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201-614: A plan for a marina at Ocean Reef was first proposed in early 1973 when Urban Systems Corporation commissioned a report for Kaiser Aetna Australia called the Marina Development in Perth: A Market Survey Analysis . The report investigated and established that there was a need for alternative marina and recreational facilities in Perth as the boating pens on the Swan River had become congested. Though

402-558: A preselection meeting in August 1952, the party endorsed three candidates: Grayden, Court, and Peter Aldred. Grayden refused the nomination and Court threatened to step down, but was convinced not to. Court would later say the campaign was a "nightmare", as people were confused why the Liberal Party endorsed two candidates. Premier McLarty tried to convince Court to transfer to the electoral district of Leederville , where he grew up. McLarty

603-577: A two-party-preferred basis. He was the only new Liberal member elected, and the Liberal Party ended up losing the overall election to the Labor Party. Bert Hawke was soon sworn in as Premier and Court found himself in the opposition. Aubrey Coverley , the Labor member for Kimberley , died in March 1953, necessitating a by-election for the seat of Kimberley . Court was the only opposition member who campaigned in

804-485: A 244-metre (801 ft) office building for Anglo-Australian mining company BHP . Perth's metropolitan area extends along the coast to Two Rocks in the north and Singleton to the south, a distance of approximately 125 kilometres (80 mi). From the coast in the west to Mundaring in the east is a distance of approximately 50 kilometres (30 mi). The Perth metropolitan area covers 6,418 square kilometres (2,478 sq mi). The built-up urban area of Perth

1005-520: A 5-day, 4-night relocation of fauna such as mammals and reptiles from the construction area to other coastal bushland. After the clearing of the two sites in March 2021, construction of the two new breakwaters began in April 2021 with work expected to be completed in late 2022. The breakwater consists of two sections, a northern and southern construction. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of breakwaters will be constructed and rise about 18.5 metres (61 ft) above

1206-574: A Beta global city in 2020. As of 2021, Perth is divided into 30 local government areas , comprising over 350 suburbs . The metropolitan contours span 115 kilometres (71 mi) from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south, and 45 kilometres (28 mi) from the west coast to Sawyers Valley in the east. Beyond the central business district, predominant urban centres within the metropolitan area include Armadale , Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , and Rockingham . Most of those were originally established as separate settlements and retained

1407-462: A European of the present-day Perth region. His crew initially explored the area on foot, leading them to what is now central Perth. Continuing, they travelled up the Swan River in search of native inhabitants. They named the river Swarte Swaene-Revier , a reference to the black swans prevalent in the region. After Vlamingh's observations, other Europeans conducted further voyages of exploration in

1608-578: A Stage 1 development on 20 April 1978 subject to a development management plan by the Shire concerning cliffs, caves, coves, heath and limestone pinnacles. Any further developments would require a further submission assessing Stage 1 and another management plan. Stage one consisted of a breakwater, four launching sites with piers, parking for two hundred cars and trailers, toilets and changerooms, roads, drains and earthworks. The Shire of Wanneroo purchased Lot 1029 Ocean Reef from Kaiser Aetna for land required to service

1809-447: A band, but not wanting to be involved with a band, Court struck a deal that he would form a really good band before being allowed to leave it to concentrate on being a soldier. Court recruited experienced musicians who were about to join the army and people who he had played with in previous bands. By January 1942, Court had successfully applied to transfer to the AIF and became a lieutenant in

2010-512: A community benchmark survey was carried out by the city to survey attitudes and expectation when it came to a future marina at the Ocean Reef site. 500 opinions were collected with 57.5% in favour of the marina development. The Ocean Reef Marina Deed of Agreement , transferring the groyne and breakwater, was signed on 22 August 2002. In August 2005, the council approved the preparation of an Ocean Reef Structure Plan to identify what should be part of

2211-607: A deputation of a dozen businessmen, including Lance Brisbane , Harry Hearn, and Fred Johnston , but declined. Three months later, another deputation asked him to stand. Court told them that there were other, more suitable candidates, but they told him he was the most popular in Shenton Park, the most Labor-leaning part of the electorate of Nedlands. Court was reluctant to stand as a candidate, as his business career would be put on hold, but he eventually agreed, promising to leave politics after two terms, or six years, in parliament . In

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2412-400: A distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area. Mandurah , Western Australia's second-largest city, forms a conurbation with Perth along the coastline. Despite this, it is generally regarded as an independent city. Perth features several important public buildings, as well as cultural and heritage sites . The city has various notable government buildings, including

2613-501: A diverse influx of people, including Italians , Greeks , Dutch , Germans , Turks , Croats , and Macedonians . The Italian influence in the Perth and Fremantle area has been substantial, evident in places like the "Cappuccino strip" in Fremantle featuring many Italian eateries and shops. In Fremantle, the traditional Italian blessing of the fleet festival is held every year at the start of

2814-525: A furniture businessowner, Harry Hearn , heard of the situation, and loaned them proper furniture interest free, confident that the son of Walter Court would be able to pay his debts. Over time, Burkett and Court became profitable and hired new staff, and after two years, was able to pay back Hearn. It was around this time that Court developed a negative opinion of trade unions , which he believed to be intolerant of his clients such as bank managers and creditors. Court met his future wife Rita Steffanoni as he

3015-603: A government minister and eventually the deputy leader of the LCL, although Court still believed he would exit parliament after six years. Opposition Leader McLarty and Deputy Opposition Leader David Brand would ask for Court's opinions, and soon, he was put on the frontbench . The Labor Party attacked Court for his business background, saying that he had no understanding of working-class people. Court's friend, Alf Curlewis, said that "they don't realise it but they're making you famous. The worst thing that could happen, if they only knew it,

3216-484: A government that did not support the independence movement. Respecting the result of the referendum, the new government nonetheless petitioned the Imperial Parliament at Westminster. The House of Commons established a select committee to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, finally refused to consider the matter, declaring that it could not legally grant secession. Perth entered

3417-599: A guarantee for a private loan for the construction of a new trades hall building. The government survived with the casting vote of the speaker . Following Labor's poor result in the 1973 Balcatta by-election , Court attempted to convince the Legislative Council to block a supply bill , saying that Labor had lost its mandate. After the supply bill was delayed by several weeks, the Legislative Council ultimately decided to guarantee supply. The 1974 state election occurred on 30 March 1974. The Court–McPharlin ministry

3618-468: A harbour of 65,000 square metres (700,000 sq ft) and 450 boats costing $ 1,452,700 and lastly for a protected boat launching area for $ 292,000. The second proposal was chosen as the preferred option with the report outlying a plan for a harbour, a residential community, shops, and tourist and recreational facilities. Early environmental issues identified were possible seasonal sand accumulation in harbour and constraints as to how much limestone rock for

3819-418: A high point close to the sea. The retirement village would have 85 units and a community centre, a holiday village of 50 chalets, a caravan park of 185 bays with tennis courts, pool, and hall. A restaurant would be on the seaside and cater for 150 people. A lower leftover portion could be used in the future to be used as bowling and tennis clubs. The proposed project was said to take seven years, two years for

4020-588: A job in Perth, then due to illness, then due to World War I . The Court family spent their first eight years in Western Australia living in Leederville , just north of Perth . Walter Court eventually obtained a job digging sewerage and drainage trenches, where he formed a good enough impression that he was referred to a plumber who offered him a job. Walter later got injured, and then in January 1916, enlisted in

4221-557: A larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning 'the people' in their language ), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun. On 19 September 2006, the Federal Court of Australia ruled in the case of Bennell v State of Western Australia [2006] FCA 1243 that Noongar native title persisted over Perth metropolitan area. An appeal

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4422-505: A library. The submission was not accepted up by the City of Wanneroo. In 1988, the council of City of Wanneroo requested a report to develop the site at the boat harbour. The Draft: Report on a concept plan for an ocean reef recreation and tourist complex was developed in August 1988 by the City of Wanneroo's town planning department for the use of land around the current boat harbour and included land it did not own itself. For Lot 1029, owned by

4623-517: A longer lease of fifty years if the project was to proceed. Three types of marinas were proposed, to be located at the north end of the West Coast Highway 's in Mullaloo, close to where it ended just after its intersection with Korella Street. The first 1974 proposal was for a marina of 95,000 square metres (1,020,000 sq ft) and 500 vessels or more costing $ 1,752,700. A second proposal for

4824-402: A new extension to Ocean Reef Road and an extension of Hodges Drive to the new Ocean Reef Road, stage 1 of the caravan park, a service station, boat storage, stage 1 of the chalets and retirement village. Within five years, completion of the shopping centre, retirement village, caravan and chalets area was expected with the hotel started. They also considered setting aside land for the city to erect

