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101-615: The Ol Pejeta Conservancy is a 360 km (140 sq mi) not-for-profit wildlife conservancy in Central Kenya 's Laikipia County . It is situated on the equator west of Nanyuki , between the foothills of the Aberdares and Mount Kenya. The Ol Pejeta Conservancy works to conserve wildlife, provide a sanctuary for great apes , and generate income through wildlife tourism and complementary enterprises for re-investment in conservation and community development. The Conservancy boasts

202-541: A Piper PA-18 Super cub light aircraft, used predominantly for security surveillance, rhino monitoring and game counts across the Conservancy and surrounding wildlife areas. In 2013, the Ol Pejeta Conservancy started to use a drone with the capacity to deliver real time video and thermal imaging feeds to a team on the ground. Deployed in a poaching incident, this drone will have the capability to help armed teams on

303-591: A case-by-case basis and must contain some element of community contribution. They aim to concentrate on the following core areas: health, education, water, roads, provision of agriculture and livestock extension services and the development of community-based conservation tourism ventures. In 2015, Ol Pejeta Conservancy was host to a Cricket match between the Maasai Cricket Warriors and the British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK), calling

404-491: A critical factor in their success. Subsequently, the range of natural resources that any one protected area may guard is vast. Many will be allocated primarily for species conservation whether it be flora or fauna or the relationship between them, but protected areas are similarly important for conserving sites of (indigenous) cultural importance and considerable reserves of natural resources such as; Annual updates on each of these analyses are made in order to make comparisons to

505-530: A fence attendant for every 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of fence who conducts maintenance and provides security in the form of insurgence detection. The fence is monitored 24 hours with a response team based at the control offices to respond to any incidents at night. The Ol Pejeta Conservancy works closely with surrounding communities on incidents related to insecurity through the provision of tracker dogs, transport and close relations with local authorities. This close working relationship in return, provides security to

606-602: A former member of the Advisory Council of the White House Office of Faith–based and Neighborhood Partnerships, became its executive director. Yvette Burton served as CEO from 2010 to 2012. In April 2012, Annette Lanjouw was appointed as interim executive director. In September 2012, Lanjouw returned to her role as vice president of strategic initiatives and great ape programs when Kevin Jennings became executive director,

707-616: A global network contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss ." In 2010, protected areas were included in Target 11 of the CBD's Strategic Plan for Biodiversity , known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Target 11 states: In 2018, to complement protected areas across landscapes and seascapes,

808-460: A grant of $ 120,000 from the Arcus Foundation. The grant's stated intent was “to recruit and equip LGBT supportive leaders and advocates to counter rejection and antagonism within traditionally conservative Christian churches.” The CNA story questioned whether the grant had biased RNS's coverage of traditional religion, specifically citing an RNS article on Cardinal Raymond Burke . In response to

909-472: A major part of the Ol Pejeta Conservancy's mission. The Ecological Monitoring Department (EMD) of the Ol Pejeta Conservancy aims to identify and monitor key variables necessary to maintain healthy trends in both habitat and animal species. Consequently, the EMD sets appropriate threshold levels for key animal and habitat variables which act as early warnings. Whenever threshold levels are exceeded, management intervention

1010-482: A nationwide survey that compares the biodiversity of Bhutan's protected areas versus that of intervening non-protected areas. The study indicated that Bhutan's protected areas "are effectively conserving medium and large mammal species, as demonstrated through the significant difference in mammal diversity between protected areas, biological corridors, and non-protected areas with the strongest difference between protected areas and non-protected areas". Protected areas had

1111-708: A protected area or an entire network of protected areas may lie within a larger geographic zone that is recognised as a terrestrial or marine ecoregions (see Global 200 ), or a Crisis Ecoregions for example. As a result, Protected Areas can encompass a broad range of governance types. A wide variety of rights-holders and stakeholders are involved in the governance and management of protected areas, including forest protected areas, such as government agencies and ministries at various levels, elected and traditional authorities, indigenous peoples and local communities, private individuals and non-profit trusts, among others. Most protected-area and forest management institutions acknowledge

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1212-662: A protected area. Scientific publications have identified 3,749 enacted PADDD events in 73 countries since 1892 which have collectively impacted an area approximately the size of Mexico. PADDD is a historical and contemporary phenomenon. 78% of PADDD events worldwide were enacted since 2000 and governments in at least 14 countries are currently considering at least 46 PADDD proposals. Proximate causes of PADDD vary widely but most PADDD events globally (62%) are related to industrial scale resource extraction and development – infrastructure, industrial agriculture, mining, oil and gas, forestry, fisheries, and industrialization. PADDD challenges

