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21-648: The Botanical Garden in Odesa was established in 1820, on the initiative of Governor-General Alexander Fedorovich Langeron , an expert in culture of the Sharlem Dessementom rose. In 1834–1848 it was further developed under the lead of Alexander von Nordmann , and a Central School of Gardening with a Department of Sericulture were also established. Under the guidance of Professor L.V. Reingard, professor of botany, and L.A. Rishavi, an expert in plant anatomy and physiology, plants and seeds were brought from different parts of

42-724: A brief return in France, during the Bourbon Restoration , Langeron returned to Odessa as he was appointed the Military Governor of Kherson and Odessa, the commander-in-chief of the Bug and Black Sea Cossacks , and the Governor of Yekaterinoslav , Kherson, and Crimea. Exports continued to grow under his rule, to 40 million rubles in 1817. In Odessa, Langeron opened the Richelieu Lyceum for

63-512: A cholera epidemic in 1831. Giurgiu Giurgiu ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdʒjurdʒju] ; Bulgarian : Гюргево , romanized :  Gyurgevo ) is a city in southern Romania . The seat of Giurgiu County , it lies in the historical region of Muntenia . It is situated amongst mud-flats and marshes on the left bank of the Danube facing the Bulgarian city of Ruse on

84-655: A fortified city, Giurgiu figured often in the wars for the conquest of the lower Danube. It was the site of the October 1595 Battle of Giurgiu , and figured in the struggle of Michael the Brave (1593–1601) against the Turks and in the later Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . It was burned in 1659. In 1771, the Ottomans built the historic Giurgiu Clocktower as a surveillance tower for Danube traffic. In 1829, its fortifications were finally razed,

105-636: A major general in 1797 and lieutenant general in 1798. He commanded the second column of the Austro-Russian army in the battle of Austerlitz , and disgraced after the lost battle, he was sent to Odessa . In 1815 he became governor of New Russia . From 1806 to 1811, Langeron participated in the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) and served in the Army of Moldavia against the Ottomans. He fought at Giurgiu , Silistra , Frasin , Derekoy , and Ruse , for which he

126-486: A street and a beach named after Langeron. In 1823 Langeron was relieved of these duties because of poor health, and he then traveled to France until 1825. After the Decembrist revolt , Langeron was appointed a member of the sentencing panel. Called up with the start of the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 he fought against the Turks in a number of battles until he was replaced by Hans Karl von Diebitsch . Langeron died during

147-642: Is just an old Romanian form of George. It was first mentioned in Codex Latinus Parisinus in 1395, during the reign of Mircea the Elder , and was conquered by the Ottomans in 1420 as a way to control the Danube traffic. The Ottomans named the city Yergöğü , as if from yer 'earth' + gök 'sky,' but the name was probably given because of the similarity between the pronunciations of "(San) Giorgio" and "Yergöğü". As

168-607: The Gardes Françaises Regimentunder Colonel M. le Marechal Due de Biron, and was appointed, in 1780, Sous-Lieutenant supernumerary in the regiment of Limosin, infantry, under his uncle, Mestre de Camp Commandant, M. le Comte de Damas de Cruz, in the Corps d'armee under his cousin. Lieutenant General M. le Marquis de Langeron; destined for a descent on England. When this project was abandoned, he was, in 1781, on his own application, transferred as Sous-Lieutenant to

189-630: The French campaign, during which he fought at the battles of Soissons , Craonne , Laon , Rheims , La Fère-Champenoise , and Paris , capturing the Montmartre heights. In late 1814, Langeron was given command of the 4th and 6th Corps in Volhynia . During the Hundred Days , he and his troops were marching to France, but they had only reached middle Germany by the time Napoléon was defeated at Waterloo . After

210-498: The Roman emperor Justinian (483–565). The city of Giurgiu was probably established in the 14th century as a port on the Danube by the Genoese merchant adventurers, who established a bank and traded in silks and velvets. One theory is that they called the city after the patron saint of Genoa, San Giorgio ( Saint George ), however Nicolae Iorga disputes this theory, arguing that Giurgiu