5025-463: A one-seat majority. The Brand–Watts ministry was sworn in on 2 April 1959. Court was appointed as the minister for industrial development , minister for railways , and minister for the North-West . The Country Party had asked that one of its members be the minister for railways, but after the election, the party said that it had no one that could fulfil the role. The railway system was run down at

5226-749: A plumber. The name Charles came from his mother's brother, Walter from his father, and Michael because he was born on Michaelmas Day . The Court family left Crawley on 18 March 1912, bound for Western Australia . As the Port of Southampton was stifled by a coal strike , they travelled via Antwerp in Belgium, boarding the German ship Cassel . They arrived in Fremantle , Western Australia, on 1 May 1912. The family planned to return to Crawley within five years, but that never eventuated, first because Walter Court struggled to secure

5427-447: A population of more than 100,000 is Adelaide , over 2,100 km (1,305 mi) away. Perth is geographically closer to both East Timor (2,800 km or 1,700 mi), and Jakarta , Indonesia (3,000 km or 1,900 mi), than to Sydney (3,300 km or 2,100 mi). Perth is Australia's fourth-most-populous city, having overtaken Adelaide in 1984. In June 2023 there was an estimated resident population of 2,309,338 in

5628-400: A rail link to the eastern states via a single gauge for the first time. Court had to negotiate with the federal government for funding the gauge standardisation project, which was too expensive for the state to handle. Court and Brand travelled to Canberra to talk to Menzies government ministers, securing a funding agreement in 1961. The project was officially announced in August 1961. It

5829-637: A referendum in 1900, Western Australia joined the Federation of Australia in 1901, and "became a founding state of Australia". It was the last of the Australian colonies to agree to join the Federation, and it did so only after the other colonies had offered several concessions, including the construction of a transcontinental railway line from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie to link Perth with

6030-521: A reserve officer. Court accepted an invitation from Harry Hearn to join the Liberal Party and form the Perth City Branch in 1946. Court helped the party during the 1947 state election campaign by convincing people to stand as candidates for the Liberal Party and helping them campaign. There was also some push for Court to be a candidate himself, but that did not eventuate. His reputation within

6231-410: A spate of arrests due to it. It was changed so that any assembly was lawful until it was prohibited, and public meetings and places were more clearly defined. The Labor Party criticised the bill, saying the amendments did not go far enough and Labor Leader Ron Davies unsuccessfully sought to delete Section 54B entirely. It was eventually deleted in 1984 after Labor gained power. One of Court's focuses

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6432-450: A substantial number of Parsees who emigrated from Bombay  – Perth being the closest Australian city to India – in 2021 those with Indian ancestry accounted for 3.5% of Perth's population Perth is also home to the largest population of Anglo-Burmese in the world; many settled here following the independence of Burma in 1948 with immigration taking off after 1962. The city is now the cultural hub for Anglo-Burmese worldwide. There

6633-484: A time when penal transportation to Australia's eastern colonies had ceased, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people due to a shortage of labour. Over the next eighteen years, 9,721 convicts arrived in Western Australia aboard 43 ships , outnumbering the approximately 7,300 free settlers. The designation of Perth as a city was formally announced by Queen Victoria in 1856. However, despite this recognition, Perth remained

6834-403: A tranquil town. A description from 1870 by a Melbourne journalist depicted it as: a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand —

7035-448: A year after Court ceased being the minister for railways. David Brand resigned as leader of the Liberal Party in May 1972. Court was elected unopposed as party leader and thus leader of the opposition ; Des O'Neil was elected deputy leader. There was an attempt by some MPs to put up a token candidate so that Court did not take his leadership for granted, but this fell through. The day after

7236-681: A young adult when working as an accountant during the Great Depression . He soon married and moved to Nedlands , where he lived most of his life. During World War II , Court served in the Second Australian Imperial Force in Bougainville Island , which earned him an Order of the British Empire . He joined the Liberal Party in 1946 and was elected to parliament at the 1953 state election . Court became deputy leader of

7437-476: Is 1,722 square kilometres (665 sq mi), the same as Wuhan or Salt Lake City and slightly smaller than London , making Perth the 67th largest urban area in the world. Perth is also the 50th least densely populated out of the 990 urban areas in the world with a population above 500,000. The metropolitan region is defined by the Planning and Development Act 2005 to include 30 local government areas , with

7638-513: Is 8.8 °C (47.8 °F) on 26 June 1956. It occasionally gets cold enough for frost to form. While snow has never been recorded in the Perth CBD, light snowfalls have been reported in outer suburbs of Perth in the Perth Hills around Kalamunda , Roleystone and Mundaring . The most recent snowfall was in 1968. The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and southwest Western Australia since

7839-460: Is also a substantial Anglo-Indian population in Perth, who also settled in the city following the independence of India. At the 2021 census, 2% of Perth's population identified as being Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander . At the 2021 census, 74% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (2.3%), Italian (1.1%), Vietnamese (1.0%), Punjabi (0.9%) and Cantonese (0.9%). 41.8% of

8040-674: Is on generally flat, rolling land, largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock . The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems, one made up of the Swan and Canning Rivers, and one of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Inlet at Mandurah . The Perth-Gingin Shrublands and Woodlands and Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain straddle

8241-773: Is the capital city of Western Australia . It is the fourth most populous city in Australia , with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth as of 2023 . It is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with most of Perth's metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The city has expanded outward from the original British settlements on

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8442-606: The 1st Armoured Division in Victoria . Court was soon promoted to captain. His commanding officer , Horace Robertson , asked that Court form a band, but Court managed to reach another deal where he would form the best band in the Australian Army before returning to being a soldier. Court went to a staff course at the Royal Military College, Duntroon , and the division was transferred to Mingenew, Western Australia . After

8643-559: The Army Service Corps as a private on 5 September 1940. In his first few months in the army, Court was occasionally released to work at Hendry Rae & Court as part of the manpower restrictions. Court was quickly promoted, having been a lance corporal, corporal, sergeant, and lieutenant "on probation" by 5 November. He was promoted to a permanent lieutenant in July 1941. Court's commanding officer , Major Ennis, soon told him to form and lead

8844-777: The Australian Bureau of Statistics ' Perth (Major Statistical Division). The metropolitan extent of Perth can be defined in other ways – the Australian Bureau of Statistics Greater Capital City Statistical Area, or Greater Perth in short, consists of that area, plus the City of Mandurah and the Pinjarra Level 2 Statistical Area of the Shire of Murray , while the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 includes

9045-652: The Australian Institute of Architects , and Colorbond . St Georges Terrace is the area's prominent street, with a large amount of office space in the CBD. Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The city's tallest building is Central Park , the twelfth tallest building in Australia . The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including Brookfield Place ,

9246-526: The II Corps . Court got off to a rocky start as his commanding officer, Stanley Savige , initially did not like him. Savige did not trust Horace Robertson, so when Robertson told Savige that Court was "a first-class and outstanding officer", Savige believed the opposite. Savige told Court that unless he changed his mind in four weeks, Court would be transferred. General Allen wrote to Savige that Court would do well, which helped to peruade Savige to let Court stay. At

9447-803: The Institute of Chartered Accountants in March 1933 and the Chartered Institute of Secretaries the following year. He then became a senior clerk, earning three pounds per week. He felt he was underpaid by a pound though, so after negotiations failed, he quit, believing he could earn as much playing the trumpet and start his own accountancy firm meanwhile. Jack Burkett, the son of one of the founders of Burkett and McLaren, joined Court's firm, and so it became Burkett and Court: Public Accountants. They established an office on St Georges Terrace , and borrowed furniture from Court's parents' home, unable to afford furniture themselves. One of Walter Court's acquaintances,

9648-571: The Midland Railway Workshops and reduced the number of employees at the workshop by about 25 percent. Poorly patronised passenger trains were replaced with buses, and some routes were completely withdrawn. By the 1962 financial year, the WAGR made a profit for the first time since 1946. In 1960, the state government reached an agreement with BHP that the government would build a standard gauge railway between Koolyanobbing and Kwinana by

9849-574: The North West Shelf Venture , an oil and gas project off the north-west coast of the state. Court also supported the arts by having the government purchase His Majesty's Theatre and initiating the Perth Cultural Centre . Court's strong opposition to Aboriginal land rights aroused controversy when Court supported Amax Petroleum's drilling at an Aboriginal sacred site on Noonkanbah Station . Other controversies included an amendment to

10050-725: The Parliament House , Government House , the Supreme Court Buildings and the Perth Mint . The city is served by Fremantle Harbour and Perth Airport . It was a naval base for the Allies during World War II and today, the Royal Australian Navy 's Fleet Base West is located on Garden Island . All five of Western Australia's universities are based in Perth. The name of the city is taken from Perth, Scotland in honour of

