature of -22.2 °C a day earlier in Florina, while the same station continuously recorded minimum temperatures below -20 °C from 16 January 2012 until 19 January 2012, with the average maximum temperature for January just -0.6 °C, and
9315-448: The many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is
9430-584: The modern period, Florina Romani have distanced themselves from their relatives in Elbasan and Korçë, over concerns that links with Muslim Romani could negatively impact their local standing in the area they reside. During the late twentieth century, Florina numbered some 15,000 inhabitants. Its population was composed of Slavophone Dopii , the Greek Anatolian refugees from the Greek–Turkish population exchange and their descendants, Greeks who had recently left
9545-465: The morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks the infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of
9660-426: The participation of another different ROCOR bishop. Akakios was succeeded by Auxentios [ ru ] . Under Auxentios, "complicated patterns of division and realignment occurred both within his own jurisdiction and among the followers of Archbishop Matthew". Due to this, in 1999 there were at least five different Greek Old Calendarist churches, each headed by a different archbishop of Athens. Additionally, there
9775-472: The present site of the Papastefa house. The Muslim Cemetery was destroyed, as the early Greek administration implemented a new urban plan and later the large Muslim cemetery was expropriated in the north of Florina for the project. Another Hamman still exists, built at either the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, it was in use until 1958 and in a poor state of preservation during the 2010s. The Koula,
9890-545: The prevalence for 13 consecutive days of temperatures below 0 °C 24 hours a day. The above situation resulted in the Greek General Secretariat of Civil Protection to declare the municipality of Florina in a state of emergency on 16 January 2012, at the request of the mayor of Florina, due to the polar temperatures and the intense snowfall that prevailed for days. The city's original Byzantine name, Χλέρινον ( Chlérinon , "full of green vegetation"), derives from
10005-497: The prison, built in the early twentieth century; and the administration building built in 1904 and later repurposed for Florina's courts following Ottoman rule. After Florina became part of Greece, a new urban plan was undertaken by the government to modernise and Hellenise the town. Florina underwent change and sites or buildings associated with diverse past cultures and peoples such as mosques, synagogues and cemeteries disappeared. Post World War Two, there are no remaining traces of
10120-478: The region. During the First World War, 60 Jewish families resettled in Florina after they left Monastir in 1916 to avoid the shelling of the city, later some other Monastirli Jewish families also went to live in Florina after the war. The 1920 Greek census recorded 12,513 people in the town, and 4,650 inhabitants (1,076 families) were Muslim in 1923. Muslim Albanians from Florina and the wider region during
10235-622: The regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of
10350-546: The remainder composed of 30 Aromanian families and 89 Greek refugee families from Thrace and Asia Minor. Florina Christians supported the Greek cause and the Bulgarians were aware that more than half were " Grecomans ". Efthymios Boudonas, a Public Education Office director and former school general inspector for Macedonia wrote (1914) Florina was a non–Greek speaking town incapable of linguistically hellenising its inhabitants or any non–Greek speaking newcomers, although it had
10465-640: The remainder consisting of Greeks, Aromanians and Jews who had recently arrived from Bitola after its 1917 destruction. Much of the Christian population remained Patriarchists, even during the period of the Exarchate, with some becoming Hellenised and apart from a few exceptions they spoke (Macedonian) Bulgarian in their homes. Following the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the large Aromanian community in Monastir (modern Bitola)
10580-674: The revised calendar; at this moment the Old Calendarist movement began in Romania . The abbot of Prokof, Glycerius Tănase [ ro ] , became the head of the Old Calendarist movement in Romania. Hierarchs in Greece, supporting the Old Calendarists, did not manage to consecrate Tanase a bishop due to interventions of the Greek State. By 1936, many parishes had left the Romanian Orthodox Church to become Old Calendarist, and more than forty new churches had been built for
10695-597: The sale of local produce such as grain , grapes , and vegetables including Florina peppers . It also has textile mills and is known for locally manufactured leather handicrafts. The most notable industrial activity is the very large Ptolemaia-Florina lignite mine . Its university changed in 2002 from being a branch of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , to a part of the University of Western Macedonia . After 2004, four departments that previously belonged to
10810-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of
10925-636: The struggle over Macedonia, the Second World War and the Civil War in Greece. There are twelve monuments of fighters such as Kapetan Kottas and politicians involved in the Macedonian Struggle placed mainly after 1960 in Florina to mark the success of Greek efforts over the Bulgarians. In the town square named George Modis, there are busts of Macedonian Struggle figure L. Pyrzas and the General I. Pappous of
11040-648: The surviving [Eastern] Orthodox church, maintaining the integrity of [Eastern] Orthodox tradition in the face of massive apostasy." This trend is to be found for example in the Old Calendarist churches of the Matthewite succession. In 1999, it was noted that "a more recent cause of division, especially among Matthewites, is the icon of the Holy Trinity portraying God the Father as "the Ancient of Days": some Old Calendarists reject
