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93-457: Until 1910, a school existed for black children on Gillespie Street. In 1910 it was deemed completely unsuitable and a new school known as Public School Number 2 was built with money appropriated by the city, plus the $ 2 per student provided by the state and the $ 200 generated by the negro poll tax. Prior to 1926, African American children in Starkville were able to get an education of sorts at what

186-642: A Democratic region. He chiefly studied poll books for presidential years. The rise of the Whig Party took place in 1836 in opposition to the presidential candidacy of Martin Van Buren and was consolidated in 1840. Springfield Whigs tend to validate several expectations of party characteristics as they were largely native-born, either in New England or Kentucky, professional or agricultural in occupation, and devoted to partisan organization. Abraham Lincoln's career reflects

279-507: A clothing manufacturing company. Rosenwald had heard about other clothiers who had begun to manufacture clothing according to standardized sizes from data collected during the American Civil War . He decided to try the system but to move his manufacturing facility closer to the rural population that he anticipated would be his market. He and his brother moved to Chicago, Illinois . In 1890, Rosenwald married Augusta "Gussie" Nusbaum,

372-1014: A common occurrence throughout the spring and summer. From 1961 to 1990 the city of Springfield averaged 35.25 inches (895 mm) of precipitation per year. During that same period the average yearly temperature was 52.4 °F (11.3 °C), with a summer maximum of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July and a winter minimum of 24.2 °F (−4.3 °C) in January. From 1971 to 2000, NOAA data showed that Springfield's annual mean temperature increased slightly to 52.7 °F (11.5 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.3 °F (24.6 °C), while January averaged 25.1 °F (−3.8 °C). From 1981 to 2010, NOAA data showed that Springfield's annual mean temperature increased slightly to 53.1 °F (11.7 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.0 °F (24.4 °C), while January averaged 26.9 °F (−2.8 °C). From 1991 to 2020, NOAA's latest dataset showed

465-411: A continued increase in the annual mean to 54.0 °F (12.2 °C). During that period, July averaged 76.5 °F (24.7 °C), while January averaged 27.9 °F (−2.3 °C). On June 14, 1957, a tornado hit Springfield, killing two people. On March 12, 2006, the city was struck by two F2 tornadoes . The storm system which brought the two tornadoes hit the city around 8:30pm; no one died as

558-476: A daughter of a competing clothier. Together they had five children: Lessing J. Rosenwald , Adele (Rosenwald) Deutsch Levy, Edith (Rosenwald) Stern, Marion (Rosenwald) Ascoli―second wife of Italian American journalist Max Ascoli ―and William Rosenwald . Their son Lessing Rosenwald became a prominent businessman, following his father in the chairmanship of Sears, Roebuck & Company (1932–1939). Edith married businessman Edgar B. Stern Sr . One of his grandchildren

651-482: A farm household could desire. The company's initiative at this time was particularly fortuitous with the initiation of Rural Free Delivery by the Post Office in 1896. From 1895 to 1907, under Rosenwald's leadership as vice president and treasurer, annual sales of the company climbed from $ 750,000 to upwards of $ 50 million. The prosperity of the company and their vision for greater expansion led Sears and Rosenwald to take

744-569: A high school, but continued as a school for younger students. In 2010 Henderson-Ward Stewart Elementary was renovated for a cost of $ 4.8 million. Prior to 1926, various citizens in cooperation with the Julius Rosenwald Fund had provided funding for a building known as the Rosenwald School. This school was burned to the ground in 1970, during federally mandated integration. In 1926, the OCTS

837-424: A household in the city was $ 39,388, and the median income for a family was $ 51,298. Families with children had a higher income of about $ 69,437. Males had a median income of $ 36,864 versus $ 28,867 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 23,324. About 8.4% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 17.3% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over. Many of

930-597: A labor activist, and Marjorie Merriweather Post , the founder of the General Foods Corporation , lived in the city; Post in particular was a native of Springfield. In addition, astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson was born in Springfield in 1891. A Madeiran Portuguese community resided in the vicinity of the Carpenter Street Underpass, one of the earliest and largest Portuguese settlements in

1023-428: A low profile throughout his life. He refused to be the source of biographies and did not want his name to be affixed on buildings or institutions. He even insisted that his generous philanthropic contributions be matched by others so that he would not be credited with the title of 'sole donor'. However, he is well-remembered today through many books, such as Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced

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1116-733: A plaque erected. Additionally, Samuel Rosenwald served as the president of the B’rith Sholom synagogue of the Springfield Hebrew Congregation, where Julius received a Jewish education and learned lifelong lessons to shape his values. By his sixteenth year, Rosenwald was apprenticed by his parents to his uncles in New York City to learn the clothing trades. While in New York, he befriended Henry Goldman and Henry Morgenthau Sr. With his younger brother Morris, Rosenwald started

1209-583: A program that was highly valuable to rural Americans. He was also the principal founder and backer for the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, to which he gave over $ 5 million and served as the president (1927–1932). Rosenwald died at his home, now Rosewood Park , in the Ravinia section of Highland Park, Illinois , on January 6, 1932. When looking back on his life and success, Rosenwald declared, "Most people are of

1302-400: A result of the riot: nine black residents, and seven white residents who were associated with the mob, five of whom were killed by state militia and two committed suicide. The riot ended when the governor sent in more than 3,700 militiamen to patrol the city, but isolated incidents of white violence against blacks continued in Springfield into September. On March 12, 2006, two F2 tornadoes hit

1395-550: A result of the weather. Springfield received a federal grant in February 2005 to help improve its tornado warning systems and new sirens were put in place in November 2006 after eight of the sirens failed during an April 2006 test, shortly after the tornadoes hit. The cost of the new sirens totaled $ 983,000. Although tornadoes are not uncommon in central Illinois, the March 12 tornadoes were

1488-423: A small "core community" of economically successful, socially homogeneous, and politically active voters and officeholders who controlled local political affairs, while most residents moved in and out of the city. Members of a tightly knit and exclusive "core community", exemplified by Abraham Lincoln , blunted the potentially disruptive impact of migration on local communities. The case of John Williams illustrates

1581-500: A viable synodical tradition. Springfield became a major center of activity during the American Civil War. Illinois regiments trained there, the first ones under Ulysses S. Grant . He led his soldiers to a remarkable series of victories in 1861–62. The city was a political and financial center of Union support. New industries, businesses, and railroads were constructed to help support the war effort. The war's first official death

1674-475: A wide array of individuals, who, in one way or another, contributed to the broader American culture. Wandering poet Vachel Lindsay , most famous for his poem "The Congo" and a booklet called "Rhymes to be Traded for Bread", was born in Springfield in 1879. At least two notable people affiliated with American business and industry have called the Illinois state capital home at one time or another. Both John L. Lewis ,

1767-451: Is Nina Rosenwald . Another was the Hollywood film producer Armand Deutsch , who believed that he was the intended target of the thrill killers Leopold and Loeb , who kidnapped and murdered his schoolmate Robert "Bobby" Franks on May 21, 1924. In 1893, Richard Sears and Alvah C. Roebuck renamed their watch company Sears, Roebuck & Company and began to diversify. Rosenwald and Weil

1860-468: Is a 4,200-acre (1,700 ha) human-made reservoir owned by City Water, Light & Power , the largest municipally owned utility in Illinois. It was built and filled in 1935 by damming Lick Creek , a tributary of the Sangamon River which flows past Springfield's northern outskirts. The lake is used primarily as a source for drinking water for the city of Springfield, also providing cooling water for

1953-424: Is a radical departure from Victorian architectural traditions. Covering 12,000 square feet (1,100 m ), the house contained vaulted ceilings and 16 major spaces. As the nation was changing, so Wright intended this structure to reflect the changes. Creating an organic and natural atmosphere, Wright saw himself as an "architect of democracy" and intended his work to be a monument to America's social landscape. It

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2046-401: Is an area bordered by 3rd Street on its west, Black Avenue on the north, 8th street on the east and North Grand Avenue. The neighborhood is not far from Lincoln's Tomb on Monument Avenue. Springfield completely surrounds four suburbs that have their own municipal governments: Jerome , Leland Grove , Southern View , and Grandview . It also surrounds various unincorporated enclaves, including

2139-626: Is land and 6.284 square miles (16.28 km ) (or 9.56%) is water. The city is located in the Lower Illinois River Basin, in a large area known as Till Plain. Sangamon County, and the city of Springfield, are in the Springfield Plain subsection of Till Plain. The Plain is underlain by glacial till that was deposited by a large continental ice sheet that repeatedly covered the area during the Illinoian Stage . The majority of