10251-643: The Reserves (Marmion Marine Park) Bill 2019 passed into law and 143.0667ha of the sea bed and marine waters were excised from the Marmion Marine Park and designated as Lot 500 to allow the expansion of the Ocean Reef Boat Harbour into the Ocean Reef Marina project. DevelopmentWA undertook a concept design review and consulted with key stakeholders and produced a preferred Concept Plan that divided

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10452-620: The Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in January 1940, but was rejected due to manpower restrictions as he was an accountant. He then got written consent from Hendry, Rae, and some clients, and enlisted in the Australian Military Force (AMF). He was allowed to join the AMF as its members did not serve outside Australia, but its members were allowed to join the AIF after three months. Not wanting to end up in an army band, Court asked to join an AMF corps without one, which meant he enrolled in

10653-647: The Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons , Sir George Murray . Murray's association with the city was included in Stirling's proclamation of the colony, read in Fremantle on 18 June 1829, which concluded with the statement, "Given under my hand and Seal at Perth this 18th Day of June 1829. James Stirling Lieutenant Governor". The only contemporary information on

10854-454: The Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale in the Peel region . The largest river flowing through Perth is the Swan River, named for the native black swans by Willem de Vlamingh , captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island , who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697. This water body is also known as Derbarl Yerrigan . The city centre and most of the suburbs are on

11055-534: The Shire of Wanneroo and consisted of sand plains, dunes and limestone outcrops and a proposed suburb with a future population of 31,000. Land was owned as crown land by the Shire of Wanneroo while land below the high water mark was owned by the Public Works Department. Under section 116 of the Lands Act 1933 , waterfront property could only be leased for twenty-one years while the developers would have needed

11256-613: The State Electricity Commission , Court took over and came to an agreement with WAPET. Alcoa Australia also reached an agreement with WAPET to supply gas to alumina refineries in Kwinana Beach and Pinjarra , and Midland Brick reached an agreement as well, and so the Parmelia Pipeline between Dongara and Pinjarra via Perth opened in 1971. In May 1963, Woodside (Lakes Entrance) Oil (now known as Woodside Energy )

11457-568: The Stephenson-Hepburn Report , which noted that Perth was beginning to resemble a pattern of development less in line with the British experience and more in line with North America. This was encouraged by the opening of the Narrows Bridge and the gradual closure of the Perth-Fremantle Tramways . The mining-pastoral boom of the 1960s only accelerated the pace of urban growth in Perth. In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut John Glenn passed overhead while orbiting

11658-425: The Swan River , upon which its central business district and port of Fremantle are situated. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . The city is situated on the traditional lands of the Whadjuk Noongar people, where Aboriginal Australians have lived for at least 45,000 years. Perth was named after the city of Perth in Scotland . Perth

11859-421: The Yungngora Aboriginal community , granting a pastoral lease to the Noonkanbah Pastoral Company. Over the following years, hundreds of resource tenements were pegged, including by American company Amax Petroleum, who was exploring for oil. Concerns for sacred sites at Noonkanbah soon became apparent, with several sites damaged during exploration by Amax. The Aboriginal Legal Service told Amax in April 1979 that

12060-433: The cornet and he soon joined a succession of local bands. Beginning at age 12, Court played in music competitions. He later joined the RSL band, which consisted of ex-servicemen. It was renamed the RSL memorial band so that Court could join, and he became the band's solo cornet. He also joined the Young Australia League band and the Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, the latter of which got Court his first job. When he

12261-417: The following state election in 1950 . In the electoral district of Nedlands , Court's future seat, long time Liberal MLA Norbert Keenan was not re-endorsed, so he ran as an independent candidate. Keenan was not re-elected, but his preferences resulted in the election of another independent, David Grayden . Grayden soon introduced a private member's bill called "The Protection of Trade Act 1951", which

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12462-420: The 2021 census respondents in Perth had no religion, as against 38.4% of national population. In 1911, the national figure was 0.4%. Charles Court Sir Charles Walter Michael Court AK KCMG OBE (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was an Australian politician who was the premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982. A member of the Liberal Party , Court

12663-432: The Aboriginal Legal Service, however Court disagreed, saying that "we will have all sorts of 'sacred sites' coming up every time we want to move in these areas". He also believed that it was urgent to get onshore drilling started. A meeting at Noonkanbah station between the Mines Department, the Aboriginal Affairs Department, the Western Australian Museum and the newly-formed Kimberley Land Council came to an agreement that

12864-443: The Australian Surrender Commission when the Japanese formally surrendered at Bougainville on 8 September 1945. After the other staff officers left, Court became the senior Australian officer in charge. Court chose 70 soldiers and intelligence personnel to disarm the 23,500 Japanese soldiers and sailors. Masatane Kanda and Court were concerned that "fanatics" might try to shoot at the Australians, but no such thing happened. After that

13065-452: The British Isles and Southern Europe, while more recent arrivals see a growing population of Asian descent. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, a series of mining booms in various regions of Western Australia propelled Perth into the role of the regional headquarters for significant mining operations . Ranked as one of the world's most liveable cities , Perth was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as

13266-422: The City of Nedlands in anticipation of moving the centre to Forrestfield , a location that was criticised by parents for being too far away from the city. The Trades and Labour Council blocked the move, and so Court issued an ultimatum that any staff who prevented children moving to the site at Forrestfield would be sacked and the children returned to their homes. Five Liberal MPs and a National Country MP criticised

13467-583: The City of Wanneroo, it proposed a hotel-convention of three stories, luxury holiday chalets or units, a cinema complex of 2 to 3 screens. Other things included for the site were six tennis and four squash courts, boat harbour support facilities such as chandlers, sales and fishing and sports equipment. The tourist and commercial facilities were to include small shops catering for tourists, fast food stores and offices. A public recreation and amphitheatre were to be included with an ornamental lake with grassed picnic area, botanic golf, with several restaurants but close to

13668-415: The City signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the State Government as it was realised that funding of the project would need joint funding. Previously in September 2011 an environmental and planning approval workshop was held between various state government departments and the city to develop a timeline to achieve the outcomes need to progress the project. Therefore, in December 2012 the council approved

13869-519: The Earth on Friendship 7 . This led to its being nicknamed the "City of Light". The city repeated the act as Glenn passed overhead on the Space Shuttle in 1998. Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s, has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas. Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in

14070-439: The Greater Perth area, representing an increase of approximately 3.6% from the 2022 estimate of 2,228,020, the highest growth rate of Australia's capital cities. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British- and Irish-born residents. At the 2021 Census, 169,938 England-born Perth residents were counted, ahead of even Sydney (151,614), despite

14271-452: The Liberal Party in 1957 and a minister after the party won the 1959 state election , serving under Premier David Brand . As the minister for industrial development, Court oversaw the Ord River Scheme , the development of the Kwinana industrial area, and the beginning of extensive iron ore mining in the Pilbara after the federal government lifted an embargo on iron ore exports. As the minister for railways from 1959 to 1967, Court oversaw

14472-635: The Marina development. Concepts such as food and beverage outlets, boardwalk, open public spaces and a CAT bus to the site received high support while low support was received for residential apartments, helipads and heights of buildings. By December 2009, the Ocean Reef Marina Committee recommended that the council proceed with the preparation of a structure plan and business case for the Ocean Reef Marina Development. In February 2012,

14673-457: The Mullaloo / Ocean Reef border, from a 1974 proposal by developer Kaiser, was discounted after concern over the accumulation of sand at Mullaloo Beach by littoral drift that would be caused by the proposed breakwater and could cause sand to be blown across the new suburbs. There was also a concern that a downdrift at northern beaches such as Burns Beach would cause sand there to be lost due to the breakwater. The last site, North Mullaloo Outfall Site

14874-604: The Northern Territory, Court was injured twice during training. With no combat on the horizon, it was difficult to keep troops motivated. There were more air raids on Darwin in November 1943. Court was asked to assess whether the region could cope with large numbers of US and Australian troops if General Douglas MacArthur chose to launch an invasion from Darwin to win back the Philippines . Court determined that it could, and

15075-610: The Ocean Reef Marina concept was the idea of a developer it was incorporated into a Western Australian state government Metropolitan Report Planning Authority document in April 1973 as a Concept Plan. By April 1974, developers Kaiser Aetna Australia and AV Jennings Industries had commissioned another report from the Urban Systems Corporation called the Ocean Reef Marina at Mullaloo - Report No 2 . The Ocean Reef area at that time consisted of 1,330 hectares (3,300 acres) in

15276-482: The Ocean Reef Marina project went ahead. The Liberals promised $ 105 million for marina facilities while the land facilities would be funded by Land Corp and the City of Joondalup. The Labor Party promised $ 40 million. In September 2017, Premier Mark McGowan 's first State Budget since the March state election, $ 120 million was committed to the Ocean Reef Marina over the lifetime of the project. $ 35 million would be used over four years while $ 5 million would be used to move