1313-520: A source of aesthetic and cultural value for tourism and heritage. Such services are often overlooked by humanity, due to the ecosystem from which they originate being far from urbanized areas. The contamination of ecosystem services within a designated area ultimately degrades their use for society. For example, the protection of a water body inherently protects that water body's microorganisms and their ability to adequately filter pollutants and pathogens, ultimately protecting water quality itself. Therefore,

1414-482: A specific class of protected area. China, a megadiverse country , has begun implementing various protected areas in recent years. As of the year 2017, China has nearly 10,000 to 12,000 protected areas , 80% of which are nature reserves aiming to foster biodiversity conservation. These newly implemented reserves safeguard a range of ecosystems, from tropical forests to marine habitats. These protected areas encompass nearly 20% of China's land area. Natura 2000

1515-436: A year in 1958, then returned for a further ten years, before finally retiring to run their own cattle ranch to the north. Since then, the ranch has had a number of owners, including Marcus Wickham Boynton and Adnan Khashoggi , a billionaire arms dealer and businessman considered one of the richest men in the world in the early 1980s. Over time, cattle ranching became less profitable. Elephant populations, which previously used

1616-529: Is a private protected area , also known as a 'Private Reserve' predominantly managed for biodiversity conservation, protected without formal government recognition and is owned and stewarded by the O corporation International. O parks plays a particularly important role in conserving critical biodiversity in a section of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor known as the Paso del Istmo , located along

1717-399: Is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia, established in 2003. The list includes natural and historic places, including those of cultural significance to Indigenous Australians . Indigenous Protected Areas (IPAs) are formed by agreement with Indigenous Australians, and declared by Indigenous Australians, and form

1818-521: Is a network of protected areas established by the EU across all member states. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated respectively under the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive . 787,767 km (304,159 sq mi) are designated as terrestrial sites and 251,564 km (97,129 sq mi) as marine sites. Overall, 18 percent of

1919-441: Is also a research facility where groups or individuals stay while studying flora and fauna on the Conservancy. 0°00′N 37°00′E  /  0.00°N 37.00°E  / 0.00; 37.00 Wildlife conservancy Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those areas in which human presence or

2020-411: Is currently a developing country that is undergoing infrastructure development and resource collection. The country's economic progression has brought about human-wildlife conflict and increased pressure on the existence of its protected areas. In light of ongoing disputes on the topic of optimal land usage, Dorji (et al.), in a study using camera traps to detect wildlife activity, summarize the results of

2121-576: Is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN list, the white rhino as "Near Threatened" and the black rhino as Critically Endangered . Rhino horn is erroneously believed to have medicinal properties by many people in Asia and is used as traditional dagger handles in Yemen . As of January 2014, it can fetch US$ 60,000–100,000. One kilogram of ivory can fetch US$ 1,000–3,000. With the tusks of an adult elephant weighing up to 50 kg,

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2222-425: Is often why many Wildlife Reserves and National Parks face the human threat of poaching for the illegal bushmeat or trophy trades, which are resorted to as an alternative form of substinence. Poaching has thus increased in recent years as areas with certain species are no longer easily and legally accessible. This increasing threat has often led governments to enforce laws and implement new policies to adhere to

2323-478: Is one of the five rhino species still remaining. Closely resembling its southern white cousin, the northern whites were hit particularly hard in the poaching epidemic of the 1980s and early 90s and it is now considered extinct in the wild. On 20 December 2009 Ol Pejeta became home to four of the then seven rhinos left in captivity. Two males and two females were moved from Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic in

2424-488: Is recognised not only ecologically, but culturally through further development in the arena of Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs). ICCAs are "natural and/or modified ecosystems containing significant bio - diversity values and ecological services, voluntarily conserved by (sedentary and mobile) indigenous and local communities, through customary laws or other effective means". As of December 2022, 17% of land territory and 10% of ocean territory were protected. At

2525-562: Is required. In accordance with national strategy and in liaison with the Kenya Wildlife Service , Ol Pejeta has developed a management plan for certain species. While it is first and foremost a wildlife conservancy, Ol Pejeta is also a profitable cattle ranch. By integrating the livestock with the wildlife, the cattle can be used as an ecological tool to manage the rangelands and heterogeneity and maximize biodiversity . The trampling effect and controlled grazing of cattle improves