2232-529: Is still operating today. Rosenwald went on to offer challenge grants to cities across the United States to build YMCAs for African Americans. Rosenwald promised to give $ 25,000 to any city that could raise $ 75,000 to build a YMCA for African Americans. Between 1911 and 1933, Rosenwald provided over $ 600,000 toward the building of 25 YMCAs in 24 cities across the United States, including one in Harlem . Rosenwald

2325-483: Is the only historic site later acquired by the state exclusively because of its architectural merit. The structure was opened to the public as a museum house in September 1990; tours are available, 9:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. Wednesdays through Sundays. Sparked by the alleged rape of a white woman by a black man and the murder of a white engineer, supposedly also by a black man, in Springfield, and reportedly angered by

2418-404: Is used or a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. In recent years, winter temperatures have increased substantially while summer temperatures have remained equal to the preiod 30 years before. Hot, humid summers and cold, rather snowy winters are the norm. Springfield is located on the farthest reaches of Tornado Alley , and as such, thunderstorms are

2511-562: The Chicago metropolitan area (after Rockford ), and the most populous in Central Illinois . Approximately 208,000 residents live in the Springfield metropolitan area , which consists of all of Sangamon and Menard counties. Springfield lies in a plain near the Sangamon River north of Lake Springfield . The city is on historic Route 66 . Springfield was settled by European-Americans in

2604-884: The Illinois General Assembly , the Illinois Supreme Court , the office of the Governor of Illinois and historic Illinois Governor's Mansion . The University of Illinois Springfield has its campus near Lake Springfield. Weather is fairly typical for middle-latitude locations, with four distinct seasons. The city has a mayor–council form of government and governs the Capital Township . Public schools in Springfield are operated by District No. 186. Settlers originally named this community as "Calhoun", after Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , expressing their cultural ties. The land that Springfield now occupies

2697-491: The Lincoln Tomb . Largely on the efforts of Lincoln and other area lawmakers, as well as its central location, Springfield was made the state capital in 1839. As the state capital, the government of Illinois is based in Springfield. Springfield's economy is dominated by government agencies and adjacent firms that work with state and county governance, in addition to healthcare and medicine. State government institutions include

2790-493: The central section of Illinois, Springfield is 80 miles (130 km) northeast of St. Louis . The Champaign/Urbana area is to the east, Peoria is to the north, and Bloomington–Normal is to the northeast. Decatur is 40 miles (64 km) due east. The city is at an elevation of 558 feet (170 m) above sea level . According to the 2010 census, Springfield has a total area of 65.764 square miles (170.33 km ), of which 59.48 square miles (154.05 km ) (or 90.44%)

2883-514: The social progressivism of Jane Addams , Grace Abbott , Paul J. Sachs , and the Reform Judaism of Emil Hirsch and Julian Mack (many of whom were personal friends as well), Rosenwald devoted his time, energy, and money to philanthropy . In his words, written in 1911: The horrors that are due to race prejudice come home to the Jew more forcefully than to others of the white race, on account of

Henderson High School (Mississippi) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-542: The 1850s. Widespread migration in the 19th-century United States produced frequent population turnover within Midwestern communities, which influenced patterns of voter turnout and office-holding. Examination of the manuscript census, poll books, and office-holding records reveals the effects of migration on the behavior and voting patterns of 8,000 participants in 10 elections in Springfield. Most voters were short-term residents who participated in only one or two elections during

3069-542: The 1850s. Fewer than 1% of all voters participated in all 10 elections. Instead of producing political instability, however, rapid turnover enhanced the influence of the more stable residents. Migration was selective by age, occupation, wealth, and birthplace. Longer-term or "persistent" voters, as he terms them, tended to be wealthier, more highly skilled, more often native-born, and socially more stable than non-persisters. Officeholders were particularly persistent and socially and economically advantaged. Persisters represented

3162-522: The 1906 financial reorganization of Sears, Rosenwald became friends with Goldman Sachs's other senior partner, Paul J. Sachs , who often stayed with Rosenwald during his many trips to Chicago. The two would discuss America's social situation, agreeing that the plight of African Americans was the most serious in the U.S. Sachs introduced Rosenwald to two prominent educators and proponents of African-American education, William H. Baldwin and Booker T. Washington . Rosenwald made common cause with Washington and

