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62-506: While Jewish life in the countries of the former Soviet Union has existed for centuries, religious persecution reached new depths under 72 years of Communism. Jews who tried to uphold their faith and their traditions were harassed and often arrested, tortured and condemned to hard labor or executed. The remaining communities were decimated by World War II - bombardment, famine and, above all, the Holocaust wiped out three million Soviet Jews and left

124-559: A Chabadnik ( Hebrew : חבדניק ), or a Chabadsker ( Yiddish : חבדסקער ). Chabad's adherents include both Hasidic followers, as well as non-Hasidim, who have joined Chabad synagogues and other Chabad-run institutions. Although the Chabad movement was founded and originally based in Eastern Europe , various Chabad communities span the globe, including Crown Heights , Brooklyn , and Kfar Chabad , Israel . The movement has attracted

186-536: A Chabad emissary, maintains warm relations with Russian President Vladimir Putin . Lazar also received the Order of Friendship and Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" medals from him. The Chabad movement has been led by a succession of Hasidic rebbes . The main branch of the movement, Chabad-Lubavitch, has had seven rebbes: Chabad's influence among world Jewry has been far-reaching since World War II . Chabad pioneered

248-434: A Jewish children's movement, called Tzivos Hashem (lit. "Army [of] God"), for under bar/bat mitzvah -age children, to inspire them to increase in study of Torah and observance of mitzvot . Rabbi Schneerson also encouraged the use of modern technology in outreach efforts such as Mitzva tanks , which are mobile homes that travel a city or country. The Chabad website, chabad.org , a pioneer of Jewish religious outreach on

310-591: A college-level introductory program. Its founder and guiding dean is Rabbi Dovid Refson. Rebbetzin Tziporah Heller is a teacher at the school for baal teshuva women. Also, EYAHT , College of Jewish Studies for Women, and affiliated with Aish HaTorah was founded in 1982 by Denah Weinberg , wife of Aish HaTorah founder Noah Weinberg . Within Modern Orthodox Judaism , the Union of Orthodox Congregations created

372-456: A number of educational institutions. Most are Jewish day schools ; others offer secondary and adult education: Many of the movement's activities emphasize outreach activities. This is due to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson encouraging his followers to reach out to other Jews. Chabad outreach includes activities promoting the practice of Jewish commandments ( Mitzvah campaigns ), as well as other forms of Jewish outreach. Much of Chabad's outreach

434-474: A significant number of Sephardic adherents in the past several decades, and some Chabad communities include both Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. For example, in Montreal , close to 25% of Chabad households include a Sephardi parent. According to sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement fits into neither the standard category of Haredi nor that of modern Orthodox among Orthodox Jews. This

496-532: A strong presence online. Other Hasidic groups involved in outreach have included the Bostoner Hasidic dynasty. Bostoner Hasidism was associated with an outreach program. The mid-1960s and early 1970s saw the founding of the non-Hasidic, Haredi institutions, beginning with Diaspora Yeshiva, founded by Rabbi Mordechai Goldstein in Jerusalem in 1965, which subsequently moved to Mount Zion, Jerusalem in 1967 after

558-538: A student of Dov Ber of Mezeritch , the successor to Hasidism's founder, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov . Rabbi Dovber Shneuri , the Second Rebbe, moved the movement to Lyubavichi ( Yiddish : ליובאַװיטש , Lyubavitsh ), in current-day Russia, in 1813. The movement was centered in Lyubavichi for a century until the fifth Rebbe, Rabbi Shalom Dovber left the village in 1915 and moved to the city of Rostov-on-Don . During

620-530: Is a dynasty in Hasidic Judaism . Belonging to the Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) branch of Orthodox Judaism , it is one of the world's best-known Hasidic movements, as well as one of the largest Jewish religious organizations. Unlike most Haredi groups, which are self-segregating, Chabad mainly operates in the wider world and caters to nonobservant Jews. Founded in 1775 by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812) in

682-451: Is a book by Rabbi Shneur Zalman first published in 1797. It is the first schematic treatment of Hasidic moral philosophy and its metaphysical foundations. According to the Tanya , the intellect consists of three interconnected processes: Chochma (wisdom), Bina (understanding), and Da'at (knowledge). While other branches of Hasidism primarily focused on the idea that "God desires