15477-626: The Ocean Reef Marina with the City of Joondalup. Labor pledged $ 700,000 while the Liberals pledged $ 600,000 towards the $ 1.2 million study. At this stage, the marina project was set to cost $ 11 million. An Ocean Reef Marina Steering Committee was established in April 2007 and comprised the CEO of the City of Joondalup and representatives of the Western Australian Planning Commission , Department of Planning and Infrastructure , LandCorp and

15678-648: The Ocean Reef Sea Sports Club and Whitfords Volunteer Sea Rescue facilities. Private sector investment was expected to be worth $ 500 million. On 25 February 2019, the Environmental Protection Agency granted permission for the Ocean Reef Marina project to proceed, though strict conditions had to be met such as requirements to minimise the effect of the project on nearby beaches and improve the Marion Marine Park reefs. On 8 October 2019

15879-676: The Pinnaroo Point, the Ocean Reef Private Marina site and the North Mullaloo Outfall Site as part of their Ocean Reef Boat Launching - Environmental Review and Management Programme . The Pinnaroo Point site at Whitfords was excluded due to the cost of littoral drift passing, limited land at the Whitford Nodes and beaches that were more suitable for recreational beach activities. The Ocean Reef Private Marina site, on

16080-558: The Police Act to prevent gatherings of more than three people in a public place and the closure of the Fremantle railway line in 1979. Court resigned as premier and from parliament in 1982. He was succeeded as the member for Nedlands by his son, Richard Court , who was premier himself from 1993 to 2001. Court was born on 29 September 1911 in Crawley , Sussex , England. He was the eldest of two sons of Rose Rebecca Rice and Walter James Court,

16281-456: The Shire that there was an opportunity to involve the facilities in the shire, in a future event to be held of Fremantle, the defence of the America's Cup . Proposals included facilities for spectator boats and back-up facilities. At the time, there was a concept plan before council for a boat harbour south of the current Ocean Reef boat harbour as well as expansion of the site around the latter, while

16482-591: The State Energy Commission required that much gas. The first domestic gas was delivered in August 1984. The joint venture partners had trouble coming to an agreement with the Japanese power companies they intended to export liquified natural gas (LNG) to. Court attempted to hurry along an agreement, including travelling to Japan in December 1981, but it was not until May 1985, several years after Court resigned, that

16683-566: The Swan Coastal Plain , both spiritually (featuring in local mythology ) and as a source of food. The current central business district location is within the traditional territory of the Mooro , a Noongar clan, led by Yellagonga at the time of the British settlement. The Mooro was one of several Noongar clans based around the Swan River, known collectively as the Whadjuk . The Whadjuk themselves were one of

16884-527: The Water Authority of WA, after the completion of a second 2 km outfall pipe in 1991, it was proposed that the land above the pipelines be used for a private recreation centre with three tennis courts and swimming pool, an indoor sports stadium and health club plus car parks and another commercial tourist centre. The last piece of land, Lot 4, owned by the State Planning Commission, as were

17085-583: The Water Corporation. They would discuss the ownership, planning and marine implications and boating infrastructure. The City of Joondalup also proposed the establishment of a Community Reference Group in the same month and this six-month project began in July 2007. In February 2008, a 34-person group was announced forming the Ocean Reef Marina Community Reference Group and met four times that year. In January 2009, Concept Plan 6

17286-718: The Yungngora community opposed all exploration and mining on Noonkanbah, and in May 1979, the Yungngora community presented a petition to Opposition Leader Ron Davies calling for miners to be kept out. After Amax stated its intention to begin drilling near Pea Hill, a sacred site, the Aboriginal Legal Service accused Amax of being in breach of the Aboriginal Heritage Act. The Act made it an offence to "knowingly alter or damage an Aboriginal site or object on or under an Aboriginal site". The Crown Solicitor agreed with

17487-544: The all pervading element of Western Australia — productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season. With the discovery of gold at Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie in the late 19th century, Western Australia experienced a mining boom. Perth became a key hub for supplying the goldfields, and the newfound prosperity helped finance the construction of important public buildings, roads, and railways. Perth's population grew from approximately 8,500 in 1881 to 61,000 in 1901. After

17688-535: The area on the new marina's landside. At the same time land was to be reclaimed inside the marina and dredging the inside of the marina was to begin in October 2022. A new marina wall was to be constructed, to be built on the edge of the new reclaimed land from late 2022 or early 2023. 31°45′29″S 115°43′31″E  /  31.758°S 115.7253°E  / -31.758; 115.7253  ( Ocean Reef Marina ) Perth Perth ( Nyungar : Boorloo )

17889-496: The army. At the time, Rose was pregnant with their second son. Walter trained at Blackboy Hill Camp and left for France in March 1916. Six weeks later, Sydney Hugo Court was born. Charles shouldered heavy responsibility while his father was away. One time, when Walter's pay stopped coming through, Charles was sent down to the Perth Trades Hall to give a note to the union secretary. Court's first three years of school were at

18090-403: The breakwater could come from the land around the harbour site. Other problems identified included rising land elevations and the location of the reef offshore. The chosen proposal outlined a marina of 450 boat pens that would include launching ramps for the public, commercial facilities related to boating and maintenance such as fuel, boat repairs, chandlers and showrooms with the marina becoming

18291-418: The by-election as the seat was previously uncontested by any other party and it was believed to be a safe seat for Labor. John Rhatigan of the Labor Party ended up winning and Court gained experience in a part of the state he had not been to previously. The north of Western Australia was isolated and undeveloped and Court saw that it needed to be developed. It soon became apparent that Court would one day become

18492-532: The centre of the marina project. It will consist of retail, commercial and hospitality businesses. A boardwalk is planned to tie in the northern and southern precinct of the marina. Open spaces will be included to allow for both water activities and as well as socialising. 12,000 square metres (130,000 sq ft) of retail and commercial floorspace and more than 5 hectares (12 acres) of community spaces are planned. The new Hodges Drive extension will connect to this precinct from Ocean Reef Road. The southern side of

18693-407: The chain of lakes where the central business district and Northbridge are situated. Archaeological evidence attests to human habitation in the Perth area for at least 48,000 years; according to Noongar tradition, they have occupied the area since "time immemorial". Noongar country encompasses the southwest corner of Western Australia, with particular significance attached to the wetlands on

18894-528: The city's population. These are supported by the Australian Eurasian Association of Western Australia, which also serves a community of Portuguese-Malacca Eurasian or Kristang immigrants. Middle Eastern immigrants have a presence in Perth. They come from a variety of countries, including Saudi Arabia , Syria , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Lebanon , The United Arab Emirates , Oman , Yemen , and Afghanistan . The Indian community includes

19095-461: The clan descent group for that area." The phrase "area of influence" was controversial, and Court used this to argue that this line of reasoning could prevent resource exploration anywhere in Western Australia. Court declared that "no responsible government could accept" this. He also questioned the Noonkanbah community's ties to the land. The minister for cultural affairs , Peter Jones , instructed

19296-465: The community centre for the future Ocean Reef suburb with shops, taverns, a theatre and meeting hall. A tourist centre was also proposed with a hotel and restaurant and a residential area with ninety high to medium homes. Between mid-1974 and mid-1975, the Shire of Wanneroo joined with Kaiser, to share the costs needed to investigate the ocean and beach environments around the proposed marina site, publishing an interim report in October 1974. A final report

19497-416: The conservative side of politics. Court turned 21 in 1932, so the first election he voted in was the state election in April 1933 . The 1933 Western Australian secession referendum was held at the same time as the state election. Court voted in favour of secession. Although he would later become opposed to secession, Court throughout his life strongly opposed centralism . Court passed his final exams for

19698-536: The council called for tender submissions to develop Lot 1029 at the Ocean Reef boat harbour with three submissions received and reviewed by council in February 1986 but all three failed. In December 1986, the city wrote to selected companies for submission for the site, but again in May 1987 these submission failed. A private submission was made by the Ocean Reef Consortium to the City of Wanneroo in March 1987 for

19899-692: The current harbour and an area of water from the Marmion Marine Park. In October 2015, the Council voted in favour that the Minister for Planning of the WA State Government initiate an action for the State Government to assume the role as the lead proponent for the Ocean Reef Marina project. Lands Minister announced in September 2016 the state government would now take control of the project and that Land Corp

20100-403: The danger and responsibility that was theirs when undertaking these missions". Court would also carry messages from Savige to commanders on the battlefront. Court was also tasked with leading a team to sever Japanese communications between the north and south of the island, but that mission was called off when intelligence officers determined the mission could not go ahead. Court was a member of