3255-463: The 1964 school year, after which he was replaced by Clell Ward. Many civil rights workers believed that the naming of schools after black principals was done to help perpetuate segregation. Although the black schools were supposed to have been equal to the white schools, the black schools were in fact far inferior. Facilities were poorer, and the textbooks used were ones discarded from the white public schools. The teachers were less prepared as well; when

3348-580: The Cause of Black Education in the American South by Peter M. Ascoli, and Julius Rosenwald: Repairing the World by Hasia R. Diner. Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the capital city of the U.S. state of Illinois and the seat of Sangamon County . The city's population was 114,394 at the 2020 census , which makes it the state's seventh-most populous city , the second-most populous outside of

3441-801: The Lipscomb University Prize of the Ecumenical Jury, Nashville Film Festival. He established his Rosenwald Fund in 1917 for "the well-being of mankind". Unlike other endowed foundations, which were designed to fund themselves in perpetuity, the Rosenwald Fund was intended to use all of its funds for philanthropic purposes. As a result, the fund was completely spent by 1948. Over the course of his life, Rosenwald and his fund donated over $ 70 million to public schools , colleges and universities , museums , Jewish charities and African-American institutions. The rural school building program

3534-578: The Lower Illinois River Basin is flat, with relief extending no more than 20 feet (6.1 m) in most areas, including the Springfield subsection of the plain. The differences in topography are based on the age of drift. The Springfield and Galesburg Plain subsections represent the oldest drift, Illinoian, while Wisconsinian drift resulted in end moraines on the Bloomington Ridged Plain subsection of Till Plain. Lake Springfield

3627-551: The Midwest. The Portuguese immigrants that originated the community left Madeira because they experienced social ostracization due to being Protestants in their largely Catholic homeland, having been converted to Protestantism by a Scottish reverend named Robert Reid Kalley , who visited Madeira in 1838. These Protestant Madeiran exiles relocated to the Caribbean island of Trinidad before settling permanently in Springfield in 1849. By

3720-496: The NW corner of 2nd and Jefferson, often mistaken for the original home site, marks instead the location of the first county courthouse, which was later built on Kelly's property. In 1821, Calhoun was designated as the county seat of Sangamon County due to its location, fertile soil and trading opportunities. Settlers from Kentucky , Virginia , and North Carolina came to the developing settlement. By 1832, Senator Calhoun had fallen out of

3813-567: The Whigs' political rise but, by the 1840s, Springfield began to be dominated by Democratic politicians. Waves of new European immigrants had changed the city's demographics and they became aligned with the Democrats, who made more effort to assist and connect with them. By the 1860 presidential election, Lincoln was barely able to win his home city. Winkle earlier had studied the effect of migration on residents' political participation in Springfield during

Henderson High School (Mississippi) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-533: The census of 2000, there were 111,454 people, 48,621 households, and 27,957 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,063.9 people per square mile (796.9 people/km ). There were 53,733 housing units at an average density of 995.0 per square mile (384.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 81.0% White , 15.3% African American , 0.2% Native American , 1.5% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.5% from other races , and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of

3999-502: The centuries of persecution which they have suffered and still suffer. The collaboration between Booker T. Washington and Julius Rosenwald was the subject of the 2015 documentary Rosenwald , subtitled The Remarkable Story of a Jewish Partnership with African American Communities by writer, producer and director Aviva Kempner , which won Best Documentary Jury Award at the Teaneck International Film Festival and

4092-616: The city's businesses prospered from camp traffic, drunken behavior and rowdiness on the part of the soldiers stationed there strained relations. Neither civil nor military authorities proved able to control disorderly outbreaks. After the war ended in 1865, Springfield became a major hub in the Illinois railroad system. It was a center of government and farming. By 1900 it was also invested in coal mining and processing. Local poet Vachel Lindsay 's notions of utopia were expressed in his only novel, The Golden Book of Springfield (1920), which draws on ideas of anarchistic socialism in projecting

4185-538: The city, injuring 24 people, damaging hundreds of buildings, and causing $ 150 million in damages. On February 10, 2007, then-senator Barack Obama announced his presidential candidacy in Springfield, standing on the grounds of the Old State Capitol . Senator Obama also used the Old State Capitol in Springfield as a backdrop when he announced Joe Biden as his running mate on August 23, 2008. Located within