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744-430: Is also known as Likutei Amarim ("Collected Sayings"). Sefer Shel Beinonim analyzes the inner struggle of the individual and the path to resolution. Citing the biblical verse "the matter is very near to you, in your mouth, your heart, to do", the philosophy is based on the notion that the human is not inherently evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized by two different inclinations,

806-722: Is commonly referred to as bringing "heaven down to earth", i.e. making the Earth a dwelling place for God. Chabad philosophy is rooted in the teachings of Rabbis Yisroel ben Eliezer , (the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism) and Dovber ben Avraham , the "Maggid of Mezritch" (Rabbi Yisroel's successor). Rabbi Shneur Zalman 's teachings, particularly in the Tanya , formed the basis of Chabad philosophy, as expanded by succeeding generations. Many Chabad activities today are understood as applications of Shneur Zalman's teachings. The Tanya ( תניא )

868-546: Is due in part to the existence of the number of Chabad supporters and affiliates who are not Orthodox (dubbed by some scholars as "non-Orthodox Hasidim"), the general lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism, and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries. In 2018, Marcin Wodziński conducted the first global estimate of worldwide Hasidism in

930-404: Is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there. The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of UCLA by Rabbi Shlomo Cunin . A key to the Chabad house was given to

992-474: Is performed by Chabad emissaries (see Shaliach (Chabad) ). Most of the communities that Chabad emissaries reach out to are other Jewish communities, such as Reform Jews . Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn , 6th leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism , and then his successor, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson were responsible for focusing Chabad's activities on outreach. Rabbi Schneerson

1054-454: Is predominantly the area of the Chabad and Breslov Hasidic groups; however, other groups have also been involved in such efforts. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism , encouraged his followers to reach out to other Jews. He sent out rabbinic emissaries, known as " Shluchim ", and their wives to settle in places across the world solely for

1116-531: Is the collective work or movement of Orthodox Judaism that reaches out to non-observant Jews to encourage belief in God and life according to Jewish law . The process of a Jew becoming more observant of Orthodox Judaism is called teshuva ("return" in Hebrew) making the "returnee" a baal teshuva ("master of return"). Orthodox Jewish outreach has worked to enhance the rise of the baal teshuva movement . Hasidic outreach

1178-415: The 2008 Mumbai attacks , the local Chabad house was targeted. The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists. Chabad received condolences from around the world. Funds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For

1240-565: The Association for Jewish Outreach Professionals (AJOP) which was established in 1987 to unite and enhance the work of outreach rabbis and their wives. Several organizations were established along the East Coast of the United States including Project Genesis , a Baltimore-based kiruv effort to increase the numbers of baalei teshuva , a Sephardic-Haredi group known as Kiruv Organization which

1302-609: The Historical Atlas of Hasidism . Using Chabad community directories, Wodziński estimated that Chabad included 16,000–17,000 households, or 90,000–95,000 individuals, representing 13% of the total Hasidic population and ranking Chabad as the second-largest Hasidic community behind the Satmar community . Estimates for Chabad and other Hasidic groups are often based on extrapolation from the limited information available in US census data for some of

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1364-527: The Internet , was started by Rabbi Yosef Y. Kazen and developed by Rabbi D. Zirkind. In 2023, it was reportedly the largest faith-based website, with 52 million unique visitors and 102,129 content pages covering all facets of Judaism . In June 1994, Rabbi Schneerson died with no successor. Since then, over two thousand couples have taken up communal leadership roles in outreach, bringing the estimated total number of "Shluchim" to over five thousand worldwide. In

1426-549: The Messiah , with his own position on the matter debated among scholars. Messianic ideology in Chabad sparked controversy in various Jewish communities and it is still an unresolved matter. Following his death, no successor was appointed as a new central leader. The Rebbe was also known to have never visited Israel, for reasons which remain disputed among the Chabad community. The global population of Chabad has been estimated to be 90,000–95,000 adherents as of 2018, accounting for 13% of

1488-499: The National Conference of Synagogue Youth (NCSY) to reach Jewish teenagers in public schools. Founded by rabbi Pinchas Stolper , the movement also developed its in-house literature geared to the newly observant, mainly written by rabbi Aryeh Kaplan . In addition, many Modern Orthodox professors have developed and used a sophisticated modern terminology to present Judaism in a scientific manner. Their books on Jewish sciences are

