36-539: Ocnița ( Romanian pronunciation: [ ˈ o k n i ts a ] ) is a town and the administrative center of Ocnița District in northern Moldova . According to the 1930 Romanian census, the population was 96.1% Romanian , 1.7% Russian , 0.81% Jewish , 0.44% Ukrainian and 0.37% Polish . This Ocnița District location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ocni%C8%9Ba District Ocnița ( Romanian pronunciation: [ ˈ o k n i ts
72-400: A ] ) is a district ( Romanian : raion ) in the north of Moldova , with the administrative center at Ocnița . The other major cities are Otaci and Frunză . As of 1 January 2011, its population was 56,100. The first evidence of a locality in the district comes from 1419, when is attested the city Otaci , called Stânca Vămii. Other historical attestations of district towns down to
108-414: A hard, fissile, metamorphic rock known as slate . With continued increase in metamorphic grade the sequence is phyllite , then schist and finally gneiss . Shale is the most common source rock for hydrocarbons ( natural gas and petroleum ). The lack of coarse sediments in most shale beds reflects the absence of strong currents in the waters of the depositional basin. These might have oxygenated
144-550: A medical point. In Health Care operates 96 doctors, 322 personal care environment, 218 and auxiliary medical personnel. 48°25′N 27°30′E / 48.417°N 27.500°E / 48.417; 27.500 Shale Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g., kaolin , Al 2 Si 2 O 5 ( OH ) 4 ) and tiny fragments ( silt -sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite . Shale
180-541: A year. Rainfall between 370 and 560mm/year, about 10% of which falls as snow, which can melt several times during winter. The fauna of the district is typical of central and eastern Europe and includes: hedgehogs , wild boars , foxes, rabbits, badgers , polecats , and rarely deer , spotted deer , wolves , and raccoon dogs . Forests occupy 13.7% of district territory that include common oak , sessile oak , cherry , lime , and ash . Other plants include: fescue , nettle , clover , peony , and more. Ocnița district
216-1201: Is accompanied by telogenesis , the third and final stage of diagenesis. As erosion reduces the depth of burial, renewed exposure to meteoric water produces additional changes to the shale, such as dissolution of some of the cement to produce secondary porosity . Pyrite may be oxidized to produce gypsum . Black shales are dark, as a result of being especially rich in unoxidized carbon . Common in some Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata , black shales were deposited in anoxic , reducing environments, such as in stagnant water columns. Some black shales contain abundant heavy metals such as molybdenum , uranium , vanadium , and zinc . The enriched values are of controversial origin, having been alternatively attributed to input from hydrothermal fluids during or after sedimentation or to slow accumulation from sea water over long periods of sedimentation. Fossils , animal tracks or burrows and even raindrop impressions are sometimes preserved on shale bedding surfaces. Shales may also contain concretions consisting of pyrite, apatite , or various carbonate minerals. Shales that are subject to heat and pressure of metamorphism alter into
252-436: Is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians. Agriculture occupies a central role in the economy of the district. In farming district in recent years there have been radical changes in relations of production, related to the transition to a market economy, to abandon the methods of centralized rule, changing property relations and forms of management. From an institutional perspective,
288-420: Is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers ( laminae ) less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called fissility . Shale is the most common sedimentary rock. The term shale is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for mudrock , rather than in the narrower sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock. Shale typically exhibits varying degrees of fissility. Because of
324-638: Is composed of about 58% clay minerals, 28% quartz, 6% feldspar , 5% carbonate minerals, and 2% iron oxides . Most of the quartz is detrital (part of the original sediments that formed the shale) rather than authigenic (crystallized within the shale after deposition). Shales and other mudrocks contain roughly 95 percent of the organic matter in all sedimentary rocks. However, this amounts to less than one percent by mass in an average shale. Black shales, which form in anoxic conditions, contain reduced free carbon along with ferrous iron (Fe ) and sulfur (S ). Amorphous iron sulfide , along with carbon, produce
360-430: Is evidence that shale acts as a semipermeable medium, allowing water to pass through while retaining dissolved salts. The fine particles that compose shale can remain suspended in water long after the larger particles of sand have been deposited. As a result, shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas , on floodplains and offshore below
396-530: Is located in the basins of two rivers. The Nistru is in the east-central part, and runs through the district with a length with tributaries of 20–30 km. The Prut river basin is located in the south-western part of the district and has as tributaries in the upper part the Racovăț and the Ciuhur . 1 January 2012 the district population was 55,800 of which 35.0% urban and 65.0% rural population. Footnote : * There