4278-545: The city. According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the Civilian Labor force dropped from 116,500 in September 2006 to 113,400 in February 2007. In addition, the unemployment rate rose during the same time period from 3.8% to 5.1%. According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: Springfield has been home to

4371-417: The city. The largest private sector employer in 2002 was Memorial Health System with 3,400 people working for the organization. According to estimates from the "Living Wage Calculator" the living wage for the city of Springfield is $ 7.89 per hour for one adult, approximately $ 15,780 working 2,000 hours per year. For a family of four, costs are increased and the living wage is $ 17.78 per hour within

4464-447: The company public in 1906, with $ 40 million in stock. Rosenwald turned to his old friend Henry Goldman , who was now a senior partner at Goldman Sachs , to handle the initial public offering of the stock. After Sears resigned the presidency in 1908 due to declining health, Rosenwald was named president. On January 2, 1915, Rosenwald was indicted in Chicago for a failure to file a personal property tax schedule. One commenter described

4557-558: The company to Nusbaum and Rosenwald for $ 75,000. The new Sears, Roebuck and Company was re-incorporated in Illinois with a capital stock of $ 150,000 in August 1895. Sears and Rosenwald got along well, but Nusbaum, who was Gussie Rosenwald's brother, was a problem. Sears and Rosenwald bought him out for $ 1.3 million in 1903. Rosenwald brought to the company a rational management philosophy and diversified product lines: dry goods, consumer durables, drugs, hardware, furniture, and nearly anything else

4650-483: The condensers at the power plant on the lake. It attracts approximately 600,000 visitors annually and its 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline is home to over 700 lakeside residences and eight public parks. The term "full pool" describes the lake at 560 feet (170 m) above sea level and indicates the level at which the lake begins to flow over the dam's spillway , if no gates are opened. Normal lake levels are generally somewhere below full pool, depending upon

4743-421: The development of 421 units to provide sound housing for African Americans and to relieve the tremendous overcrowding due to Chicago's pervasive racial segregation . The development also included 14 stores along the 47th Street side of the property, four of which were occupied by black-owned businesses, and a nursery school . Rosenwald invested $ 2.7 million in the project, receiving only a 2.4 percent return during

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4836-812: The downtown area to names of notable people in Springfield and Illinois to names of institutions of higher education, especially in the Harvard Park neighborhood. Springfield has at least twenty separately designated neighborhoods , though not all have neighborhood associations. They include: Benedictine District, Bunn Park, Downtown, Eastsview, Enos Park, Glen Aire, Harvard Park, Hawthorne Place, Historic West Side, Lincoln Park, Mather and Wells, Medical District, Near South, Northgate, Oak Ridge, Old Aristocracy Hill, Pillsbury District, Shalom, Springfield Lakeshore, Toronto , Twin Lakes, UIS Campus, Victoria Lake, Vinegar Hill, and Westchester neighborhoods. The Lincoln Park Neighborhood

4929-665: The early twentieth century, these immigrants resided in the western extension of a neighborhood known as the "Badlands". The Badlands was included in the widespread destruction and violence of the Springfield Race Riot in August 1908, an event that led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The Carpenter Street archaeological site possesses local and national significance for its potential to contribute to an understanding of

5022-472: The favor with the public and the town renamed itself as Springfield. According to local history, the name was suggested by the wife of John Kelly, after Spring Creek, which ran through the area known as "Kelly's Field". Kaskaskia was the first capital of the Illinois Territory from its organization in 1809, continuing through statehood in 1818, and through the first year as a state in 1819. Vandalia

5115-579: The first seven years. In 1910, the YMCA asked Rosenwald to fund a proposal for a new building in Chicago; Rosenwald replied that he would contribute only if a center for African Americans were also constructed. The result was the Wabash Avenue YMCA , opened in 1914, which would later become an historic landmark. The Wabash "Y" greatly aided blacks' integration into Chicago during the Great Migration . It

5208-638: The first to hit the actual city since the 1957 storm. The 2006 tornadoes followed nearly identical paths to that of the 1957 tornado. Springfield proper is largely based on a grid street system, with numbered streets starting with the longitudinal First Street (which leads to the Illinois State Capitol) and leading to 32nd Street in the far eastern part of the city. Previously, the city had four distinct boundary streets: North, South, East, and West Grand Avenues. Since expansion, West Grand Avenue became MacArthur Boulevard and East Grand became 19th Street on

