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132-773: The Seattle Aquarium is a public aquarium in Seattle , Washington , United States, located on Pier 59 on the Elliott Bay waterfront. The aquarium opened in 1977 and is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). The aquarium consists of three buildings. Its original buildings at Pier 59 and Pier 60 have six major exhibits. A third building, named the Ocean Pavilion, opened in August 2024. This aquarium consistently participates in educational and conservation programs. Plans for

264-501: A common ancestor . The Eocene salmon's fossil from British Columbia provides evidence that the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic salmon had not yet occurred 40 million years ago. Both the fossil record and analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggest the divergence occurred 10 to 20 million years ago during the Miocene . This independent evidence from DNA analysis and the fossil record indicate that salmon divergence occurred long before

396-468: A saltwater aquarium , though he did not use the term. In 1846, Anne Thynne maintained stony corals and seaweed for almost three years, and was credited as the creator of the first balanced marine aquarium in London. English chemist Robert Warington experimented with a 13-gallon container, which contained goldfish, eelgrass , and snails , creating one of the first stable aquaria. The aquarium principle

528-409: A $ 20 million loan in 2022 to fill an expected shortfall, stemming in part from an increase from the original $ 113 million estimate. The project was expected to cost $ 160 million with the majority of funds coming from local taxes, private donations, and other sources. An additional loan of $ 67 million from PNC Bank was requested by operator Seattle Aquarium Society in 2023 to complete

660-615: A 12 foot (3.7 m) high glass "donut" where visitors are surrounded by moon jellies . The Giant Pacific Octopus is native to the Puget Sound and more broadly found in waters from California to Alaska and across the Pacific to Japan. The Seattle aquarium's octopus resides in a circular tank for viewing of the octopus - and the tank's other residents - from all angles. A Closer Look Table has learning experiences regarding various aquatic creatures that changes frequently. Caring Cove Play Space

792-478: A 325,000-US-gallon (1,230,000 L) tank for sharks and sting rays. The tank exhibits hundreds of species that would be found in the 'Coral Triangle' of Indonesia. The new multistory exhibit features several interpretive areas, including The Reef, The Archipelago, One Ocean Hall, At Home in the Ocean, an Animal Care Area, and a Discovery Lab. The Reef features a large immersive window into the exhibit tank, and At Home in

924-414: A 400-litre (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) tank with many other fish in it represents only a minor change. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks, as they require less attention. Several nutrient cycles are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface water-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide escapes the system into the air. The phosphate cycle

1056-483: A 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m) exhibit building. The project includes a new waterfront promenade that ties in with redevelopment of Alaskan Way , which includes an overpass to Pike Place Market , and a 325,000-US-gallon (1,230,000 L) tank for sharks and sting rays. The Ocean Pavilion opened on August 29, 2024, and focused on the tropical Coral Triangle region of the Pacific Ocean near Indonesia . The building

1188-1156: A challenge to recreate such environments, and most "true" biotopes will only have a few (if not only one) species of fish and invertebrates. Finally, an emerging concept for the home is that of a wall mounted aquarium, some of which are displayed at the Living Art Marine Center . An aquarium can range from a small glass bowl containing less than 1 litre (2.1 US pt) of water to immense public aquaria that house entire ecosystems such as kelp forests . Relatively large home aquaria resist rapid fluctuations of temperature and pH , allowing for greater system stability. Beginner aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to begin with, as controlling water parameters in smaller tanks can prove difficult. Small, unfiltered bowl-shaped aquaria are now widely regarded as unsuitable for most fish. In order to keep water conditions at suitable levels, aquariums should contain at least two forms of filtration : biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered under some circumstances for optimum water quality. Chemical filtration

1320-420: A circular, submerged lid. Pseudokreisels are "U" or semicircle shaped, usually without a lid. Stretch kreisels are a "double gyre" kreisel design, where the tank length is at least twice the height. Using two downwelling inlets on both sides of the tank lets gravity create two gyres in the tank. A single downwelling inlet may be used in the middle as well. The top of a stretch kreisel may be open or closed with