20301-478: The decision, and Ray Young resigned as cabinet secretary on 20 July 1976. That day, Court changed his mind, allowing patients at Tresillian to stay until December 1977. The Court government purchased His Majesty's Theatre from the private landowner, Norman Rydge . The first attempt to purchase the theatre in 1976 fell through when the government could not agree on a price with Rydge. The minister for cultural affairs , Graham MacKinnon , then announced plans for

20502-455: The development such as boat pens, recreation areas, natural bushland, restaurants/shops and would take eighteen months to carry out and would be conducted by Clifton Coney Stevens. The structure plan was projected to cost $ 1.184 million. In the lead up to the 2005 Western Australian state election , both the Labor and Liberal parties pledge funding in their election promises for a planning study for

20703-533: The division's band won a competition against other service bands in Geraldton , Court returned to being a soldier. He was promoted to temporary major in August 1943 when he was made deputy assistant quartermaster-general , and later became a permanent major. He then moved to the Northern Territory in October 1943, with efforts to prepare for a possible Japanese invasion in the wake of the bombing of Darwin . In

20904-497: The eastern states. In 1927, Indigenous people were prohibited from entering large swathes of Perth under penalty of imprisonment, a ban that lasted until 1954. In 1933, two-thirds of Western Australians voted in a referendum to secede from the Australian Federation . However, the state general election held at the same time as the referendum had voted out the incumbent "pro-independence" government, replacing it with

21105-720: The eight Japanese companies signed contracts for the supply of LNG. Court believed that Aboriginal Australians should assimilate into the dominant Australian culture, similar to the assimilation of migrants from European countries into Australian culture. He believed that education should be compulsory for Aboriginal children, and he regretted it when the Brand government's plans to implement compulsory education did not succeed. Court believed that access to alcohol by Aboriginal people should be restricted by providing vouchers to Aboriginal people to by food, clothing and shelter. He attempted to persuade Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of this idea, but

21306-424: The end of 1968 so that BHP could build a blast furnace , steel plant and additional wharfs at Kwinana and an iron ore mine at Koolyanobbing. Wayne wanted the existing narrow gauge railways upgraded instead, but Court chose to build a whole new standard gauge railway between Kalgoorlie and Fremantle and Kwinana, which would link to the existing standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway at Kalgoorlie and provide

21507-504: The end of the four weeks, Savige told Court he could stay. Court's role in Bougainville was to manage the supply of ammunition, communication devices and medical supplies to troops in the jungle of Bougainville and nearby islands. Court went on some of the supply drops himself so that he "let the RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force) and Army crews know I was interested in their work and conscious of

21708-473: The existing groynes and the rocky coast made the management of the littoral drift at the site less costly. These two ERMP's were presented to the EPA in February 1978, one from the Public Works Department concerning the marine and nearshore environments and the other from the Shire concerning the onshore development. The development was subject to a 30-day public review in March 1978 before the EPA granted permission for

21909-464: The federal members did not approve of the policy as it was seen as undermining the Menzies federal government and that they believed the state would request hundreds of millions of dollars to pay for the towns, railways, and ports that were needed. They told Court that there would not be any federal funding for the proposed developments in the north. The State Council ended up endorsing the policy, but there

22110-609: The firm in 1970. Court was also elected by ratepayers to be the auditor for the Municipality of Claremont and was the chairman of the WA Prices Advisory Committee from 1948 to 1952. He was chosen for that role as he had performed well for the Master Bakers' Association before the war. The committee had the role of advising the government on the deregulation of price controls following the war. Court volunteered to join

22311-474: The first comprehensive European settlement in the western third of the continent of Australia in 1829. Officially designated as "Western Australia" in 1832, the colony retained the informal moniker "Swan River Colony" for many years, after the area's major watercourse. On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland. Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia , noted that

22512-774: The fishing season. In Northbridge every December is the San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) Festival, which involves a pageant followed by a concert, predominantly in Italian. Suburbs surrounding the Fremantle area, such as Spearwood and Hamilton Hill , also contain high concentrations of Italians, Croatians, and Portuguese. Perth has also been home to a small Jewish community since 1829  – numbering 6,331 in 2021 – who have emigrated primarily from Eastern Europe and more recently from South Africa. A more recent wave of arrivals includes White South Africans . South Africans overtook those born in Italy as

22713-468: The form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak cold fronts and on occasions decaying tropical cyclones from Western Australia's northwest, which can bring heavy rain. Temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) occur, on average, 26 days per year and rise above 40 °C (104 °F) on 5 days per year. The highest temperature recorded in Perth was 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) on 23 February 1991, although Perth Airport recorded 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on

22914-419: The former would become the future Hillarys Boat Harbour in 1988. During April 1984 the results Wanneroo Coastal Study Report was presented to Wanneroo Shire Council and it outlined the opportunities and constraints along the coast that it managed and identified areas for management development and conservation. In May 1984, Local Coastal Management Plan , part of the above study, was presented to council and

23115-529: The fourth-largest foreign group in 2001. By 2016, there were 35,262 South Africans residing in Perth. Many Afrikaners and Anglo-Africans emigrated to Perth during the 1980s and 1990s, with the phrase "packing for Perth" becoming associated with South Africans who choose to emigrate abroad, sometimes regardless of the destination. As a result, the city has been described as "the Australian capital of South Africans in exile". The reason for Perth's popularity among white South Africans has often been attributed to

23316-415: The gauge standardisation project. Court lost his portfolios when the Liberal Party lost the 1971 state election . After Brand's retirement in 1972, Court became the Liberal Party's leader. The following day, he was knighted. Court became premier and treasurer upon the party's victory in the 1974 state election . During his eight years as premier, Court continued to promote mining and industry, focusing on

23517-464: The government to build its own theatre complex with three individual theatres. After Court's insistence, the sale was back on three days later. From 1977 to 1980, the theatre was restored. As part of celebrations of the 150th anniversary of Western Australia, the new building for the Art Gallery of Western Australia was opened by Charles Court in 1979. In an attempt to stop protests and strikes,

23718-655: The heads of the companies involved. He managed to convince them to sign the permits, and by the end of the year, the Whitlam government was dismissed and the Liberal Party had won the resulting election . Court managed to get the federal government to agree for most royalties to go to the state in exchange for the state funding and constructing the Dampier to Bunbury Gas Pipeline . BHP bought out Burmah Oil's share in 1976 when Burmah Oil ran into financial difficulties, and in 1979, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsui & Co. joined

23919-457: The highest order" and that Court "has been outstanding in every respect". In November 1944, Court was sent to the staff college in Cabarlah, Queensland , for more training. On 3 April 1945, Court was sent to Bougainville Island in the territory of New Guinea , where Australian troops had taken over from American troops. By then, he was a lieutenant colonel and assistant quartermaster-general with

24120-561: The idea was rejected as the United Nations would not have approved. In the 1960s, Court believed mining companies should train Aboriginal people to replace the lost jobs in the pastoral industry. This never occurred though, due to what Court said were "stupid bureaucrats" who stopped him. The Noonkanbah dispute was one of the most controversial aspects of Court's premiership and became a cause célèbre for Aboriginal land rights . Court

24321-418: The injunction lifted, but by then, the wet season had arrived an drilling was not possible until 1980. In July 1980, surveyors for Amax tried to enter Noonkanbah station, but were stopped by residents. The government took control of the road entering the station and 4 hectares (10 acres) of land under its control to allow Amax to enter. After union bans prevented a water drilling rig from being transported to

24522-446: The latter having well over twice the population. The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely Anglo-Celtic in ethnic origin. As Fremantle was the first landfall in Australia for many migrant ships coming from Europe in the 1950s and 1960s, Perth started to experience

24723-454: The leadership ballot, Court was knighted "in recognition of service to the government of WA". Throughout his time as opposition leader, Court attempted to pass a motion of no confidence in the Tonkin government and have the governor install Court as premier instead, or alternatively force an early election . He attempted this in mid-September 1972, following the government's decision to provide

24924-471: The local infants' school. He then attended Leederville Primary School. Walter arrived home in May 1919. By then a lance corporal , Walter first served with the 177th Tunnelling Company and later with the Australian Electrical and Mechanical Miners and Builders Unit. Walter again found difficulty in securing a job. He found irregular work for plumbers H   Rance and Son. As the economy improved,

25125-595: The location, the vast amount of land, and the slightly warmer climate compared to other large Australian cities – Perth has a Mediterranean climate reminiscent of Cape Town . Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Asia has become an increasingly significant source of migrants, with communities from Vietnam , Malaysia , Indonesia , Thailand , Singapore , Hong Kong , Mainland China , and India all now well-established. There were 112,293 persons of Chinese descent in Perth in 2016 – 5.3% of