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#1732884786606432-866: Is located in the so-called " Red North ", where, starting with the 2001 elections , the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) has been getting over 50% of the vote. For the last three elections, though, the Communists have been in constant decline. The district is one of the founding members of Euroregion Dniester . During the last three elections, the Alliance for European Integration (AEI) had an increase of 104% in votes. In Ocnița District are 32 educational institutions operating: in schools – 5482 children in agro-college – 242 in polyvalent vocational schools – 196. Currently in educational institutions operating in
468-455: Is more likely to form nonfissile mudstone than shale. On the other hand, black shales often have very pronounced fissility ( paper shales ) due to binding of hydrocarbon molecules to the faces of the clay particles, which weakens the binding between particles. Lithification follows closely on compaction, as increased temperatures at depth hasten deposition of cement that binds the grains together. Pressure solution contributes to cementing, as
504-452: Is reduced. In addition to this physical compaction, chemical compaction may take place via pressure solution . Points of contact between grains are under the greatest strain, and the strained mineral is more soluble than the rest of the grain. As a result, the contact points are dissolved away, allowing the grains to come into closer contact. It is during compaction that shale develops its fissility, likely through mechanical compaction of
540-535: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Bessarabia was occupied by the Soviet Union . In 2004 the district had 56,500 inhabitants. Ocnița district is located in northern Moldova; it borders with Briceni District to the west and with Edineț and Dondușeni districts to the south and southeast. To the north it borders Ukraine , between meridians 27°10′W and 27°50′W and 48°25′N. The most northerly point of
576-399: The U.S. Gulf Coast . As sediments continue to accumulate, the older, more deeply buried sediments begin to undergo diagenesis . This mostly consists of compaction and lithification of the clay and silt particles. Early stages of diagenesis, described as eogenesis , take place at shallow depths (a few tens of meters) and are characterized by bioturbation and mineralogical changes in
612-651: The wave base . Thick deposits of shale are found near ancient continental margins and foreland basins . Some of the most widespread shale formations were deposited by epicontinental seas . Black shales are common in Cretaceous strata on the margins of the Atlantic Ocean , where they were deposited in fault -bounded silled basins associated with the opening of the Atlantic during the breakup of Pangaea . These basins were anoxic, in part because of restricted circulation in
648-499: The Republic of Moldova is located in Ocnița district: the village Naslavcea , with coordinates: 48°28′02″N, 27°35′04″W. In general, the terrain is characterized by plains and gentle hills. Over the many little rivers, valleys landforms gets injured. Here come the daylight limestone rocks, forming rocky areas, called Toltre. In district is extracted precious building materials: limestone , quartz sand , clay shale . The maximum altitude in
684-496: The agricultural sector of the district is covered by a multitude of forms of organization and legal – 3 agricultural production cooperatives that process in 2448 ha of land, 3-stock holding companies 3508 ha, 28 limited liability companies with a total area of 13,328 hectares, 42 farms with a total area of 8458 ha and 3979 ha of farmland are processed individually. The district is in total 5015 registered companies. District Directorate of Agriculture and Food, orient their work towards
720-421: The black coloration. Because amorphous iron sulfide gradually converts to pyrite , which is not an important pigment, young shales may be quite dark from their iron sulfide content, in spite of a modest carbon content (less than 1%), while a black color in an ancient shale indicates a high carbon content. Most shales are marine in origin, and the groundwater in shale formations is often highly saline . There
756-506: The clumps of clay particles produced by flocculation vary in size from a few tens of microns to over 700 microns in diameter. The floccules start out water-rich, but much of the water is expelled from the floccules as the clay minerals bind more tightly together over time (a process called syneresis ). Clay pelletization by organisms that filter feed is important where flocculation is inhibited. Filter feeders produce an estimated 12 metric tons of clay pellets per square kilometer per year along
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#1732884786606792-408: The color of the rock. Red, brown and green colors are indicative of ferric oxide ( hematite – reds), iron hydroxide ( goethite – browns and limonite – yellow), or micaceous minerals ( chlorite , biotite and illite – greens). The color shifts from reddish to greenish as iron in the oxidized ( ferric ) state is converted to iron in the reduced ( ferrous ) state. Black shale results from
828-460: The district 652 teachers. After the 2010 education reform is proposed to open more grammar schools and high schools is proposed closed all environments. The district Ocnița has six museums, 153 artistic works, 15 bands holding the title of the band model, 30 public libraries. The district Ocnița has two hospitals with general fund of 200 beds, a center of family doctors in the composition of which are 20 family physician offices, six health centers,
864-426: The district is located near the village of Hădărăuți , reaching heights of 280 m (920 ft). Ocnița district has a temperate continental climate and the four seasons are well pronounced in winter is mild, spring – unstable and short summer – long and warm and the autumn – long and sunny. The average air temperature ranges from 7.5 to 10 °C (45 to 50 °F), positive temperature recorded in 165–200 days