1452-516: A city aquarium, replacing an existing private aquarium , were approved by voters in a 1968 Forward Thrust ballot initiative. The Seattle City Council approved a site near Golden Gardens Park in Ballard in April 1971, but reversed its decision months later following public outcry. A site on the north side of Pier 59 was instead chosen the following year, necessitating the demolition of additional piers, and

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1584-425: A cooler environment. Temperature consistency is more important than range. Most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause shock and lead to disease. Water temperature can be regulated with a thermostat and heater (or cooler). Water movement can also be important in simulating a natural ecosystem. Aquarists may prefer anything from still water up to swift currents , depending on

1716-522: A day, divers wear special masks and converse with visitors. Life on the Edge is a touch-tank where visitors touch live sea stars, urchins, sea cucumbers, and more. Two large exhibit pools that include touch zones allow visitors to see the tide pool life of Washington's outer coast and of Seattle's inland sea. Pacific Coral Reef is a man-made coral reef in a 25,000-US-gallon (95,000 L) tank that contains fish that live in and around reefs. This habitat simulates

1848-444: A dazzling aquarium is one of the last surefire ways to impress their peers." A kreisel tank ( kreisel being German for " spinning top " or " gyroscope ") is an aquarium shaped like a horizontal cylinder that is designed to hold delicate animals such as jellyfish and newborn seahorses. These aquariums provide slow, circular water flow with a bare minimum of interior hardware to prevent the inhabitants from becoming injured by pumps or

1980-442: A few species of salmon remain in fresh water throughout their life cycle, the majority are anadromous and migrate to the ocean for maturation: in these species, smolts spend a portion of their out-migration time in brackish water, where their body chemistry becomes accustomed to osmoregulation in the ocean. This body chemistry change is hormone-driven, causing physiological adjustments in the function of osmoregulatory organs such as

2112-473: A fish returns after just one year's sea feeding, it is called a grilse in Canada, Britain, and Ireland. Grilse may be present at spawning, and go unnoticed by large males, releasing their own sperm on the eggs. Prior to spawning, depending on the species , salmon undergo changes. They may grow a hump, develop canine-like teeth, or develop a kype (a pronounced curvature of the jaws in male salmon). All change from

2244-569: A high demand for wild forage fish . As a predator, salmon require large nutritional intakes of protein , and farmed salmon consume more fish than they generate as a final product. On a dry weight basis, 2–4 kg of wild-caught fish are needed to produce one kilogram of salmon. As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more forage fish for feed, at a time when 75% of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their maximum sustainable yield . The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming affects

2376-399: A lid. There may also be screens about midway down the sides of the tank, or at the top on the sides. It is possible to combine these designs; a circular shaped tank is used without a lid or cover, and the surface of the water acts as the continuation of circular flow. Another popular setup is the biotope aquarium. A biotope aquarium is a recreation of a specific natural environment. Some of

2508-532: A lot of work on Henneguya salminicola was done by scientists at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo in the mid-1980s, in particular, an overview report which states, "the fish that have the longest fresh water residence time as juveniles have the most noticeable infections. Hence in order of prevalence , coho are most infected followed by sockeye, chinook, chum and pink. As well, the report says, at

2640-514: A natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) to reduce the level of treatment. Some hobbyists use an algae scrubber to filter the water naturally. Water temperature determines the two most basic aquarium classifications: tropical versus cold water . Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited temperature range; tropical aquaria, with an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F), are much more common. Temperate or coldwater aquaria are for fish that are better suited to

2772-433: A popular choice for many home and hobbyist aquarists for many years. Once silicone sealant became strong enough to ensure a long-term water-tight seal, it eliminated the need for a structural frame. In addition to lower cost, glass aquaria are more scratch resistant than acrylic. Although the price is one of the main considerations for aquarists when deciding which of these two types of aquaria to purchase, for very large tanks,

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2904-458: A small glass bowl, a few liters in volume, to immense public aquaria of thousands of liters. Specialized equipment maintains appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents. In 1369, the Hongwu Emperor of China established a porcelain company that produced large porcelain tubs for maintaining goldfish ; over time, people produced tubs that approached