25326-446: The lots that made up the future site marina had been identified prior as a site for future tourism and recreation. In 2000 Turen Property Consulting had developed a report entitled Lot 1029 Ocean Reef and Boat Launching Facility: A preliminary overview of the commercial potential of the location and facilities . Later in November 2000, a decision to transfer the groyne and breakwaters from the Water Corporation and Department of Transport

25527-450: The marina into four precincts. The residential precinct will be located in the northern side of the marina project. It will have a mix of different dwelling types of high, medium and low density housing, serviced apartments or holiday-lets and open spaces. Around 1,000 dwellings are planned. The new Resolute Way extension will connect from Ocean Reef Road to this precinct. The mixed use, waterfront, tourism and recreation precinct will be in

25728-534: The marina project is completed. A coastal pool costing $ 6.5 million will also be built. A further $ 6.5 million will be allocated on relocating the Marine Rescue Whitfords and the Ocean Reef Sea Sports Club from their current location to the new marina facilities. The 100th Anzac Memorial Arch will also be moved from its current location to a larger space in the project and allow larger Anzac Day gatherings. In August 2020, Terrestrial Ecosystems implemented

25929-573: The marina project will be the marine enterprise precinct to accommodate services for the marina and boats including boating services, boat lifting, boat stacking, administrative offices as well as the Ocean Reef Sea Sports Club, Whitfords Volunteer Sea Rescue Group, and Marina Manager office. Around 200 boat stackers are planned. The existing Boat Harbour Quays road will connect to this precinct from Ocean Reef Road. The marina's waterways precinct will include jetties and boat pens for recreational and commercial vessels, areas for swimming and leisure as well as

26130-406: The marina. The price paid was $ 525,000. On 2 December 1979, the Ocean Reef Boat Harbour in Ocean Reef, was officially opened by Premier Sir Charles Court . It was a joint project of the State Government and the Shire of Wanneroo and cost $ 1.6 million. It consisted of a harbour surrounded by a limestone breakwater and had four ramps capable of 200 boat launches. In February 1984, it was proposed to

26331-620: The metropolitan area. Perth receives moderate, though highly seasonal, winter-based rainfall. Summers are generally hot, sunny and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month. Winters are relatively mild and wet, giving Perth a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3,200 hours of sunshine and 138.7 clear days annually, making it Australia's sunniest capital city. Summers are typically hot and dry but not completely devoid of rain, with sporadic rainfall in

26532-485: The mid-1970s. A significant reduction in winter rainfall has been observed with a greater number of extreme rainfall events in the summer, such as the slow-moving storms on 8 February 1992 that brought 120.6 millimetres (4.75 in) of rain, heavy rainfall associated with a tropical low on 10 February 2017, which brought 114.4 millimetres (4.50 in) of rain, and the remnants of ex-Tropical Cyclone Joyce on 15 January 2018 with 96.2 millimetres (3.79 in). Perth

26733-533: The ministry was expanded by two, allowing O'Connor to take over from Court as the minister for transport. From 16 February 1967, O'Connor also took over as the minister for railways. David Brand lost the 1971 state election , and so Court was removed from the ministry. In 1957, the Hawke government established a royal commission into the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR). Court

26934-507: The murder of settlers (such as Thomas Peel 's servant Hugh Nesbitt ), the execution without trial of Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo , the killing of his son Yagan in 1833, and the Pinjarra massacre in 1834. The strained relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans arose due to these events. Agricultural development on the land restricted the traditional hunter-gatherer practices of

27135-561: The museum's trustees to allow drilling on Noonkanbah station anyway. In June 1979, upon arriving at Noonkanbah station, Amax and the Mines Department found that the Yungngora community had locked the gates and there were 40 people blocking access as well. Days later, the Aboriginal Legal Service obtained an interim injunction from the Supreme Court of Western Australia barring drilling from going ahead. Amax successfully fought to have

27336-495: The native Whadjuk Noongar, compelling them to camp in designated areas, including swamps and lakes north of the European settlement. Third Swamp , known to them as Boodjamooling , remained a primary campsite for the remaining Noongar people in the Perth region, also accommodating travellers, itinerants, and homeless individuals. During the gold rush in the 1890s, miners on their way to the goldfields joined this community. In 1850, at

27537-499: The offshore reserves to the state, but they did not budge from their position. Connor threatened to withhold from renewing the North West Shelf exploration permits, but state attorney-general Ian Medcalf and minister for industrial development Andrew Mensaros concluded that the state could legally renew the permits anyway. The joint venture participants were not convinced, so Court travelled to London and California to meet with

27738-471: The only candidate to oppose Court was Grayden. Court easily won re-election, receiving 73 percent of the vote, but the LCL overall went backwards, losing four seats. McLarty resigned as LCL leader in 1957, suffering from ill health, allowing for Brand to be elected leader and Court to be elected deputy leader in March that year. It was the elevation of Brand to party leader that convinced Court to stay in politics for longer than six years. Court believed McLarty

27939-476: The outer extent being the City of Wanneroo and the City of Swan to the north, the Shire of Mundaring , City of Kalamunda and the City of Armadale to the east, the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale to the southeast and the City of Rockingham to the southwest, and including Rottnest Island and Garden Island off the west coast. This extent correlates with the Metropolitan Region Scheme , and

28140-505: The party grew throughout the campaign though. The campaign resulted in the defeat of Frank Wise 's Labor government and the election of Ross McLarty 's Liberal– CDL government. The Liberal Party was for the first time the senior party in the Coalition and it soon changed its name to the Liberal and Country League (LCL) to encourage CDL members to defect to the Liberals. The LCL–CDL Coalition won

28341-490: The period between 1697 and 1829. However, as with Vlamingh's assessments, they judged the area inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture necessary to sustain a European-style settlement. Despite the Colony of New South Wales establishing a convict-supported settlement at King George's Sound (later Albany ) on the south coast of Western Australia in 1826, responding to rumours of potential French annexation, Perth marked

28542-534: The post-war period with a population of approximately 280,000 and an economy that had not experienced sustained growth since the 1920s. Successive state governments, beginning with the Willcock Labor Government (1936–1945), determined to change this. Planning for post-war economic development was initially driven by Russell Dumas , who as Director of Public Works (1941–1953) drew up plans for Western Australia's major post-war public-works projects, including

28743-497: The previous minister, Frank Wise . There were only fourteen staff members, only four of them were permanent, and there was no CEO. From 16 March 1965, Court took over as the minister for transport from James Craig . He also had Ray O'Connor appointed as an honorary minister assisting the minister for railways and transport. Following the passage of the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1965 in August that year,

28944-485: The project. In November 1979, cabinet approved the terms of an agreement to allow the North West Shelf Venture to go ahead, and in September 1980, Woodside announced the joint venture partners had agreed and that the project would go ahead. The State Energy Commission came to an agreement to receive 20 years of gas under a take-or-pay contract . This contract was controversial, with many people sceptical that

29145-594: The proposed marina be constructed south of the existing boat harbour. The proposal included a time-share resort there too. The City of Joondalup started discussions with the Water Corporation and Department of Transport in 1997 in regards to the transfer of the Ocean Reef boat launching facilities and groynes to the city. In 1999, the Department of Planning announced that the Bush Forever classification for some of

29346-405: The public boat launch ramps. Around 550 boat pens are planned. WA State Government had allocated $ 126.5 million to the new marina to cover the life of the project. It said over $ 900 million of private and public sector investment is expected to be spent on the project. It expected 8,000 construction jobs will be required over the lifetime of the project and the employment of at least 900 people when

29547-522: The purchase and development of part or all of Lot 1029 Ocean Reef. The city would be responsible for the rezoning and the development approvals, sought from the Western Australian government. The offer made was $ 1,050,000 for the land or $ 945,000 if the City of Wanneroo built the roads to the site. The area sought in the proposal consisted of land west of the existing boat harbour, sea sports club and sea rescue group. The Ocean Reef Consortium's concept

29748-528: The raising of the Mundaring and Wellington dams, the development of the new Perth Airport, and the development of a new industrial zone centred on Kwinana. The advent of the McLarty Liberal Government (1947–1953) saw the emergence of something of a consensus on the need for continuing economic development. Economic growth was fuelled by large-scale public works, the post-war immigration program, and

29949-469: The rate at which had been increasing since the late 1960s, the Court government amended Section 54B of the Police Act in November 1976 so that a permit from the police commissioner was required for a gathering of more than three people in a public place. The amendment said that "reasonable grounds" were required for refusal but that there was no right to an appeal. Section 54B was amended in September 1979 after

30150-452: The region, interspersed with clear and sunny days where minimum temperatures tend to drop below 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest temperature recorded in Perth was −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) on 17 June 2006. The lowest temperature within the Perth metropolitan area was −3.4 °C (25.9 °F) on the same day at Jandakot Airport , although temperatures at or below zero are rare occurrences. The lowest maximum temperature recorded in Perth