5301-452: The government's Indian Removal policy. Abraham Lincoln arrived in the Springfield area in 1831 when he was a young man, but he did not live in the city until 1837. He spent the ensuing six years in New Salem , where he began his legal studies, joined the state militia , and was elected to the Illinois General Assembly . In 1837, Lincoln moved to Springfield, where he lived and worked for

5394-522: The high degree of corruption in the city, rioting broke out on August 14, 1908, and continued for three days in a period of violence known as the Springfield race riot . Gangs of white youth and blue-collar workers attacked the predominantly black areas of the city known as the Levee district, where most black businesses were located, and the Badlands, where many black residences stood. At least sixteen people died as

5487-472: The important role of the merchant banker in the economic development of central Illinois before the Civil War. Williams began his career as a clerk in frontier stores and saved to begin his own business. Later, in addition to operating retail and wholesale stores, he acted as a local banker. He organized a national bank in Springfield. He was active in railroad promotion and as an agent for farm machinery. During

5580-503: The indictment as "a shot heard around the world". Prior to the indictment the Tax Board of Review scheduled the value of Rosenwald's Sears ' stock at $ 7,500,000. Rosenwald declared this to be greatly excessive and additionally claimed that the stock of the New York company did not represent tangible assets. The indictment was quashed in March 1915 when Rosenwald's attorneys convinced the Court that

5673-522: The jobs in the city center around state government, headquartered in Springfield. As of 2002, the State of Illinois is both the city and county's largest employer, employing 17,000 people across Sangamon County. As of February 2007, government jobs, including local, state and county, account for about 30,000 of the city's non-agricultural jobs. Trade, transportation and utilities, and the health care industries each provide between 17,000 and 18,000 jobs to

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5766-495: The late 1810s, around the time Illinois became a state. The most famous historic resident was Abraham Lincoln , who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861, upon becoming President of the United States . Major tourist attractions include multiple sites connected with Lincoln including the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , Lincoln Home , Old State Capitol , Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices , and

5859-431: The mid-19th century, the spiritual needs of German Lutherans in the Midwest were not being tended. There had been a wave of migration after the 1848 revolutions, but without a related number of clergy. As a result of the efforts of such missionaries as Friedrich Wyneken, Wilhelm Loehe, and Wilhelm Sihler, additional Lutheran ministers were sent to the Midwest, Lutheran schools were opened, and Concordia Theological Seminary

5952-421: The neighborhoods of Laketown and Cabbage Patch . At the 2010 Census, 75.8% of the population was White , 18.5% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.2% Asian, and 2.6% of two or more races. 2.0% of Springfield's population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race). Non-Hispanic Whites were 74.7% of the population in 2010, down from 87.6% in 1980. As of

6045-519: The next 24 years as a lawyer and politician. Lincoln delivered his Lyceum address in Springfield. His farewell speech when he left for Washington is a classic in American oratory. Historian Kenneth J. Winkle (1998) examines the historiography concerning the development of the Second Party System (Whigs versus Democrats). He applied these ideas to the study of Springfield, a strong Whig enclave in

6138-538: The north side and 18th Street on the south side. 18th Street has since been renamed after Martin Luther King Jr. North and South Grand Avenues (which run east–west) have remained important corridors in the city. At South Grand Avenue and Eleventh Street, the old "South Town District" lies, with the City of Springfield undertaking a significant redevelopment project there. Latitudinal streets range from names of presidents in

6231-427: The opinion that because a man has made a fortune that his opinions on any subject are valuable. For my part, I always believe most large fortunes are made by men of mediocre ability who tumbled into a lucky opportunity and couldn’t help but get rich and that others, given the same chance, would have done far better with it." Thus, although Julius Rosenwald is one of Chicago's most admired Jewish businessmen, he maintained

6324-407: The poor state of African-American education in the U.S., which suffered from inadequate buildings and books. Rosenwald provided funds to build six small schools in rural Alabama, which were constructed and opened in 1913 and 1914, and overseen by Tuskegee. As the projects were built by and for African Americans, they showed Rosenwald's intention to remain behind the scenes in this effort. Inspired by

6417-400: The population. There were 48,621 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