1550-654: The Western Wall and inviting them to experience a Shabbat meal with a host family or to check out one of the baal teshuva yeshivas. These outreach workers included rabbi Meir Schuster, Baruch Levine, and, beginning in 1982, Jeff Seidel . In Israel, Haredi outreach groups include Lev Echad, an Israel-based umbrella organization for the Lev outreach network to develop and facilitate innovative Torah educational programs in Israel and abroad. Umbrella groups have also been formed including

1612-695: The interwar period , following Bolshevik persecution, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, under the Sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, was centered in Riga and then in Warsaw . The outbreak of World War II led the Sixth Rebbe to move to the United States . Since 1940, the movement's center has been in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn . While the movement spawned a number of offshoot groups throughout its history,

1674-432: The 1960s. Chabad adherents follow Chabad traditions and prayer services based on Lurianic Kabbalah . General Chabad customs, called minhagim (or minhagei Chabad ), distinguish the movement from other Hasidic groups. Some of the main Chabad customs are minor practices performed on traditional Jewish holidays : There are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include

1736-570: The 1980s, tensions arose between Chabad and Satmar Chasidim as a result of several assaults on Chabad Hasidim by Satmar Hasidim. The Chabad movement was subjected to governmental oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar , later under the Bolsheviks , imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes. The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed a number of Chabad Hasidim. During

1798-401: The Chabad-Lubavitch branch is the only one still active, making it the movement's main surviving line. Historian Jonathan Sarna has characterized Chabad as having enjoyed the fastest rate of growth of any Jewish religious movement in the period 1946–2015. In the early 1900s, Chabad-Lubavitch legally incorporated itself under Agudas Chasidei Chabad ("Association of Chabad Hasidim"). In

1860-712: The Jewish underground movement burst into flames to restore literally hundreds of Jewish communities. In November 1998, leaders of these dispersed communities recognized the need for a united and efficient umbrella group. They pooled their professional, financial and technical resources to create the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS . Lubavitch Chabad , also known as Lubavitch , Habad and Chabad-Lubavitch ( US : / x ə ˈ b ɑː d l u ˈ b ɑː v ɪ tʃ / ; Hebrew : חב״ד לובביץּ׳ ; Yiddish : חב״ד ליובאוויטש ),

1922-509: The New York metropolitan area, Chabad in the New York area accounts for around 15% of the total New York Hasidic population. Chabad is estimated to have an annual growth of 3.6%: The Chabad community in France is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. The majority of the Chabad community in France are the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during

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1984-551: The Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike." Followers of Chabad can be seen attending to tefillin booths at the Western Wall and Ben Gurion International Airport as well as other public places and distributing Shabbat candles on Fridays. Chabad rabbis and their families are sent to various major cities around

2046-567: The Second World War, many Chabad Hasidim evacuated to the Uzbek cities of Samarkand and Tashkent where they established small centers of Hasidic life, while at the same time seeking ways to emigrate from Soviet Russia due to the government's suppression of religious life. The reach of Chabad in Central Asia also included earlier efforts that took place in the 1920s. Following the war, and well after

2108-603: The Six Day War at the invitation of former State of Israel Director-General of Ministry and Religion Rabbi Dr. S.Z Kahane. Later, Rabbi Noah Weinberg was another pioneer of this movement with Aish HaTorah . Ohr Somayach has also played a major role in the baal teshuva movement through its education of generations of students. Also yeshivas Machon Shlomo and Dvar Yerushalayim , established in 1970. Orthodox yeshivot for women include Neve Yerushalayim , founded in 1970 in Jerusalem, an Orthodox school for secular Jewish women seeking

2170-564: The United States, leaving at least 2 million to rebuild the ruins of Jewish community life with generous support from the Diaspora. Veterans of the Underground who remained, Jewish leaders who emerged after the fall of Communism and dozens of rabbis sent by Chabad-Lubavitch began building a new infrastructure of synagogues, community centers and day schools throughout the vast territory stretching through ten time zones. The latent embers kept alive by

2232-642: The United States, where the Rebbe lived on 770 Eastern Parkway until the end of his life. Between 1951 and 1994, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson transformed the movement into one of the most widespread Jewish movements in the world. Under his leadership, Chabad established a large network of institutions that seek to satisfy the religious, social and humanitarian needs of Jews across the world. Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities. During his life and after his death, Schneerson has been believed by some of his followers to be