900-755: The following centuries the territory adjacent to the boundary of the district today is the Principality of Moldavia : Grand Duchy of Lithuania later the Polish-Lithuanian Union and Russian Empire . In 1812, the district and Bessarabia as a whole were occupied by the Russian Empire after the Treaty of Bucharest . In 1918 with the Union of Bessarabia with Romania , the area became part of Hotin County . In 1940, following
936-592: The mineral dissolved from strained contact points is redeposited in the unstrained pore spaces. The clay minerals may be altered as well. For example, smectite is altered to illite at temperatures of about 55 to 200 °C (130 to 390 °F), releasing water in the process. Other alteration reactions include the alteration of smectite to chlorite and of kaolinite to illite at temperatures between 120 and 150 °C (250 and 300 °F). Because of these reactions, illite composes 80% of Precambrian shales, versus about 25% of young shales. Unroofing of buried shale
972-433: The narrow Atlantic, and in part because the very warm Cretaceous seas lacked the circulation of cold bottom water that oxygenates the deep oceans today. Most clay must be deposited as aggregates and floccules, since the settling rate of individual clay particles is extremely slow. Flocculation is very rapid once the clay encounters highly saline sea water. Whereas individual clay particles are less than 4 microns in size,
1008-446: The organization and training of managers and professionals from large and small farms. An important role in achieving the expected results is agricultural machinery. Park tractors and agricultural machinery in the district consists of: Tractors – 450 units, combine – 78 un, seeder – 172 un, growing 190 un, watering – 46 un, combination – 10 un, plows – 201 un. Rail is the principal district to transport goods and fuel, but also
1044-415: The original open framework of clay particles. The particles become strongly oriented into parallel layers that give the shale its distinctive fabric. Fissility likely develops early in the compaction process, at relatively shallow depth, since fissility does not seem to vary with depth in thick formations. Kaolinite flakes have less tendency to align in parallel layers than other clays, so kaolinite-rich clay
1080-631: The parallel orientation of clay mineral flakes in shale, it breaks into thin layers, often splintery and usually parallel to the otherwise indistinguishable bedding planes . Non-fissile rocks of similar composition and particle size (less than 0.0625 mm) are described as mudstones (1/3 to 2/3 silt particles) or claystones (less than 1/3 silt). Rocks with similar particle sizes but with less clay (greater than 2/3 silt) and therefore grittier are siltstones . Shales are typically gray in color and are composed of clay minerals and quartz grains. The addition of variable amounts of minor constituents alters
1116-562: The period 1422–1431 when the localities are listed first: Hădărăuți , Mihălășeni , Lipnic , Naslavcea and others. 20 August 1470, at Lipnic (Lipinți) was famous Battle of Lipnic , the river, where the Moldavian military , led by Stephen the Great , defeated the armies of the Crimean Khanate led by Murtada. After the fight Khan son and his brother Eminec are captured and taken as prisoners. In
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1152-817: The presence of greater than one percent carbonaceous material and indicates a reducing environment. Pale blue to blue-green shales typically are rich in carbonate minerals . Clays are the major constituent of shales and other mudrocks. The clay minerals represented are largely kaolinite , montmorillonite and illite. Clay minerals of Late Tertiary mudstones are expandable smectites , whereas in older rocks (especially in mid-to early Paleozoic shales) illites predominate. The transformation of smectite to illite produces silica , sodium , calcium , magnesium , iron and water. These released elements form authigenic quartz , chert , calcite , dolomite , ankerite , hematite and albite , all trace to minor (except quartz) minerals found in shales and other mudrocks. A typical shale
1188-444: The richest source rocks may contain as much as 40% organic matter. The organic matter in shale is converted over time from the original proteins, polysaccharides , lipids , and other organic molecules to kerogen , which at the higher temperatures found at greater depths of burial is further converted to graphite and petroleum. Before the mid-19th century, the terms slate , shale and schist were not sharply distinguished. In
1224-437: The routes to human transport: Chișinău , Bălți , Chernivtsi , Iași , Moscow, Kyiv , St. Petersburg and others. Bălți–Chernivtsi railway passing through the cities Otaci – Frunză – Ocnița was built between 1892 and 1897, when it is documented and targeted the railway station Ocnița built in 1897. Road transport is vital to passenger transport routes are more inter-regional, inter-republican and international. Ocnița district
1260-433: The sediments, with only slight compaction. Pyrite may be formed in anoxic mud at this stage of diagenesis. Deeper burial is accompanied by mesogenesis , during which most of the compaction and lithification takes place. As the sediments come under increasing pressure from overlying sediments, sediment grains move into more compact arrangements, ductile grains (such as clay mineral grains) are deformed, and pore space
1296-414: The waters and destroyed organic matter before it could accumulate. The absence of carbonate rock in shale beds reflects the absence of organisms that might have secreted carbonate skeletons, also likely due to an anoxic environment. As a result, about 95% of organic matter in sedimentary rocks is found in shales and other mudrocks. Individual shale beds typically have an organic matter content of about 1%, but
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