2626-664: Is the Main Ridge Forest Reserve, established by an ordinance dated 13 April 1776. Other sources mention the 1778 approval of a protected area on then- Khan Uul , a mountain previous protected by local nomads for centuries in Mongolia, by then-ruling Qing China Tenger Tetgegch Khaan . However, the mass protected areas movement did not begin until late nineteenth-century in North America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, when other countries were quick to follow suit. While

2727-498: Is the only place in Kenya where chimpanzees can be seen. The Conservancy is host to the " Big five game " animals among a large selection of other African animals. It also operates a livestock program that serves to benefit local pastoralists and wildlife. Through the conservancy's community development program, Ol Pejeta provides funding to surrounding communities to aid health, education, water, and infrastructure projects. They also support

2828-572: Is to protect 30% of the terrestrial and marine territory of the United States by the year 2030. In the United Kingdom, the term conservation area almost always applies to an area (usually urban or the core of a village) of special architectural or historic interest, the character of which is considered worthy of preservation or enhancement. It creates a precautionary approach to the loss or alteration of buildings and/or trees, thus it has some of

2929-546: Is usually the main reason for constructing protected areas, the protection of biodiversity also protects the ecosystem services society enjoys. Some ecosystem services include those that provide and regulate resources, support natural processes, or represent culture. Provisioning services provide resources to humanity, such as fuel and water, while regulating services include carbon sequestration , climate regulation, and protection against disease. Supporting ecosystem services include nutrient cycling , while cultural services are

3030-470: The 2022 United Nations Biodiversity Conference almost 200 countries, signed onto the agreement which includes protecting 30% of land and oceans by 2030 ( 30 by 30 ). In 1992, a protected area was defined in paragraph 2 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as "a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives." Under Article 8 of

3131-631: The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the COP15, which includes the 30 by 30 initiative. Protected areas are implemented for biodiversity conservation , often providing habitat and protection from hunting for threatened and endangered species . Protection helps maintain ecological processes that cannot survive in most intensely managed landscapes and seascapes. Indigenous peoples and local communities frequently criticize this method of fortress conservation for

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3232-523: The Millennium Development Goals and several other fields of analysis are expected to be introduced in the monitoring of protected areas management effectiveness, such as freshwater and marine or coastal studies which are currently underway, and islands and drylands which are currently in planning. The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that

3333-624: The OECD , Arcus Foundation's financing for 2019 development decreased by 7% to US$ 15.1 million. Arcus Foundation was founded in Kalamazoo, Michigan , in 2000 by Jon Stryker , a U.S. architect, philanthropist, social and environmental activist, billionaire stockholder , and heir to the Stryker Corporation medical supply company fortune. Stryker's own acceptance of his sexual orientation and experiences coming out as gay led him to found Arcus based on

3434-541: The Sweetwaters Game Reserve 9,700 hectares (24,000 acres) was opened by another of Ol Pejeta’s previous owners, Lonrho Africa. Primarily started as a sanctuary for the endangered black rhino , wildlife populations (including the " Big Five ") have steadily increased since that time. In 2004, the ranch and surrounding land were purchased by the UK -based conservation organisation Fauna and Flora International (FFI) with

3535-531: The United Nations Environment Programme , the United States had a total of 6770 terrestrial nationally designated (federal) protected areas. These protected areas cover 2,607,131 km (1,006,619 sq mi), or 27.08 percent of the land area of the United States. This is also one-tenth of the protected land area of the world. According to a report from the Center for American Progress ,

3636-581: The Washington, DC –based Faithful America to “promote greater media visibility for Christians who denounce the abuse of religious-freedom arguments to oppose full equality” for LGBT people. Arcus has also awarded at least $ 200,000 to a coalition of groups seeking to "counter the narrative of the Catholic Church" and "to support pro-LGBT faith advocates to influence and counter the narrative of the Catholic Church and its ultra-conservative affiliates." In 2014,

3737-638: The World Charter for Nature in 1982, the Rio Declaration at the Earth Summit in 1992, and the Johannesburg Declaration 2002. Recently, the importance of protected areas has been brought to the fore at the threat of human-induced global heating and the understanding of the necessity to consume natural resources in a sustainable manner. The spectrum of benefits and values of protected areas

3838-610: The exploitation of natural resources (e.g. firewood, non-timber forest products , water, ...) is limited. The term "protected area" also includes marine protected areas and transboundary protected areas across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000 protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface area (excluding Antarctica). For waters under national jurisdiction beyond inland waters, there are 14,688 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), covering approximately 10.2% of coastal and marine areas and 4.12% of global ocean areas. In contrast, only 0.25% of