3036-401: A tank by diluting effects from death or contamination events that push an aquarium away from equilibrium. The bigger the tank, the easier such a systemic shock is to absorb, because the effects of that event are diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in an 11-litre (3 US gal; 2 imp gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in

3168-412: A technically demanding kind of sport fishing , not necessarily intuitive for beginning fishermen. A conflict exists between commercial fishermen and recreational fishermen for the right to salmon stock resources . Commercial fishing in estuaries and coastal areas is often restricted so enough salmon can return to their natal rivers where they can spawn and be available for sport fishing. On parts of

3300-449: A tropical temperature and requires less capacity from an aquarium heater. Acrylic-soluble cements are used to directly fuse acrylic together. Acrylic allows for the formation of unusual shapes, such as the hexagonal tank. Acrylics are easier to scratch than glass, but unlike glass, scratches in acrylic can be polished out. Large aquaria might instead use stronger materials such as fiberglass -reinforced plastics . However, this material

3432-594: Is a child friendly play space where kids and accompanying adults dress up, play with plush marine animals, explore faux tide pools, and read. A Virtual Reality Experience is offered every 15 minutes. The Underwater Dome is a 260-degree exhibit viewed from a mostly transparent spherical undersea room in a 400,000-US-gallon (1,500,000 L) tank. It was built as part of the original construction and opened in 1977. The tank exhibits hundreds of species that would be found in Puget Sound including salmon , lingcod , sharks , sturgeon , skates , and rockfish . Birds and Shores

3564-836: Is a major contributor to the world production of farmed finfish, representing about US$ 10 billion annually. Other commonly cultured fish species include tilapia , catfish , sea bass , carp and bream . Salmon farming is significant in Chile , Norway , Scotland , Canada and the Faroe Islands ; it is the source for most salmon consumed in the United States and Europe. Atlantic salmon are also, in very small volumes, farmed in Russia and Tasmania , Australia. Salmon are carnivorous , and need to be fed meals produced from catching other wild forage fish and other marine organisms. Salmon farming leads to

3696-405: Is a three-part exhibit that contains fish from the Puget Sound, broken into eelgrass communities, deep sandy bottoms, and rocky areas. Fish included in the tank are grunt sculpins , Pacific spiny lumpsuckers , midshipman fish , and armored sturgeon poachers. Salmon Life Cycle highlights salmon and their stages of development. This learning experience is informative of this keystone species that

3828-431: Is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system, entering as food and exiting as waste. Appropriate handling of the nitrogen cycle , along with supplying an adequately balanced food supply and considered biological loading, is enough to keep these other nutrient cycles in approximate equilibrium. An aquarium must be maintained regularly to ensure that

3960-565: Is an open-air habitat housing Puget Sound natives such as tufted puffins , rhinoceros auklets , common murres , and black oystercatchers . The habitat includes tidal pools and rocky cliffs above the water that support these coastal birds' natural breeding habits. The Marine Mammals area includes exhibits for harbor seals , Northern fur seals , sea otters , and river otters . This exhibit offers visibility into these mammals' underwater world as well as their land habitat. Activities include frequent presentations and feedings. Puget Sound Fish

4092-680: Is derived from Middle English : samoun , samon and saumon , which in turn are from Anglo-Norman : saumon , from Old French : saumon , and from Latin : salmō (which in turn might have originated from salire , meaning "to leap". ). The unpronounced "l" absent from Middle English was later added as a Latinisation to make the word closer to its Latin root. The term salmon has mostly displaced its now dialectal synonym lax , in turn from Middle English : lax , from Old English : leax , from Proto-Germanic : * lahsaz from Proto-Indo-European : *lakso- . The seven commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera of

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4224-436: Is frequently achieved via activated carbon , to filter medications, tannins , and/or other known impurities from the water. Reef aquaria under 100 litres (26 US gal; 22 imp gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; these aquaria, termed nano reefs (when used in reefkeeping), have a small water volume, under 40 litres (11 US gal; 9 imp gal). Practical limitations, most notably

4356-614: Is integral to Puget Sound ecosystems and holds importance to Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest. A window into the Veterinary Care Center allows visitors to watch marine life examinations by veterinary staff in the clinic. Murals created by Ray Troll , Grace Freeman and Marvin E. Oliver , including two new murals introduced in 2023, cover the walls of the Marine Mammals enclosure. The Ocean Pavilion features