30351-441: The report was presented to an audience including General Thomas Blamey . Court's commanding officer, Arthur Allen , praised the report but Blamey said launching from the Northern Territory would be the worst option as it would be slow and cost many lives and much money. A report about Court's service in the Northern Territory said that "throughout his service with Northern Territory Force, Major Court has displayed devotion to duty of

30552-634: The request for the city to seek advice from the State for changes to Metropolitan Region Scheme for realignment of the Marmion Marine Park boundary and a Section 48A Environmental Protection Act environmental assessment for the Ocean Reef Marina Development. The city would submit the Ocean Reef Marina Metropolitan Region Scheme Amendment Request for changes to use of the rezoning and rationalisation of land around

30753-582: The same day. On most summer afternoons a sea breeze , known locally as the Fremantle Doctor , blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot northeasterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 °C (86 °F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change. In the summer, the 3   pm dewpoint averages at around 12 °C (54 °F). Winters are mild and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall between May and September. Winters see significant rainfall as frontal systems move across

30954-535: The sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain , which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean . The soils of this area are quite infertile. Much of colonial Perth was built on the Perth Wetlands , a series of freshwater wetlands running from Herdsman Lake in the west through to Claisebrook Cove in the east. To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth

31155-433: The sea. Lastly car and trailer parking, cycleways plus and extension to existing harbour with the possibility of two new launch ramps. For Lot 1000, north of Lot 1029 and owned by the State Planning Commission, it was proposed that the land be used for a caravan park and another restaurant close to the sea. While Lot 1032 owned by the City of Wanneroo would be included in the proposal. Lot 1033, south of Lot 1029, and owned by

31356-479: The seafloor and the latter finished in May 2022. In January 2022, the two breakwaters finally overlapped. At least five surfing locations were destroyed forever in the process. These included surf breaks known as The Pylon, Middles, Mozzies, Geoffries and Big Rock that had been enjoyed by surfers in the northern suburbs for generations. The existing breakwaters at the Ocean Reef Boat Harbour was dismantled in March 2022. In August 2022, earthworks began to clear and level

31557-575: The seafloor. The breakwater will be constructed of granite and limestone supplied by WA Limestone in Byford and Italia Stone in Neerabup with the former starting extraction in December 2020 and the latter in February 2021. 950 thousand tonnes (2.1 billion pounds) of stone will be used at the two sites. In October 2021, the northern breakwater's length of 645 metres (2,116 ft) was completed with work continuing to raise it to 18.5 metres (61 ft) above

31758-450: The site was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed". On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur , felled a tree to commemorate the town's founding. From 1831 onward, confrontations between British settlers and the Noongar people escalated due to conflicting land-value systems and increased land use as the colony expanded. These confrontations resulted in multiple events, including

31959-410: The site was sacred and that no drilling should occur until the Museum completed an investigation. In mid-1979, Peter Bindon, an anthropologist and archaeologist working for the museum conducted an investigation of the Pea Hill site. He concluded that the "whole area within which any drill hole could be located by the company falls under the influence of the special sites shown to me by the Aborigines of

32160-466: The site, the Mines Department transported its own water drilling rig to the site instead. To transport a petroleum drilling rig from Perth to Noonkanbah, a 2,240-kilometre (1,390 mi) journey, the government provided a police escort to prevent protests from blocking the drilling rig. The convoy left Perth on 7 August. Eight union officials who were protesting were arrested along the way. North of Port Hedland , approximately 160 Aboriginal people blockaded

32361-450: The source of the name comes from Charles Fremantle 's diary entry for 12 August 1829, which records that they "named the town Perth according to the wishes of Sir George Murray". Since 2019, the Noongar name Boorloo has been recognised as denoting the central business district , the local government area , or the capital city in general. The name Boorloo was initially recorded by Robert Menli Lyon as Boorlo in 1833, which

32562-426: The state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth. Perth experienced a period of recovery in 1990. In July 1994, the state government separated the city's CBD from its suburban districts, creating the City of Perth and three other local government areas. The central business district of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with Kings Park on

32763-421: The success that various state governments had in attracting substantial foreign investment into the state, beginning with the construction of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Refinery at Kwinana in 1951–52. The result of this economic activity was the rapid growth of the population of Perth and a marked change in its urban design. Commencing in the 1950s, Perth began to expand along an extensive highway network laid out in

32964-400: The time and there would inevitably be closures of some lines, so Court believed that no Country MP wanted to do this. Brand made Court the minister for railways, saying that the Country Party would want the portfolio "in a few weeks". That never happened, so Court continued as the minister for railways for eight years. The Department of Industrial Development had received little attention from

33165-416: The western end and the railway reserve as the northern border. A state and federally funded project named Perth City Link sank a section of the railway line to allow easy pedestrian access between Northbridge and the CBD. The Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city link area that has received several architectural awards from institutions such as the Design Institute of Australia ,

33366-468: The work became more regular. Walter was a strong unionist and supported the Labor Party . He admired Labor premier Philip Collier and took Charles to union rallies. In 1921, the Court family purchased and moved into a house in West Subiaco (now Shenton Park), using a war service home loan. In West Subiaco, Charles attended Rosalie Primary School, and from 1924 to 1926, he attended Perth Boys School . Meanwhile, in 1919, Court started learning to play

33567-426: Was 15, the secretary of the Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra asked the patron, Sir William Campion , who was also the governor of Western Australia , to put in a good word, which resulted in Court gaining a job as an office boy for law firm Robinson Cox & Wheatley. While working at the law firm, Court decided he wanted to become a lawyer, but found that he could not afford the five years as an articled clerk . He

33768-410: Was a poor leader, but with Brand instead, Court could move forward with his push to develop the northern parts of the state. Interested in developing the northern areas of Western Australia, Court set up and was chair of the North West and Kimberleys Committee, which developed LCL policy to take to the 1959 state election . Court presented the policy to the party's State Council for adoption. However,

33969-428: Was also hit by a severe thunderstorm on 22 March 2010, which brought 40.2 mm (1.58 in) of rain, and large hail and caused significant damage in the metropolitan area. The average sea temperature ranges from 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) in October to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in March. With more than two million residents, Perth is one of the most isolated major cities in the world. The nearest city with

34170-441: Was approached by two other accountants to join them in partnership. He agreed, and so Hendry Rae & Court was formed, operating out of Newspaper House on St Georges Terrace. Court joined the Australian Army in 1940 and returned to accounting in January 1946. Later that year, Rae retired, and Hendry retired several years after that. In 1944, Court was made a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants; from 1946 to 1952, he

34371-431: Was approved by the City of Joondalup council as well as to engage consultants to develop structure plan and recommend a future plan for the marina and surrounding lands development. In July 2001, an Ocean Reef Development Committee was formed by the council to develop options, proposals and recommendations to develop the project further. A vegetation and flora survey started at the site in March 2002. Also in March that year,

34572-450: Was asked by a family friend to play music at her 21st birthday party. They then met at several other events before they became partners. They became engaged in January 1935 and bought a house in Nedlands . Somewhat unusually, the title for the house was in her name rather than Court's, as he felt his financial situation was precarious. They married on 3 June 1936 at St Alban's Anglican Church in Highgate . Their first son, Victor Charles,

34773-465: Was born on 13 February 1938, followed by Barrymore (Barry) Michael on 23 March 1941, Kenneth Walter on 11 December 1943, Richard Fairfax on 27 September 1947, and Geoffrey William on 30 May 1949. Jack Burkett left the firm in 1937, leading to it becoming C   W Court, Chartered Accountant. The business continued to expand and moved to a larger office, although Court himself still partially relied on playing music for his income. Later that year, Court

34974-411: Was complete, Court left for Torokina , where there were 30,000 Australian soldiers waiting to go home. Due to his service, Court was awarded an Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1945. Court later said the OBE meant more to him than any other honour he had received as it had proved he had succeeded as a soldier. Court arrived back in Perth in December 1945 and was demobilised on 3 January, becoming

35175-414: Was controversy when the minute taker wrote that the policy had not been endorsed. Court disputed the minutes at the next council meeting, and so the policy was adopted. Court was re-elected unopposed in Nedlands, so he could focus on campaigning in the rest of the state, especially in the north. Overall, the LCL gained six seats from the Labor Party, enough for the LCL, alongside the Country Party , to win

35376-400: Was converted to a home for mentally ill children without consultation with the residents or Nedlands council . Protests and objections soon began to occur, with the council saying the area was unsuitable for the centre. Groups in support of the Tresillian centre appeared as well. Court believed that Nedlands was unsuitable for the Tresillian centre, and had the Health Department sell the land to