3939-527: The 12-mile-wide isthmus between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. On 21 May 2019, The Moscow Times cited a World Wildlife Fund report indicating that Russia now ranks first in the world for its amount of protected natural areas with 63.3 million hectares of specially protected natural areas. However, the article did not contain a link to WWF's report and it may be based on previously gathered data. As of 31 January 2008 , according to

4040-457: The 17th and 18th centuries, protected areas were mostly hunting grounds of rulers and thus, on the one hand, an expression of the absolute personal authority of a monarch, and on the other hand, they were concentrated in certain places and diminished with increasing spatial distance from the seat of power. In the late 19th century, modern territorial states emerged which, thanks to the transport and communication technologies of industrialisation and

4141-629: The Arcus Center for Social Justice Leadership at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan . It was the largest grant in the history of the university. In 2013, the Arcus Foundation launched a new Social Justice Initiative which works with faith communities around the world to build cultural acceptance for LGBT people. In 2017, Arcus founded the Global Religions Program to work with the three Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism and Islam) to promote tolerance and advocate on behalf of

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4242-636: The CBD, parties who entered the treaty agreed to, among other things, "establish a system of protected areas." In 2004, the CBD's Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) to further develop and promote protected areas. PoWPA's objective was the "establishment and maintenance by 2010 for terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through

4343-550: The CNA report, RNS's editor-in-chief denied that the Arcus grant had any influence over editorial decisions at RNS. In December 2015, the Arcus Foundation announced $ 15 million in funding to boost the transgender movement in the U.S. and globally to increase job opportunities and fight a "rising tide of violence against transgender people". Urvashi Vaid was the executive director of the foundation from 2005 to 2010. In May 2010, Fred Davie,

4444-675: The Congo as well as that of Max Planck Institutes and others. The foundation started "Giving Day for Apes," a fundraising event hosted by Mighty Cause and now run by the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries to benefit great ape sanctuaries across Africa, Asia and North America. The foundation also supports the UN's Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to address threats to

4545-512: The Conservancy. All animals are free to move in and out of the Conservancy by way of specially constructed game corridors that only restrict the movement of rhinos. Knee-high posts in the ground, situated very close together, present no challenge for elephant, antelope and carnivores, who are easily able to jump or step over. Rhinos, however, are unable to do this, and as a result are restricted from moving into areas where they are in danger of being poached for their horn. The northern white rhino

4646-454: The Conservancy. There is a coverage rate of one rhino patrol team to 14 square kilometres (1,400 ha) within the core conservation area of Ol Pejeta. The patrol teams' key objective is to monitor the black rhino, but their monitoring of the area also benefits other key species within the Conservancy. General security teams operate in areas outside the main conservation area. These areas still carry valuable concentrations of wildlife such as

4747-514: The EU land mass is designated. Protected areas of India include National parks , Wildlife sanctuaries , biosphere reserves , reserved and protected forests , conservation and community reserves , communal forests , private protected areas and conservation areas . Lebanon, home to one of the highest densities of floral diversity in the Mediterranean basin , hosts tree species with critical biogeographical locations (southernmost limit) on

4848-740: The LGBTQ community. The foundation has allocated funds to promote civil liberties and oppose religious liberty exemptions, including a $ 600,000 grant to the ACLU in 2013 to support the Campaign to End the Use of Religion to Discriminate, and a 2014 grant of $ 100,000 to the American Civil Liberties Foundation supporting “communications strategies to convince conservative Americans that religious exemptions are 'un-American'". In 2014, Arcus awarded $ 75,000 to

4949-479: The Ol Pejeta Conservancy in the form of information gathering and recruitment opportunities. The Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary is incorporated within the Ol Pejeta Conservancy and is the only place in Kenya where chimpanzees can be seen. The Sanctuary opened in 1993 in a negotiated agreement between the Ol Pejeta Conservancy, the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the Jane Goodall Institute . The facility

5050-408: The Ol Pejeta Conservancy. A team of 14 dogs and their handlers assist in several areas of Ol Pejeta Conservancy security. The bloodhounds are trained to track human scent, and are often the first on the scene at any incidents. The Belgian Malinois dogs , recently acquired by Conservancy, have been trained in tracking, attack, patrol, ivory detection, and weapons detection. The Conservancy operates

5151-888: The Ol Pejeta Conservancy. Both black and white rhino thrive here. In 2013, Ol Pejeta recorded the birth of its 100th black rhino. This means the Conservancy is now a "Key 1" black rhino population on the IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group categorization. It is one of only eight sanctuaries in Africa with this distinction. Other rare animals that can be found on Ol Pejeta include the endangered African wild dog , oryx , Jackson’s hartebeest , Grevy’s zebra , serval , cheetah and bat-eared fox . The more common African wildlife can be found too, including giraffes , vervet monkeys , baboons , hippos , impala , eland , Grant's gazelle , dik-dik , plains zebra , silver backed jackal , hyena . There are also over 300 bird species on