4488-608: Is keeping them in a wall. Here the use of plywood is hidden by sinking the aquarium inside the wall. Putting insulation between the two helps with the insulation of a heated tank. Objects used for aquariums include: coffee tables, sinks, and even toilets. Another such example is the MacQuarium , an aquarium made from the shell of an Apple Macintosh computer . In recent years, elaborate custom-designed home aquariums costing hundreds of thousands of dollars have become status symbols—according to The New York Times , "among people of means,

4620-494: Is most often addressed through two filtration solutions: Activated carbon filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other toxins , while biological filters provide a medium designed to enhance bacterial colonization . Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing resins, stop working when their pores fill, so these components have to be replaced regularly. Salmon all other members of Salmoninae Salmon ( / ˈ s æ m ən / ; pl. : salmon)

4752-471: Is not transparent. Reinforced concrete is used for aquaria where weight and space are not factors. Concrete must be coated with a waterproof layer to prevent the water from breaking down the concrete, as well as preventing contamination of the water by the concrete. Plywood can also be used when building aquaria. The benefits of using plywood include: lower construction costs, less weight, and better insulation. A popular positioning choice for plywood aquaria

4884-478: Is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates. Hobbyist aquaria often do not have sufficient bacteria populations to adequately denitrify waste. This problem

5016-441: Is quite high (perhaps as high as 40 to 50%). To lay her roe , the female salmon uses her tail (caudal fin), to create a low-pressure zone, lifting gravel to be swept downstream, excavating a shallow depression, called a redd. The redd may sometimes contain 5,000 eggs covering 2.8 m (30 sq ft). The eggs usually range from orange to red. One or more males approach the female in her redd, depositing sperm, or milt, over

5148-946: Is strictly a fish parasite that cannot live in or affect warm blooded animals, including man". According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency , " Henneguya salminicola is found in southern B.C. also and in all species of salmon. I have previously examined smoked chum salmon sides that were riddled with cysts and some sockeye runs in Barkley Sound (southern B.C., west coast of Vancouver Island ) are noted for their high incidence of infestation." Sea lice , particularly Lepeophtheirus salmonis and various Caligus species, including C. clemensi and C. rogercresseyi , can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are ectoparasites which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto

5280-481: Is the common name for several commercially important species of euryhaline ray-finned fish from the genera Salmo and Oncorhynchus of the family Salmonidae , native to tributaries of the North Atlantic ( Salmo ) and North Pacific ( Oncorhynchus ) basins. Other closely related fish in the same family include trout , char , grayling , whitefish , lenok and taimen , all coldwater fish of

5412-518: Is the most basic measure of water conditions. An aquarium may have freshwater (salinity below 500 parts per million), simulating a lake or river environment; brackish water (a salt level of 500 to 30,000 PPM), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as estuaries ; and salt water or seawater (a salt level of 30,000 to 40,000 PPM), simulating an ocean environment. Rarely, higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms. Saltwater

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5544-415: Is to have very small aquariums, termed mini aquariums (less than 150 litres or 40 gallons) or nano aquariums (less than 75 litres or 20 gallons). These can be either freshwater or saltwater, and are intended to display a tiny but self-contained ecosystem. The typical hobbyist aquarium includes a filtration system, an artificial lighting system, an air diffuser and pump, and a heater or chiller depending on

5676-499: Is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus Nitrospira ) converts nitrite into nitrate , a less toxic substance. ( Nitrobacter bacteria were previously believed to fill this role. While biologically they could theoretically fill the same niche as Nitrospira , it has recently been found that Nitrobacter are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while Nitrospira are plentiful.) However, commercial products sold as kits to "jump start"

5808-476: Is under development in Alaska . There, the young salmon are released into the ocean far from any wild salmon streams. When it is time for them to spawn, they return to where they were released, where fishermen can catch them. An alternative method to hatcheries is to use spawning channels. These are artificial streams , usually parallel to an existing stream, with concrete or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from