2294-479: The areas where Hasidim live. A 2006 estimate was drawn from a study on the Montreal Chabad community (determining average household size), in conjunction with language and other select indicators from US census data, it is estimated that Chabad in the United States includes approximately 4,000 households, which contains between 22,000 and 25,000 people. In terms of Chabad's relation to other Hasidic groups, within

2356-632: The center of the Chabad movement moved to the United States , the movement remained active in Soviet Russia, aiding the local Jews known as Refuseniks who sought to learn more about Judaism. And throughout the Soviet era, the Chabad movement maintained a secret network across the USSR. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, state persecution of Chabad ceased. The Chief Rabbi of Russia , Berel Lazar ,

2418-463: The city of Liozno in the Russian Empire , the name "Chabad" ( חב״ד ) is an acronym formed from the three Hebrew words— Chokmah , Binah , Da'at — for the first three sefirot of the kabbalistic Tree of Life after Keter : חכמה, בינה, דעת , "Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge"—which represent the intellectual and kabbalistic underpinnings of the movement. The name Lubavitch derives from

2480-428: The dates of the release of the leaders of the movement, the rebbes of Chabad, from prison, others corresponded to the leaders' birthdays, anniversaries of death, and other life events. The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as "Days of Liberation" ( Hebrew : יום גאולה ( Yom Geulah )). The most noted day is Yud Tes Kislev —the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi ,

2542-539: The day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves. Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews. Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and mikvahs . The Chabad movement has been involved in numerous activities in contemporary Jewish life. These activities include providing Jewish education to different age groups, outreach to non-affiliated Jews, publishing Jewish literature, and summer camps for children, among other activities. Chabad runs

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2604-415: The embers of Judaism alive by performing ritual circumcisions in secret, smuggling in haggadahs and matzoh at Passover, delivering kosher food to the starving and other acts of courage and compassion. The collapse of the Soviet system offered the third-largest Jewish population in the world the opportunity to worship freely for the first time in seven decades. More than 1 million Soviet Jews left for Israel and

2666-516: The first Jewish outreach organization in the United States following the Holocaust, to date it remains the most successful with a world wide presence. The world's first baal teshuva yeshiva for men was Chabad's Hadar Hatorah which opened in New York in 1962 under Rabbi Yisroel Jacobson, and continues to operate today. In the following decade, Chabad established an outreach yeshiva for women, Machon Chana of Crown Heights (founded 1972). Later, Bais Chana Women International (formerly of Minnesota)

2728-454: The founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called the "New Year of Hasidism". The birthdays of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year including Chai Elul , the birthday of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi , the founder of the Chabad movement, and Yud Aleph Nissan , the birthday of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the seventh rebbe of Chabad. The anniversaries of death, or yartzeit , of several of

2790-587: The global Hasidic population. However, up to one million Jews are estimated to attend Chabad services at least once a year. In a 2020 study, the Pew Research Center found that 16% of American Jews participated in Chabad services or activities at least semi-regularly. The Chabad movement was established after the First Partition of Poland in the town of Liozno, Pskov Governorate , Russian Empire (now Liozna , Belarus ), in 1775, by Shneur Zalman ,

2852-445: The globe, to teach college students, build day schools, and create youth camps. Many of these efforts are geared towards secular or less religious Jews . Additionally, unmarried rabbinical students spend weeks during the summer in locations that do not yet have a permanent Chabad presence, making housecalls, putting up mezuzot and teaching about Judaism. This is known as Merkos Shlichus. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson also initiated

2914-445: The good and the bad. Chabad often contrasted itself with what is termed the Chagat schools of Hasidism. While all schools of Hasidism put a central focus on the emotions, Chagat saw emotions as a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing, singing, or beauty. Shneur Zalman, on the other hand, taught that the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought

2976-460: The heart," Shneur Zalman argued that God also desires the mind, and he also argued that the mind is the "gateway" to the heart. With the Chabad philosophy, he elevated the mind above the heart, arguing that "understanding is the mother of fear and love for God". The Tanya has five sections. The original name of the first section is Sefer Shel Beinonim , the "Book of the Intermediates". It

3038-408: The highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The continent with the fewest centers is Africa. A Chabad house is a form of Jewish community center , primarily serving both educational and observance purposes. Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the shaliach 's home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort

3100-483: The leaders in using free holiday services to reach out across denominations. Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, had a core of dedicated Hasidim who maintained underground yeshivos and mikvehs , and provided shechitah and ritual circumcision services in the Soviet Union . Orthodox Judaism outreach Orthodox Jewish outreach , often referred to as Kiruv or Qiruv ( Hebrew : קירוב "bringing close"),