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5252-538: The U.S. Air Force and by entertainment companies. Arcus also provided a $ 3.7 million grant to Save the Chimps to purchase the lab and chimpanzees of Dr. Frederick Coulston . The foundation was also involved in the publication of Opening Doors: Carole Noon and Her Dream to Save the Chimps , a book about Carole Noon and her organization's efforts on behalf of apes. Arcus has also supported Jane Goodall 's work around great ape conservation in eastern Democratic Republic of

5353-477: The U.S. and Kenya, where apes are cared for outside of their range. The foundation also funds projects that advocate strengthening international protection of great apes and sanctuaries. Arcus advocates increased recognition of the rights of great apes to live free of abuse , exploitation and private ownership. The Arcus Foundation funding provided to Save the Chimps in 2002 purchased the 190-acre Fort Pierce facility to house and rescue chimps de-acquisitioned by

5454-513: The United Nations. The categories provide international standards for defining protected areas and encourage conservation planning according to their management aims. IUCN Protected Area Management Categories : Protected areas are cultural artifacts, and their story is entwined with that of human civilization. Protecting places and natural resources is by no means a modern concept, whether it be indigenous communities guarding sacred sites or

5555-455: The abundance of 2,239 terrestrial vertebrate populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (−0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (−1.8% per year). Along with providing important stocks of natural resources, protected areas are often major sources of vital ecosystem services , unbeknownst to human society. Although biodiversity

5656-401: The administration of Joe Biden reached a record in conservation. In 3 years of ruling it conserved or in the process of conserving more than 24 millions acres of public land and in 2023 alone more than 12.5 million acres of public land became protected area. It is doing it together with the indigenous people as 200 agreements of co-stewardship with them were signed in 2023 alone. The goal of Biden

5757-505: The charity Cricket in the Wild International Tournament to raise funds. By the end of 2011, Ol Pejeta Conservancy had raised and dispersed over US$ 4 million in support of its community development programme. They work with local government and a variety of elected community representatives across the district to identify projects that qualify for assistance from the Ol Pejeta Conservancy. All projects supported are assessed on

5858-473: The closely meshed and well-connected administrative apparatus that came with it, could actually assert claims to power over large contiguous territories. The establishment of nature reserves in mostly peripheral regions thus became possible and at the same time underpinned the new state claim to power. Initially, protected areas were recognised on a national scale, differing from country to country until 1933, when an effort to reach an international consensus on

5959-410: The closely related southern white rhinos with the northern whites to preserve northern white rhino genetics in hybrid offspring. On 17 October 2014 Suni died from unknown causes but not because of poaching. On 19 March 2018 Sudan was euthanized after suffering from "age-related complications". Poaching and habitat loss are depleting rhino and elephant populations all over Africa. The African elephant

6060-427: The conservancy, which allowed Ol Pejeta Conservancy to operate as a Kenyan-owned operation benefiting local community development and economic growth. In March 2022, Sad Rhinos , a Cardano NFT project, launched a partnership and began fundraising in aid of Ol Pejeta Conservancy. All members of the " Big five game " ( lion , Cape buffalo , African bush elephant , African leopard and rhinoceros ) can be found on

6161-534: The convention of European hunting reserves. Over 2000 years ago, royal decrees in India protected certain areas. In Europe, rich and powerful people protected hunting grounds for a thousand years. Moreover, the idea of protection of special places is universal: for example, it occurs among the communities in the Pacific ("tapu" areas) and in parts of Africa (sacred groves). The oldest legally protected reserve recorded in history

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6262-519: The draft Global Biodiversity Framework, which is due to be agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, which will be held 5 to 17 December in Montreal , Canada. How to manage areas protected for conservation brings up a range of challenges – whether it be regarding the local population, specific ecosystems or the design of the reserve itself – and because of

6363-498: The effectiveness of most of them remains unclear. Scientists advocate that 50% of global land and seas be converted to inter-connected protected areas to sustain these benefits. The Asian country Bhutan achieved this high-reaching target by reserving 51.4% of the country's area as protected areas interconnected through biological corridors . Although these networks are well regulated (local communities are aware of their importance and actively contribute to their maintenance), Bhutan