6510-506: The presidency, Rosenwald was appointed chairman of the Board of Sears, a position he held until his death in 1932. Julius Rosenwald had a simple philosophy when it came to philanthropy. He explained, “What I want to do is try and cure the things that seem wrong”. Such rhetoric is extremely similar, and perhaps inspired by, the Jewish concept of tikkun olam , which refers to the concept of repairing

6603-462: The presidency, but remained as chairman; his goal was to devote more time to philanthropy. First he oversaw the design and construction of the company's first department store within Sears, Roebuck's massive 16-hectare (40-acre) headquarters complex of offices, laboratories, and mail-order operations at Homan Ave. and Arthington St. on Chicago's West Side. The store opened on February 2, 1925. After leaving

6696-498: The progress of Lindsay's hometown toward utopia. The Dana–Thomas House is a Frank Lloyd Wright design built in 1902–03. Wright began work on the house in 1902. Commissioned by Susan Lawrence Dana, a local patron of the arts and public benefactor, Wright designed a house to harmonize with the owner's devotion to the performance of music. Coordinating art glass designs for 250 windows, doors, and panels as well as over 200 light fixtures, Wright enlisted Oak Park artisans. The house

6789-430: The schools were integrated fewer than half of the teachers from the black school met the requirements to continue teaching. In 1970, the public schools finally integrated. White citizen's councils resisted, opening Starkville Academy as a segregation academy for white students and illegally providing utilities to the academy at public expense. Former Henderson High principal Fenton Peters, who remained principal of what

6882-500: The season. During the drought from 1953 to 1955, lake levels dropped to their historical low, 547.44 feet (166.86 m) AMSL . The highest recorded lake levels were in December 1982, when the lake crested at 564 feet (172 m). Under the Köppen climate classification , Springfield falls within either a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa ) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm

6975-415: The section of law which provided for prosecution of such cases had been repealed. The company was laid low during the post-World War I recession as a severe depression hit the nation's farms after farmers had over-expanded their holdings. To bail out the company, Rosenwald pledged $ 21 million of his personal wealth. By 1922, Sears had regained financial stability. Two years later, in 1924, Rosenwald resigned

7068-488: The start of the first World War. He explained that his desire to improve education for African Americans in the U.S. when he said that “very few persons are interested in the education of the Negro that I have deemed it wiser to concentrate my efforts in that direction”. Rosenwald’s philanthropic pursuits thus combined his strong sense of responsibility to aid in social inequality with his reverence for education and learning. After

7161-437: The world and restoring justice. A major focus of Rosenwald’s philanthropic work stemmed from his desire to eradicate antisemitism in the U.S. and worldwide. Additionally, Rosenwald was concerned about justice for all, and he believed that the plight of African Americans was deeply connected with the inequities faced by Jews throughout their history. This became even more important to him after meeting Booker T. Washington before

7254-402: Was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.94. In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males. The median income for

7347-466: Was a Springfield resident, Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth . Camp Butler, located seven miles (11 km) northeast of Springfield, Illinois, opened in August 1861 as a training camp for Illinois soldiers. It also served as a camp for Confederate prisoners of war through 1865. In the beginning, Springfield residents visited the camp to take part in the excitement of a military venture, but many reacted sympathetically to mortally wounded and ill prisoners. While

7440-404: Was a code word for prejudice, implying that black students could not be fully educated, but only trained, the school was renamed W.C. Henderson High School after local African-American educator Willie Chiles Henderson in the 1950s. Henderson had been a student at Public School Number 2 in 1918, and later returned as a teacher when it was a 10th grade institution. Henderson served as principal through

7533-549: Was a principal supplier of men's clothing for Sears, Roebuck. The volumes of unsold merchandise caused by the Panic of 1893 and his declining health led Roebuck to leave the company. Roebuck placed his interest in the company in the hands of Sears who, in turn, offered that half of the company be sold to Chicago businessman Aaron Nusbaum, who in turn brought in Rosenwald, to whom Sears owed money. In August 1895, Sears sold Roebuck's half of

7626-416: Was added. In 1954, the elementary school (later known as Stewart Elementary) was added at the top of the hill. In 1959, the two story brick building known as Henderson High School was opened. In 1963 the new Henderson Elementary (now known as Ward) was added. In 1966 a metal vocational building and football complex were added. Julius Rosenwald Julius Rosenwald (August 12, 1862 – January 6, 1932)