35577-493: Was dry, and by the start of 1971, little oil or gas had been discovered. Court pushed for greater exploration though, and by the end of 1971, large gas reserves were discovered at North Rankin, 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of the Pilbara coast and 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) under the seabed. By that point, Labor had won the 1971 state election, and the party soon won the 1972 federal election as well. The Whitlam government 's minister for minerals and energy , Rex Connor ,

35778-447: Was expected to deliver a business plan for the marina by the end of 2016. This he said would give a clearer outline of the cost of the project. The council had approved a Memorandum of Understanding between the City of Joondalup, LandCorp and the State Government for the Ocean Reef Marina Development. In the lead-up to the March 2017 Western Australian state election both Labor and Liberals were promising money in future budgets to ensure

35979-405: Was finalised by the Federal Court on 1 December 2021. As part of this agreement, the Noongar (Koorah, Nitja, Boordahwan) (Past, Present, Future) Recognition Act was passed in 2016, officially recognising the Noongar people as the traditional owners of the south-west region of Western Australia. On 10 January 1697, Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh conducted the first documented exploration by

36180-441: Was for a residential concept consisting of a caravan park, holiday village and retirement village in the northwestern portion of the site. On the western side of the lot, the commercial side of the proposal consisted of a shopping centre, with supermarket, retail shops, offices fast foods, and medical centre plus a service centre and boat storage all opposite an Ocean Reef Road extension. The proposed hotel with motel units, would be on

36381-456: Was granted an exploration lease covering over 160,000 square kilometres (62,000 sq mi) of the North West Shelf off the Pilbara coast. Woodside was joined by Shell and Burmah Oil in 1964, and by California Asiatic Oil (now Chevron ) and British Petroleum in 1966, forming the joint venture partners of the North West Shelf Venture . Court maintained a close relationship with the joint venture partners. The first well drilled in 1967

36582-521: Was highly critical of the royal commission, and had it finished soon after he became the minister for railways. In July 1959, Court appointed former Tasmanian Government Railways general manager Cyril Wayne as the new commissioner of the WAGR. Court and Wayne held regular meetings on Saturday mornings. Court found that the WAGR system was run down and poorly maintained. He had running sheds in country towns replaced or upgraded and old and low-capacity wagons scrapped. He also outsourced work being done at

36783-438: Was in talks with Grayden to convince him to drop the protectionist bill if the Liberal Party were to support Grayden, which was undermining Court's campaign. During the campaign, Court received support from Stanley Savige. Grayden's election materials said that he would make service to his electorate "his full-time duty", implying that Court would remain involved with his business. Court ended up winning by 837 out of 8777 votes on

36984-410: Was instead articled to one of the law firm's auditors, J   F Burkett and Co, later Burkett and McLaren. Court soon became a junior audit clerk, and then began studying an accountancy correspondence course at a technical school. During the Great Depression , Burkett and McLaren saw many bankruptcies, particularly from farmers and storekeepers. This influenced Court's political beliefs, pushing him to

37185-459: Was interpreted as "Perth, properly Point Fraser" (a location in East Perth ). He also gave the name Byerbrup for "the highland stretching along from Mount Eliza through the centre of the town of Perth". In 1947, Ludwig Glauert posited that Lyon may have misunderstood his sources and that "boorloo" or "belo" (now transcribed as "bilya") is simply the Noongar word for "river". Another source has interpreted Boorloo to mean "big swamp", describing

37386-418: Was opposed to foreign investment in resource extraction, and wanted the distribution of natural gas to be nationalised. In light of this, the North West Shelf Venture was mothballed in 1973. However, after the Liberals won the 1974 state election and amid rising gas prices , the project was reopened in 1974. Court met with Whitlam and Connor several times in an attempt to convince them to hand back control of

37587-472: Was presented to the Community Reference Group. By May 2009, Concept Plan 7 had been developed, from a suggestion made from Concept Plan 6, and the council approved its release for public comment which if approved would progress towards a Structure Plan. Concept Plan 7 was released for a sixty-day public consultation in May 2009. In September 2009, the results of the public consultation were released with 11,728 surveys returned with 93.9% of those surveyed supported

37788-436: Was presented to the council in June 1977 after further investigations were conducted from December 1976 co-ordinating previous work while further oceanographic and biological studies were conducted. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) then requested that two Environmental Review and Management Programme (ERMP) be developed before granting approval. The WA Public Works Department investigated three possible marina sites at

37989-413: Was proclaimed as a city by Queen Victoria in 1856, although the City of Perth currently governs only a small area around the central business district. Substantial population growth occurred during the late 19th-century Western Australian gold rushes , and the city has continued to expand, particularly after World War II due to a high net migration rate . Post-war immigrants were predominantly from

38190-433: Was reconstituted as the Court ministry , which resulted in deputy Liberal leader Des O'Neil gaining the position of Deputy Premier instead of the National Party leader. From 18 June 1975 to 22 December 1975, Court was also the minister for federal affairs , a new position. He was succeeded by Ian Medcalf . In 1974, under the Tonkin government, the Tresillian, a former maternity hospital in Court's seat of Nedlands,

38391-419: Was strongly opposed to Aboriginal land rights, as he believed the same laws should apply to all Australians, that land rights would in effect create "separate countries", and that Aboriginal people would be manipulated for political reasons. In 1976, the Commonwealth government's Aboriginal Land Fund Commission bought Noonkanbah Station , a property of slightly less than 400,000 hectares (990,000 acres), for

38592-411: Was subsequently filed, and in 2008, the Full Court of the Federal Court upheld parts of the appeal by the Western Australian and Commonwealth governments. Following this appeal, the Western Australian Government and the South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council negotiated the South West Native Title Settlement. This settlement, including the Whadjuk Indigenous Land Use Agreement over the Perth region,

38793-403: Was supported by Labor and the CDL but not the Liberals, and worried businessmen. The Liberals decided they needed a candidate in Nedlands with a business background. The Liberal candidate in 1950, Cyril Bird, declined to stand again in the 1953 state election , and another potential candidate, Cyril Dudley, Keenan's campaign director, chose not to as well. Court was asked to stand as a candidate by

38994-416: Was sworn in by Governor Hughie Edwards on 8 April 1974. Court was sworn in as premier, treasurer , and minister coordinating economic and regional development . In May 1975, the National Country Party left the Coalition due to a policy dispute between McPharlin and Court. The National Country Party re-joined the Coalition later that month after McPharlin was replaced as leader by Dick Old . The ministry

39195-441: Was the basis for the development of a future Foreshore Management Plan . In June 1984, council decided that a Management Plan for the Ocean Reef Foreshore be commissioned and this would be one of the requirements needed by the EPA for approval for any future development of the site. The Ocean Reef - Foreshore Management Plan was presented to the Wanneroo Shire Council by Peter J Woods and Associates in August 1985. In October 1985,

39396-443: Was the creation of a major source of energy for Western Australia. He believed that cheap energy was needed to overcome Australia's high labour costs so that processing, particularly the refining of steel, would be economical. In 1964, WAPET discovered a small amount of oil at Barrow Island and a small amount of natural gas near Dongara . When the minister for energy , Crawford Nalder , failed in negotiating with WAPET on behalf of

39597-424: Was the institute's state registrar; from 1952 to 1955, he was on the state council; became a life member in 1982; and was voted chartered accountant of the year in 1984. In addition to his work with the firm, Court became a director for several companies. This was reduced when he became a member of parliament in 1953. He continued working at Hendry Rae & Court until he became a minister in 1959, and completely left

39798-460: Was the location of the Water Corporation 's sewerage outfall site for its future Beenyup wastewater treatment plant near Beldon , was very close to proposed Ocean Reef Private Marina site. This became the preferred site for a number of reasons including groynes that had already been built for the outfall site and land cleared for that development, additional land around the site and the Mullaloo and proposed Ocean Reef land developments nearby. Due to

39999-482: Was the member for Nedlands in the Parliament of Western Australia from 1953 to 1982. He held multiple portfolios during this time, including as the minister for industrial development from 1959 to 1971, when he became known for developing Western Australia's mining industry. Born in England, Court's family migrated to Perth when Court was a baby. He grew up in a working-class family in Leederville and Shenton Park . Court's political beliefs became conservative as

40200-408: Was to cover a distance of 800 kilometres (500 mi) and cost $ 82   million, of which $ 53.6   million was funded by the state. Court negotiated with the Commonwealth government in 1963 for several variations to the agreement, including the route through the Avon Valley , through the Perth metropolitan area, and near Koolyanobbing. The standard gauge railway was completed in August 1968,

40401-419: Was to ignore you." Some Liberal colleagues felt indignation over the attention Court had. Having developed a reputation for campaigning for Liberal candidates, Court was asked to campaign for Fred Chaney in the 1955 federal election against Tom Burke , who had held the Division of Perth for 14 years. The campaign was successful; Chaney defeated Burke to win the seat of Perth. In the 1956 state election ,

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