6464-447: The endangered Jackson's hartebeest . The Ol Pejeta Conservancy's fully electrified perimeter fence demarcates the Conservancy's boundary and prevents human-wildlife conflict . Efforts to reduce human-wildlife conflict have significantly strengthened relations with surrounding communities. The fence keeps the rhino from wandering into dangerous territory while safely directing elephants along their migratory routes. Ol Pejeta currently has

6565-618: The financial backing of the Arcus Foundation , a private international philanthropic organisation founded by Jon Stryker . The land purchase was wholly funded by a $ 15 million donation from the Arcus Foundation , which worked in tandem with FFI and the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy to secure the 360 km (90,000 acres) of open savannah grassland and convert it to a national land trust. The Arcus Foundation also gave $ 12 million to fund capital and institutional development costs at

6666-614: The foundation provided grants to organizations that address LGBTQ and immigration issues, including United We Dream Network, the Transgender Law Center , Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice and others. In April 2015, the Catholic News Agency (CNA) published an article disclosing that the Religion News Service (RNS), a U.S. news agency focused on religion, ethics, spirituality and moral issues, had received

6767-463: The generally violent processes by which the regulations of the areas are enforced. The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorisation guidelines for protected areas. The definition is as follows: A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve

6868-427: The ground, to record video for use in court, and also to help undertake a census of the reserve. The Conservancy operates a number of armed teams. These are self-sufficient, mobile teams able to spend extended periods of time in the field. These teams have been trained to operate day and night and to respond to incidents, not only within the Ol Pejeta Conservancy, but also in conjunction with local authorities outside of

6969-446: The highest levels of mammal biodiversity. This is made possible by the restriction of commercial activity and regulation of consumptive uses (firewood, timber, etc.). The regulation of such practices has allowed Bhutan's protected areas to thrive with high carnivore diversity and other rare mammals such as Chinese pangolin , Indian pangolin , mountain weasel ( Mustela altaica ) , small-toothed ferret badger , Asian small clawed otter ,

7070-404: The hope that the climate and rich grasslands of Ol Pejeta, a native habitat for the animals, would provide them with more favourable breeding conditions. The males (named Sudan and Suni) and the females (Fatu and Najin) enjoyed 24-hour armed security and a 700-acre enclosure. Suni was seen mating with Najin in 2012, but tests have confirmed she is not pregnant. Ol Pejeta is trying to cross-breed

7171-452: The idea of protected areas spread around the world in the twentieth century, the driving force was different in different regions. Thus, in North America, protected areas were about safeguarding dramatic and sublime scenery; in Africa, the concern was with game parks; in Europe, landscape protection was more common. The designation of protected areas often also contained a political statement. In

7272-491: The implementation of protected areas is vital to maintaining the quality and consistency of ecosystem services, ultimately allowing human society to function without the interference of human infrastructure or policies. Through its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA), the IUCN has developed six Protected Area Management Categories that define protected areas according to their management objectives, which are internationally recognised by various national governments and

7373-453: The importance of recognizing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, sharing the costs and benefits of protected areas and actively involving them in their governance and management. This has led to the recognition of four main types of governance, defined on the basis of who holds authority, responsibility, and who can be held accountable for the key decisions for protected areas. Indeed, governance of protected areas has emerged

7474-585: The infrastructure and networking needed to substitute consumable resources and substantively protect the area from development or misuse. The soliciting of protected areas may require regulation to the level of meeting demands for food, feed, livestock and fuel, and the legal enforcement of not only the protected area itself but also 'buffer zones' surrounding it, which may help to resist destabilisation. Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) events are processes that change

7575-713: The initial goal of protected areas, though many illegal activities are often overlooked. There is increasing pressure to take proper account of human needs when setting up protected areas and these sometimes have to be "traded off" against conservation needs. Whereas in the past governments often made decisions about protected areas and informed local people afterwards, today the emphasis is shifting towards greater discussions with stakeholders and joint decisions about how such lands should be set aside and managed. Such negotiations are never easy but usually produce stronger and longer-lasting results for both conservation and people. In some countries, protected areas can be assigned without

7676-473: The largest black rhinoceros sanctuary in East Africa ; in 2013, it reached a population milestone of one hundred eastern black rhinos . It also houses the two last remaining northern white rhinos in the world, who were moved there from Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic . The Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary is situated here which provides a haven for orphaned, abandoned, and rescued chimpanzees ; It