7719-645: Was an American businessman and philanthropist . He is best known as a part-owner and leader of Sears, Roebuck and Company , and for establishing the Rosenwald Fund , which donated millions in matching funds to promote vocational or technical education. In 1919 he was appointed to the Chicago Commission on Race Relations . He was also the principal founder and backer for the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago , to which he gave more than $ 5 million and served as president from 1927 to 1932. Julius Rosenwald

7812-719: Was asked to serve on the board of directors of the Tuskegee Institute in 1912, a position he held for the remainder of his life. He endowed the institute to free Washington from fundraising and enable him to devote more time managing the institute. Rosenwald became a member of the city's leading Jewish Reform congregation, Chicago Sinai congregation, soon after moving to Chicago. Its rabbi, Emil G. Hirsch , made an impact on Rosenwald's philanthropy. Rosenwald donated generously to several Jewish community projects in Chicago and served as vice president of Chicago Sinai for many years. Booker T. Washington encouraged Rosenwald to address

7905-424: Was born in 1862 to the clothier Samuel Rosenwald and his wife Augusta (Hammerslough), a Jewish immigrant couple from Germany . Julius Rosenwald was Samuel and Augusta’s second child to survive infancy. He was born and raised just a few blocks from Abraham Lincoln's residence in Springfield, Illinois , during Lincoln's presidency. In 2020, the house, formerly known as Lyon House , was renamed in his honor, and

7998-529: Was founded in Ft. Wayne, Indiana in 1846. The seminary moved to St. Louis, Missouri , in 1869, and then to Springfield in 1874. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod succeeded in serving the spiritual needs of Midwestern congregations by establishing additional seminaries from ministers trained at Concordia, and by developing

8091-539: Was known as Public School Number 2. In 1926, the city began construction on a new school, which was opened in 1927 as the Oktibbeha County Training School (OCTS) in a wooden frame building with the purpose of expanding educational opportunities for Starkville's black residents. Funding of $ 12,700 was provided by the city, the Rosenwald Fund, and by local African-American citizens. As "Training School"

8184-482: Was one of the first American housing developments to mix residential, commercial and social uses and still stands. The complex was built in 1929 by Julius Rosenwald and his nephew, architect Ernest Grunsfeld (who also designed the Adler Planetarium , at the behest of Rosenwald's brother-in-law, Max Adler ). Covering a square block, the buildings enclosed an enormous central landscaped courtyard. Rosenwald planned

8277-636: Was one of the largest programs administered by the Rosenwald Fund. This program eventually was responsible for construction in the South of more than 5,000 schools and shops for African-American children, as well as homes for their teachers. These schools became informally known as " Rosenwald Schools ". Rosenwald commissioned one of Chicago's largest philanthropic housing developments: the Michigan Boulevard Garden Apartments , at 47th St. and Michigan Ave . The Michigan Boulevard Garden Apartments

8370-539: Was the patron of chess prodigy Samuel Reshevsky . He encouraged Reshevsky to earn a university degree so as not to be completely dependent upon chess for his living. Reshevsky did so, earning his degree in accounting from the University of Chicago . Rosenwald gave $ 1000 grants to the first 100 counties in the U.S. to hire County Extension Agents , helping the United States Department of Agriculture launch

8463-435: Was the second state capital of Illinois, from 1819 to 1839. Springfield was designated in 1839 as the third capital, and has continued to be so. The designation was largely due to the efforts of Abraham Lincoln and his associates; nicknamed the "Long Nine" for their combined height of 54 feet (16 m). The Potawatomi Trail of Death passed through here in 1838. The Native Americans were forced west to Indian Territory by

8556-464: Was then known as Henderson Junior High, and who later became principal of Starkville High School received visits from the KKK, who burned a cross in his yard and exploded dynamite nearby. In 1970, the building which had been the original Rosenwald School , adjacent to Henderson, was burned to the ground. The last senior class graduated in 1970. As with most black schools of the day, Henderson ceased to exist as

8649-517: Was visited first by trappers and fur traders who came to the Sangamon River in 1818. The first cabin was built in 1820, by John Kelly, after discovering the area to be plentiful of deer and wild game. He built his cabin upon a hill, overlooking a creek known eventually as the Town Branch. A stone marker on the north side of Jefferson street, halfway between 1st and College streets, marks the location of this original dwelling. A second stone marker at

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