11155-509: The town's past through an exhibition, a documentary film and a scholarly lecture. Some of these initiatives have also attempted to highlight past practices of censorship and received various responses with some local support or opposition. Under Ottoman rule, Florina's population included Muslims, Greeks, Jews, Slavophones and Romani. Austrian diplomat Johann Georg von Hahn visited the city in 1861 and wrote about it in his travel log From Belgrade to Salonica . In it he writes that "[a]bout
11270-560: The twentieth century. The first five mosques were demolished in 1926 by an order from the General Administration of Macedonia, the prefect of Florina and by the decision of the Municipal Council. The mosques of Florina were: Minare de Kapit mosque (destroyed), Minare Zantial mosque (demolished in 1928), Kursumli mosque or Minare Oso (destroyed), Minare Ouest mosque (destroyed) and another mosque (destroyed). In 1952, one mosque
11385-518: The two calendars is 13 days between 1900 and 2100. In May 1923, the Pan-Orthodox Council of Constantinople , called by Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople , adopted the Revised Julian calendar . This new calendar was different to the Julian calendar, and would not diverge from the Gregorian calendar for a further 800 years. The Revised Julian calendar replaced the tabular date of Easter of
11500-506: The use of Romanian Old Calendarist communities. From 1935 and onwards, the Romanian government enacted "drastic measures" aimed to "eradicate organized opposition" to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Due to this, Romanian Old Calendarist churches and monasteries "were razed", and Romanian Old Calendarists activists were incarcerated. "Many, like Abbot Pambo, were killed and Glicherie Tănase was repeatedly imprisoned." Those persecutions went on "until
11615-495: The winter months, while the summers are warm to hot. Under the Köppen climate classification , Florina has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), bordering on a humid continental climate ( Dfa ). In the days preceding the early 2012 European cold wave , more specifically on 18 January 2012, a temperature of -25.1 °C was recorded by the HNMS 's station with several reports, however, in
11730-408: The year 1481 records a settlement of 243 households. Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi passed through Florina in the seventeenth century. He wrote Florina consisted of six neighbourhoods and had 1500 homes, one tekke, several mosques, madrasas and mektebs , two bathhouses and two inns. Under Ottoman rule, Florina was a regional economic and administrative centre, the seat of a kaza and belonged to
11845-568: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or
11960-632: Was also a 'Cyprianite' Greek Old Calendarist Church , whose adjective derives from its leader, bishop Cyprian of Oropos and Phyli . In 1971, the ROCOR tried to unite the factions of Greek Old Calendarists, but failed. In 1999, the most important groups of Greek Old Calendarists were the Chrysostomites, the Matthewites, and the Cyprianites. Also in 1924, the Romanian Orthodox Church adopted
12075-546: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe
12190-541: Was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and
12305-592: Was constructed between 1905-1908 by townspeople who were part of the Bulgarian Exarchate and it operated till 1913. Repurposed several times, it became a Greek high school twice and used in a military capacity by the French (WWI), Germans (WWII) and the Greek National Army (Greek Civil War). Later, it served as a Commercial School and the Economic High School (1961-1977). Earmarked for possible preservation by
12420-411: Was disappointed that the city became part of Serbia and they migrated to Greece. Many went to Thessaloniki and others settled in Florina, where in the late 1920s a new neighbourhood was established named Agia Paraskevi with a population of 600 refugee Aromanian families. The arrival of many hellenised Aromanians from Monastir to Florina resulted in the establishment of a large Greek speaking population in
12535-654: Was present in Florina during the 17th century. Under Ottoman rule, the Jews of Florina had close ties with the Jewish community of Monastir (modern Bitola). Romani people migrated from Anatolia to Florina. In the mid to late 1910s, some Florina Romani migrated to Elbasan and Korçë and compose most of their urban modern Romani populations. According to historian Tasos Kostopoulos, after Florina became part of Greece, its population numbered 10,000 with two thirds being Muslim. Many Christian inhabitants of Florina were Slavic speakers with
12650-581: Was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in
12765-529: Was still open in Florina. Carsi i Yakosu Bey mosque was built in the eighteenth century, the building and most of the minaret, excluding its base, were demolished between 1953-1954. Another destroyed building was the Tekke, where the site is the present location of the town's bank. Other Ottoman era landmarks were the clock, located in the town centre and demolished in 1927; the Hamman (bathhouse), demolished in 1925 and
12880-414: Was the first head of the Romanian Old Calendarist, until his death in 1959. Galaction was succeeded as head by Tănase, who became the second leader of the Romania Old Calendarist Church, from 1960 until his death in 1985. Tanase was canonized by the Romania Old Calendarist Church in 1999. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church adopted the revised Julian calendar in 1968. The Protection Convent near Sofia became
12995-566: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect
13110-637: Was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to
13225-653: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage
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