7777-528: The legal status of national parks and other protected areas in both terrestrial and marine environments. Downgrading is a decrease in legal restrictions on human activities within a protected area, downsizing is a decrease in protected area size through a legal boundary change, and degazettement is the loss of legal protection for an entire protected area. Collectively, PADDD represents legal processes that temper regulations, shrink boundaries, or eliminate legal protections originally associated with establishment of

7878-657: The legislative and policy characteristics of listed buildings and tree preservation orders . The concept was introduced in 1967, and by 2017 almost 9,800 had been designated in England. Arcus Foundation The foundation was founded by Jon Stryker , heir to the Stryker Corporation medical supply company fortune. The foundation has offices in New York City and Cambridge, England . Arcus has been called "the world's largest private funder of ape conservation" and "the nation's largest LGBT funder". Stryker has explained

7979-686: The long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. Protected Areas alleviate climate change effects in a variety of ways: The objective of protected areas is to conserve biodiversity and to provide a way for measuring the progress of such conservation. Protected areas will usually encompass several other zones that have been deemed important for particular conservation uses, such as Important Bird Areas (IBA) and Endemic Bird Areas (EBA), Centres of Plant Diversity (CPD), Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas (ICCA), Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites (AZE) and Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) among others. Likewise,

8080-430: The longstanding assumption that protected areas are permanent fixtures and highlights the need for decision-makers to consider protected area characteristics and the socioeconomic context in which they are situated to better ensure their permanence. A main goal of protected areas is to prevent loss of biodiversity . However, their effectiveness is limited by their small size and isolation from each other (which influence

8181-424: The maintenance of species), their restricted role in preventing climate change , invasive species , and pollution, their high costs, and their increasing conflict with human demands for nature's resources. In addition, the type of habitat, species composition, legal issues and governance, play important roles. One major problem is that only 18% of the area covered by protected areas have been assessed, hence

8282-479: The many unpredicatable elements in ecology issues, each protected area requires a case-specific set of guidelines. Enforcing protected area boundaries is a costly and labour-heavy endeavour, particularly if the allocation of a new protected region places new restrictions on the use of resources by the native people which may lead to their subsequent displacement. This has troubled relationships between conservationists and rural communities in many protected regions and

8383-415: The match; "Last Male Standing", in honor of Sudan, the only northern white rhinoceros living at that time. Ol Pejeta remains a popular safari destination for both local residents and international visitors. The Conservancy has 7 accommodation options: Sweetwaters Tented Camp, Ol Pejeta House, Ol Pejeta Bush Camp, Porini Rhino Camp, Pelican House, Kicheche Laikipia Camp and private campsites. Entry fees at

8484-682: The networks that hold regular revisions for the succinct categorisations that have been developed to regulate and record protected areas. In 1972, the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment endorsed the protection of representative examples of all major ecosystem types as a fundamental requirement of national conservation programmes. This has become a core principle of conservation biology and has remained so in recent resolutions – including

8585-456: The philosophy that "people can live in harmony with one another and the natural world." Stryker also has an interest in wildlife, and apes in particular, motivating the foundation's other focus area. The foundation's great apes and gibbons strategy funds projects that promote conservation of the world's gorillas , chimpanzees , bonobos , orangutans , and gibbons in 24 ape -range landscapes in 19 countries in Africa and Asia, as well as in

8686-494: The potential profits for poachers and traders are large. The trade in rhino horn and ivory is so lucrative that increasingly, poachers are gaining access to automatic weapons, silencers and night-vision to carry out their work. Protecting wildlife from these criminals is an expensive business. Convention has it that the cost of protecting wildlife habitat doubles with the presence of black rhino. Currently, it costs approximately US$ 17,300 per square kilometre (US$ 70 per acre) to secure

8787-483: The provision of agriculture and livestock extension services and the development of community-based conservation tourism ventures. During the colonial era, the Laikipia Plateau was used as an extensive cattle ranching area. Lacking the rainfall required to farm crops, cattle ranching was adopted as the next best way to utilize the land. John and Jane Kenyon took over the management of Ol Pejeta in 1949 when it

8888-422: The quality of grass very quickly. Cattle are held overnight in mobile, predator-proof structures, which then create 'hot-spots' of nutrient- rich grass favoured by herbivores. Cattle production also provides valuable additional revenue for the Conservancy. OPC currently has three breeds of indigenous pure-bred cattle: Ankole , Jiddu (or Serenli), and Boran . It holds the largest single herd of pure Boran cattle in

8989-455: The ranch as a transit area from the north to Mount Kenya and the Aberdares , increasingly took up permanent residence on the property. As a result, fences required to maximise cattle productivity were destroyed and became impossible to maintain cost-effectively. In the face of declining wildlife populations elsewhere and as a means to effectively utilise the land, the land has seen an increasing emphasis placed upon wildlife conservation. In 1988,