3162-734: The majority are in the United States and Israel . There are over 100 countries with a small Chabad presence. In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 cities around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia). Chabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with

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3224-514: The most readily accessible. In 1987, an organization called National Jewish Outreach Program (NJOP) was founded by Ephraim Buchwald . Esther Jungreis was the founder of the international Hineni movement in America and led the group until her death in 2016. Concurrent with the opening of baal teshuva learning programs in Israel in the 1970s, a small number of Orthodox outreach workers began approaching English-speaking, college-age students visiting

3286-666: The movement at large, Agudas Chasidei Chabad , is headed by Rabbi Abraham Shemtov . The educational, outreach and social services arms, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch and Machneh Israel are headed by Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky , as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, Kehot Publication Society . Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities. As of 2020 there were over 3,500 Chabad centers in 100 countries. The Chabad movement's online directory lists around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country;

3348-437: The movement's leaders are celebrated each year, include Yud Shvat , the yartzeit of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn , the sixth rebbe of Chabad, Gimmel Tammuz , the yartzeit of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the seventh rebbe of Chabad, and Chof Beis Shvat , the yartzeit of Chaya Mushka Schneerson , the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Chabad's central organization representing

3410-635: The one Orthodox group which evokes great affection from large segments of American Jewry . Chabad Hasidic philosophy focuses on religious and spiritual concepts such as God, the soul, and the meaning of the Jewish commandments. Classical Judaic writings and Jewish mysticism, especially the Zohar and the Kabbalah of Rabbi Isaac Luria , are frequently cited in Chabad works. These texts are used both as sources of Chabad teachings and as material requiring interpretation by Chabad authors. Many of these teachings discuss what

3472-732: The post-World War II Jewish outreach movement, which spread Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of baalei teshuva ("returnees" to Judaism). The very first Yeshiva/Rabbinical College for such baalei teshuva, Hadar Hatorah , was established by the Lubavitcher rebbe. It is reported that up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year. According to journalist Steven I. Weiss , Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' outreach practices. Because of its outreach to all Jews, including those Jews who are quite alienated from religious Jewish traditions, Chabad has been described as

3534-457: The purpose of teaching those who did not receive a Jewish education or to inspire those who did. The vehicle chosen for this was termed a " Chabad house ". Since the 1940s, Chabad has been active in reaching out to Jews through its synagogues and communal institutions, as well as more direct outreach efforts, such as its Mitzvah tanks . The organization has been recognized as using free holiday services to reach out across denominations. Chabad led

3596-500: The rest shattered and forlorn. By the end of the 20th Century, Jewish life had all but ceased, and even those few who practiced Judaism in secret were left with little knowledge of their rich cultural and religious heritage. The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson , relocated from Soviet Russia in 1927. From 1941 he directed a vast clandestine network of Jewish education, prayer services and humanitarian aid from his base in New York. Jewish activists risked their lives to keep

3658-465: The town in which the now-dominant line of leaders resided from 1813 to 1915. Other, non-Lubavitch scions of Chabad either disappeared or merged into the Lubavitch line. In the 1930s, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn , moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to Brooklyn, New York, in

3720-453: Was a pioneer in the field of Orthodox Judaism outreach ( Kiruv ). Each sent out large numbers of rabbinic emissaries, known as " Shluchim ", to settle in places across the world for outreach purposes. The centers that these Shluchim established were termed " Chabad houses ". Chabad has been active in reaching out to Jews through its synagogues, and various forms of more direct outreach efforts. The organization has been recognized as one of

3782-431: Was founded as well. According to Steven I. Weiss , Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' outreach practice. Because of its outreach to all Jews, including those quite alienated from religious Jewish tradition, Chabad has been described as the one Orthodox group which evokes great affection from large segments of American Jewry. Breslov Hasidism is also associated with Orthodox outreach and has

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3844-436: Was to be Torah study and prayer rather than esotericism and song. As a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In Tanya , he defines his approach as moach shalit al halev ( Hebrew : מוח שליט על הלב , "the brain ruling the heart"). An adherent of Chabad is called a Chabad Chasid (or Hasid ) ( Hebrew : חסיד חב"ד ), a Lubavitcher ( Yiddish : ליובאַוויטשער ),

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