5940-541: Is usually alkaline, while the pH ( alkalinity or acidity ) of fresh water varies more. Hardness measures overall dissolved mineral content; hard or soft water may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic. Dissolved organic content and dissolved gases content are also important factors. Home aquarists typically use tap water supplied through their local water supply network to fill their tanks. Straight tap water cannot be used in localities that pipe chlorinated water. In

6072-610: The Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association , as a way to increase salmon populations in situations where they have declined due to overharvesting , construction of dams and habitat destruction or fragmentation . Negative consequences to this sort of population manipulation include genetic "dilution" of the wild stocks. Many jurisdictions are now beginning to discourage supplemental fish planting in favour of harvest controls, and habitat improvement and protection. A variant method of fish stocking , called ocean ranching,

6204-790: The Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1853, the aquarium craze was launched in England by Philip Henry Gosse who created and stocked the first public aquarium in the London Zoo which came to be known as the Fish House. Gosse coined the word "aquarium", opting for this term (instead of "aquatic vivarium" or "aqua-vivarium") in 1854 in his book The Aquariums: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Water . In this book, Gosse primarily discussed saltwater aquaria. In

6336-484: The Japanese word for trout. On the other hand, the steelhead and sea trout , the anadromous forms of rainbow trout and brown trout respectively, are from the same genera as salmon and live identical migratory lives, but neither is termed "salmon" . The extinct Eosalmo driftwoodensis , the oldest known Salmoninae fish in the fossil record , helps scientists figure how the different species of salmon diverged from

6468-518: The Pacific Northwest and Alaska , salmon are keystone species . The migration of salmon represent a massive retrograde nutrient transfer, rich in nitrogen , sulfur , carbon and phosphorus , from the ocean to the inland freshwater ecosystems . Predation by piscivorous land animals (such as ospreys , bears and otters ) along the journey serve to transfer the nutrients from the water to land, and decomposition of salmon carcass benefits

6600-456: The Pacific coast of Canada , the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%. The risk of injury caused by underwater pile driving has been studied by Dr. Halvorsen and her co-workers. The study concluded that the fish are at risk of injury if the cumulative sound exposure level exceeds 210 dB relative to 1 μPa s. As can be seen from the production chart at

6732-504: The Quaternary glaciation began the cycle of glacial advance and retreat. There are several other species of fish which are colloquially called "salmon" but are not true salmon. Of those listed below, the Danube salmon or huchen is a large freshwater salmonid closely related (from the same subfamily) to the seven species of salmon above, but others are fishes of unrelated orders , given

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6864-654: The Salmo and Oncorhynchus genera also contain a number of trout species informally referred to as salmon. Within Salmo , the Adriatic salmon ( Salmo obtusirostris ) and Black Sea salmon ( Salmo labrax ) have both been named as salmon in English , although they fall outside the generally recognized seven salmon species. The masu salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou ) is actually considered a trout ("cherry trout") in Japan , with masu actually being

6996-544: The San Juan Islands and Strait of Juan de Fuca . These endangered species have faced a 97% decline, studies in the San Juan Islands show. The Seattle Aquarium offers educational programs for students through high school. These include self guided educational programs that include group discounted rates, educational clinics, digital learning options, and other programs and contests to promote hands-on learning. During

7128-542: The Victorian era in the United Kingdom, a common design for the home aquarium was a glass front with the other sides made of wood (made watertight with a pitch coating). The bottom would be made of slate and heated from below. More advanced systems soon began to be introduced, along with tanks of glass in metal frames. During the latter half of the 19th century, a variety of aquarium designs were explored, such as hanging

7260-548: The aquascaping designs of Takashi Amano influencing fishkeepers to treat home aquariums as aesthetically pleasing compositions, rather than simply as a way of displaying fish specimens. In the United States, as of 1996, aquarium keeping is the second-most popular hobby after stamp collecting . In 1999, an estimated 9.6 million US households owned an aquarium. Figures from the 2005/2006 APPMA National Pet Owners Survey report that Americans own approximately 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish. Estimates of