231-519: The elite: only the children of merchants and Greek immigrants could enroll. During Langeron's tenure, the construction of the Odessa Botanical Gardens and Primorsky Boulevard began. The most far-reaching legislation in Langeron's term was that the port of Odessa was pronounced a free port in 1819, which allowed the selling and storing of imported goods with no customs duties. Today Odessa has

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252-621: The only defence left being a castle on the island of Slobozia, connected to the shore by a bridge. In 1952–1954, during the Communist regime , the Soviet Union helped build the bridge between Giurgiu and Ruse , The Friendship Bridge , a bridge on the Danube linking Romania and Bulgaria . Sephardi Jewish merchants came to Giurgiu from the Balkans in the 1820s and Ashkenazi Jews settled later, leading to communal disputes. A 70-member Zionist group

273-539: The opposite bank. It is one of six Romanian county seats lying on the Danube river . Three small islands face the city, and a larger one shelters its port, Smarda. The rich grain-growing land to the north is traversed by a railway to Bucharest , the first line opened in Romania, which was built in 1869 and afterwards extended to Smarda. In the past, Giurgiu exported timber, grain, salt and petroleum, and imported coal, iron, and textiles. The Giurgiu-Ruse Friendship Bridge , in

294-653: The regiment of Bourbonnois and was dispatched to Caracas and then to Saint-Domingue from 1782 to 1783. Promoted to captain in the Condé-Dragons Regiment, he took part in the American Revolutionary War . Langeron was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati and can be seen wearing his insignia for this order in the last position of his medal bar in his portrait by George Dawe . In 1786, Langeron

315-555: The shared Bulgarian -Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river in the outskirts of the city. The area around Giurgiu was densely populated at the time of the Dacians (1st century BC) as archeological evidence shows, and Burebista 's capital was in this area (it is thought to be in Popești on the Argeș River ). During Roman times this was the site of Theodorapolis , a city built by

336-511: The son of the famous Austrian diplomat Charles-Joseph, Prince de Ligne , he was present at Alexander Suvorov 's capture of Izmail , where he was wounded. He was given leave of absence in order to serve in an émigré army against revolutionary France, and after his return to Russia was sent to the Austrian army in the Netherlands as an observer. He was promoted to brigade command in 1796 and became

357-401: The world, including Paris, Singapore, Melbourne, Saigon, Berlin, and Palermo. This article about a Ukrainian building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron Count Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron ( Russian : Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ланжеро́н , Alexander Fedorovich Lanzheron ; 24 January 1763 – 16 July 1831)

378-574: Was a French soldier in the service of, first, the Kingdom of France , and later the Russian Empire . Langeron, a member of a noble French family from Nivernais , held the titles of comte de Langeron, marquis de la Coste, baron de Cougny, de la Ferté et de Sassy, and lord du Mont, de Bazolle de l'Isle de Mars et d'Alligny. Born in Paris , he entered the French army at age 15 in 1779 as an Enseigne surnumeraire in

399-471: Was formed in 1899. A joint Jewish school opened in 1878, with 60 pupils in 1910. The Jewish population by that point was 533, or 4% of the total. By 1930, their number had fallen to 207, or 0.7%. Jews were forced to forfeit their property to the Iron Guard in 1941 and at least half of the 113 Jews living there that year left. A community existed after World War II. According to the 2021 census , Giurgiu has

420-503: Was promoted to General of the Infantry . In 1812, Langeron was given command of a corps in the Army of the Danube with which he fought at Brest-Litovsk and on the Berezina . In 1813, Langeron was put in charge of the blockade of Thorn , and later that year he commanded a corps at Koenigswarte , Bautzen , Siebeneichen , Lowenberg , Katzbach , and Leipzig . The next year he participated in

441-691: Was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the Médoc Regiment, and in 1788 he became colonel of the Armagnac Regiment. A Royalist , Langeron left France at the beginning of the French Revolution and entered Russian service in 1790 as a colonel in the Siberian Grenadier Regiment. He distinguished himself in battle against Sweden and then in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . Accompanied by the duc de Fronsac and Prince Charles de Ligne,

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