9090-442: The relationship between the foundation's focus areas as “bound by the common themes of compassion and justice…We don’t use the language of animal rights- it’s more about compassion and conservation language…Another connection is justice. In our work for human rights, we are among those trying to expand traditional ideas of social justice to include sexuality and gender…social justice for people can enable conservation." According to

9191-787: The standards and terminology of protected areas took place at the International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London. At the 1962 First World Conference on National Parks in Seattle the effect the Industrial Revolution had had on the world's natural environment was acknowledged, and the need to preserve it for future generations was established. Since then, it has been an international commitment on behalf of both governments and non-government organisations to maintain

9292-461: The survival of great apes. The foundation publishes a series of publications entitled "State of the Apes" which reviews threats, research and policy implications for apes. The publication was first introduced at the 2014 United Nations Environment Assembly in Kenya. The Arcus Foundation is a major supporter of LGBT social justice. In January 2011, the foundation made a $ 23 million grant to establish

9393-653: The term ' other effective area-based conservation measures ' was defined as "a geographically defined area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values." Other effective area-based conservation measures complement protected areas across landscapes, seascapes, and river basins. Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures are referenced together in Target 3 of

9494-506: The tiger, dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), Binturong , clouded leopard and Tibetan fox ( Vulpes ferrilata ) . Also found to be prevalent were the large herbivore species: Asiatic water buffalo Bubalus arnee , golden langur , musk deer , and Asian elephant . The maintenance of these charismatic megafauna and other threatened species can be attributed to the intensity of Bhutan's management of its protected areas and its local communities' commitment to preserving them. The National Heritage List

9595-413: The time of writing (August.2022) are as follows (per person, per day): Additional fees apply to vehicle entry and most Conservancy activities. Activities include visiting the endangered species enclosure, where the northern white rhinos are kept, visiting the chimpanzee sanctuary, lion tracking, night game drives and guided bushwalks . Conservancy maps are available at the entrance gate for a cost. There

9696-757: The total number of chimpanzees in the sanctuary to 43. At the Sweetwaters Sanctuary, chimpanzees are nursed back to health and enjoy the rest of their days in the safety of a vast natural enclosure. The chimpanzees live in two large groups separated by the Ewaso Nyiro River . Sweetwaters is a chartered member of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA), an alliance of 23 sanctuaries in 13 African countries, currently caring for over 1100 orphaned and/or confiscated chimpanzees. Conservation of endangered species in their natural habitat represents

9797-518: The western slopes of Mount Lebanon’s mountain range and has passed laws to protect environmental sites at the national level, including nature reserves, forests, and Hima (local community-based conservation), with some of these sites having acquired one or more international designations: There are three biosphere reserves in Lebanon that have been designated by the UNESCO : O Parks, Wildlife, and Recreation

9898-471: The world at 6,500 cows. A small proportion of the Conservancy has been set aside as a predator-free breeding centre. There is also an abattoir on site. Through business enterprises and donations, the Ol Pejeta Conservancy works to develop the funding necessary to pay for wildlife conservation work and provide financial assistance to projects aimed at improving the livelihoods of the people living in neighbouring communities. In 2006 and 2007, Ol Pejeta organized

9999-566: The world's oceans beyond national jurisdiction are covered by MPAs. In recent years, the 30 by 30 initiative has targeted to protect 30% of ocean territory and 30% of land territory worldwide by 2030; this has been adopted by the European Union in its Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 , Campaign for Nature which promoted the goal during the Convention on Biodiversity 's COP15 Summit and the G7 . In December 2022, Nations have reached an agreement with

10100-570: Was initially established to receive and provide lifelong refuge to orphaned and abused chimpanzees from west and central Africa. An initial group of three chimpanzee orphans were brought to the sanctuary from a facility in Bujumbura, Burundi, that needed to be evacuated due to the civil war. This was followed in 1995 by another group of 9 adult chimpanzees, and another 10 in 1996. Over the last decade Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary has continued to accept chimpanzees rescued from traumatic situations, bringing

10201-513: Was owned by Lord Delamere and together they spent the next 15 years developing the ranch. When the Kenyons first took on Ol Pejeta, they were joined by Delemere's school friend and business partner Marcus Wickham Boynton . Together they organized the then 230 km (57,000-acre) ranch into a successful beef-producing company. Over the next few years, they expanded the farm to cover an estimated 360 km (90,000 acres). The Kenyons left Ol Pejeta for

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