7392-497: The forest ecosystem . In the case of Pacific salmon , most (if not all) of the salmon that survive to reach the headwater spawning grounds will die after laying eggs and their dead bodies sink to cover the gravel beds, with the nutrients released from the biodegradation of their corpses providing a significant boost to these otherwise biomass -poor shallow streams. Grizzly bears function as ecosystem engineers , capturing salmon and carrying them into adjacent dry land to eat

7524-447: The gravel , or other substrate if the aquarium has one; however some manage to avoid this entirely by keeping it somewhat self-sufficient. A good habit is to remove the water being replaced by "vacuuming" the gravel with suitable implements, as this will eliminate uneaten foods and other residues that settle on the substrate . In many areas tap water is not considered to be safe for fish to live in because it contains chemicals that harm

7656-524: The myrtle zone . These dams can be overtopped at high tide and hold water at low tide. This provides refuges for juvenile salmon so they do not have to swim into large channels where they are subject to predation by larger fish. It has been discovered that rivers which have seen a decline or disappearance of anadromous lampreys , loss of the lampreys also affects the salmon in a negative way. Like salmon, anadromous lampreys stop feeding and die after spawning, and their decomposing bodies release nutrients into

7788-481: The nitrogen cycle or be removed by passing through zeolite . Ammonia is also produced through the decomposition of plant and animal matter, including fecal matter and other detritus . Nitrogen waste products become toxic to fish and other aquarium inhabitants at high concentrations. In the wild, the vast amount of water surrounding the fish dilutes ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are put into an aquarium, waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in

7920-590: The otolith (annuli), analogous to the growth rings visible in a tree trunk. Freshwater growth shows as densely crowded rings, sea growth as widely spaced rings; spawning is marked by significant erosion as body mass is converted into eggs and milt. Freshwater streams and estuaries provide important habitat for many salmon species. They feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects , amphipods , and other crustaceans while young, and primarily on other fish when older. Eggs are laid in deeper water with larger gravel and need cool water and good water flow (to supply oxygen) to

8052-610: The subarctic and cooler temperate regions with some sporadic endorheic populations in Central Asia . Salmon are typically anadromous : they hatch in the shallow gravel beds of freshwater headstreams and spend their juvenile years in rivers , lakes and freshwater wetlands , migrate to the ocean as adults and live like sea fish , then return to their freshwater birthplace to reproduce . However, populations of several species are restricted to fresh waters (i.e. landlocked) throughout their lives. Folklore has it that

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8184-826: The subfamily Salmoninae . The genus Salmo contains the Atlantic salmon , found in both sides of the North Atlantic , as well as more than 40 other species commonly named as trout . The genus Oncorhynchus contains 12 recognised species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific, six of which are known as Pacific salmon while the remainder are considered trout. Outside their native habitats, Chinook salmon have been successfully introduced in New Zealand and Patagonia , while coho , sockeye and Atlantic salmon have been established in Patagonia, as well.     Both

8316-661: The weight of water (1 kilogram per litre (8.345 lb/U.S. gal; 10.022 lb/imp gal)) and internal water pressure (requiring thick glass siding) of a large aquarium, restrict most home aquaria to a maximum of around 1 cubic metre in volume (1000 L, weighing 1,000 kg or 2,200 lb ). Some aquarists, however, have constructed aquaria of many thousands of litres. Public aquariums and oceanariums designed for exhibition of large species or environments can be dramatically larger than any home aquarium. The Georgia Aquarium , for example, features an individual aquarium of 6,300,000 US gallons (24,000,000 L). A new trend

8448-429: The 1850s, the aquarium became a fad in the United Kingdom. Tank designs and techniques for maintaining water quality were developed by Warington, later cooperating with Gosse until his critical review of the tank water composition. Edward Edwards developed these glass-fronted aquaria in his 1858 patent for a "dark-water-chamber slope-back tank", with water slowly circulating to a reservoir beneath. Germans soon rivaled

8580-509: The 1960s, metal frames made marine aquaria almost impossible due to corrosion, but the development of tar and silicone sealant allowed the first all-glass aquaria made by Martin Horowitz in Los Angeles, CA. The frames remained, however, though purely for aesthetic reasons. Japan played an increasingly important role in shaping aquarium design in the latter part of the twentieth century, with

8712-627: The British in their interest. In 1854, an anonymous author had two articles published about the saltwater aquaria of the United Kingdom: Die Gartenlaube (The Garden House) entitled Der Ocean auf dem Tische (The Ocean on the Table). However, in 1856, Der See im Glase (The Lake in a Glass) was published, discussing freshwater aquaria, which were much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd , then bankrupt because of

8844-468: The North American West Coast salmon sport fishing has completely replaced inshore commercial salmon fishing. In most cases, the commercial value of a salmon sold as seafood can be several times less than the value attributed to the same fish caught by a sport fisherman. This is "a powerful economic argument for allocating stock resources preferentially to sport fishing". Salmon aquaculture

8976-487: The Ocean Pavilion will provide breeding resources for the sharks and support a small group prior to their release into their natural habitat. This program, with partners in 15 countries and 44 aquariums, plans to release 500 zebra shark pups in Raja Ampat , Indonesia as of 2023. In 2021, the aquarium began to rear larval and juvenile pinto abalones , planning to release them each spring after 2022 into designated sites around

9108-527: The Ocean features smaller tanks and exhibits, including one for garden eels . The Seattle Aquarium has participated in conservation efforts of various marine species by collaborating with indigenous peoples, governments, institutions, and companies. In 2020, the Seattle Aquarium cofounded ReShark, an international conservation coalition, aiding in the recovery of zebra sharks in Indonesia. One completed,

9240-502: The Pacific Ocean, the second host releases a stage infective to salmon. The parasite is then carried in the salmon until the next spawning cycle. The myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease in trout has a similar life cycle. However, as opposed to whirling disease, the Henneguya infestation does not appear to cause disease in the host salmon—even heavily infected fish tend to return to spawn successfully. According to Dr. Kieser,

9372-654: The Wonders of the Deep Sea in 1854. Small aquariums are kept in the home by hobbyists . There are large public aquariums in many cities. Public aquariums keep fish and other aquatic animals in large tanks. A large aquarium may have otters , dolphins , sharks , penguins , seals , and whales . Many aquarium tanks also have plants. An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or high-strength acrylic . Aquaria with flat walls are known as fish tanks or simply tanks, while those with rounded walls are known as fish bowls . Size can range from

9504-482: The addition of a commercially available mixture of salts and other minerals. Some aquarists modify water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases, before adding it to their aquaria. This can be accomplished by additives, such as sodium bicarbonate, to raise pH. Some aquarists filter or purify their water through deionization or reverse osmosis prior to using it. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near

9636-432: The adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond, to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods, which in some years can wash out the natural redds. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods that destroy natural redds also clean

9768-548: The aquarium on a wall, mounting it as part of a window , or even combining it with a birdcage . Around 1908, the first mechanical aquarium air pump was invented, powered by running water, instead of electricity. The introduction of the air pump into the hobby is considered by several historians of the hobby to be a pivotal moment in its development. Aquaria became more widely popular as houses had an electricity supply after World War I . Electricity allowed artificial lighting, as well as aeration , filtration , and heating of

9900-505: The aquarium's inhabitants. Many aquaria incorporate a hood, containing the lights, to decrease evaporation and prevent fish from leaving the aquarium (and anything else from entering the aquarium). Combined biological and mechanical aquarium filtration systems are common. These either convert ammonia to nitrate (removing nitrogen at the expense of aquatic plants), or to sometimes remove phosphate . Filter media can house microbes that mediate nitrification . Filtration systems are sometimes

10032-491: The aquarium's inhabitants. Water movement can be controlled via aeration from air pumps, powerheads, and careful design of internal water flow (such as location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow). Of primary concern to the aquarist is management of the waste produced by an aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, fungi , and some bacteria excrete nitrogen waste in the form of ammonia (which converts to ammonium , in water) and must then either pass through

10164-586: The aquarium. According to the July issue of The North American Review of the same year, William Stimson may have owned some of the first functional aquaria, and had as many as seven or eight. The first aquarist society in the United States was founded in New York City in 1893, followed by others. The New York Aquarium Journal , first published in October 1876, is considered to be the world's first aquarium magazine. In

10296-460: The behavior and survival of tank inhabitants. An aquarium can be placed on an aquarium stand. Because of the weight of the aquarium, a stand must be strong as well as level. A tank that is not level may distort, leak, or crack. These are often built with cabinets to allow storage, available in many styles to match room decor . Simple metal tank stands are also available. Most aquaria should be placed on polystyrene to cushion any irregularities on

10428-608: The common name "salmon" simply due to similar shapes, behaviors and niches occupied: Salmon eggs are laid in freshwater streams typically at high latitudes. The eggs hatch into alevin or sac fry. The fry quickly develop into parr with camouflaging vertical stripes. The parr stay for six months to three years in their natal stream before becoming smolts, which are distinguished by their bright, silvery colour with scales that are easily rubbed off. Only 10% of all salmon eggs are estimated to survive to this stage. The smolt body chemistry changes, allowing them to live in salt water. While

10560-516: The craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to supervise the installation of the circulating system and tanks at the Hamburg Aquarium . During the 1870s, some of the first aquarist societies were appearing in Germany. The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's The Family Aquarium was one of the first books written in the United States solely about

10692-430: The developing embryos. Mortality of salmon in the early life stages is usually high due to natural predation and human-induced changes in habitat, such as siltation, high water temperatures, low oxygen concentration, loss of stream cover, and reductions in river flow. Estuaries and their associated wetlands provide vital nursery areas for the salmon prior to their departure to the open ocean. Wetlands not only help buffer

10824-472: The elimination of beavers from large parts of the river system, salmon runs plummeted, even in the absence of many of the factors usually associated with the demise of salmon runs. Salmon recruitment can be affected by beavers' dams because dams can: Beaver dams are able to nurture salmon juveniles in estuarine tidal marshes where the salinity is less than 10 ppm. Beavers build small dams of generally less than 60 cm (2 ft) high in channels in

10956-421: The enclosed environment unless the tank is cycled to remove waste. A well-balanced tank contains organisms that are able to metabolize the waste products of other aquarium residents, recreating a portion of the nitrogen cycle . Bacteria known as nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas ) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce nitrite . Nitrite

11088-821: The estuary from silt and pollutants, but also provide important feeding and hiding areas. Salmon not killed by other means show greatly accelerated deterioration ( phenoptosis , or "programmed aging") at the end of their lives. Their bodies rapidly deteriorate right after they spawn as a result of the release of massive amounts of corticosteroids . Salmon are mid- level carnivores whose diet change according to their life stage. Salmon fry predominantly feed upon zooplanktons until they reach fingerling sizes, when they start to consume more aquatic invertebrates such as insect larvae , micro crustaceans and worms . As juveniles (parrs), they become more predatory and actively prey upon aquatic insects , small crustaceans, tadpoles and small bait fishes . They are also known to breach

11220-552: The first person to create aquaria for experimenting with aquatic organisms. This experimentation lead to several discoveries, including the first direct evidence that argonauts , a marine cephalopod, create their own shells. In 1836, soon after his invention of the Wardian case , Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward proposed to use his tanks for tropical animals. In 1841 he did so, though only with aquatic plants and toy fish. However, he soon housed real animals. In 1838, Félix Dujardin noted owning

11352-416: The fish are kept healthy. Daily maintenance consists of checking the fish for signs of stress and disease . Also, aquarists must make sure that the water has a good quality and it is not cloudy or foamy and the temperature of the water is appropriate for the particular species of fish that live in the aquarium. Typical weekly maintenance includes changing around 10–30% or more of the water while cleaning

11484-432: The fish return to the exact stream where they themselves hatched to spawn , and tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon. Homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory . Salmon are important food fish and are intensively farmed in many parts of

11616-594: The fish. Tap water from those areas must be treated with a suitable water conditioner, such as a product which removes chlorine and chloramine and neutralizes any heavy metals present. The water conditions must be checked both in the tank and in the replacement water, to make sure they are suitable for the species. The solute content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as total dissolved solids and other constituents dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or salinity ,

11748-443: The fish. There they deposit nutrient-rich urine and feces and partially eaten carcasses. Bears preparing for hibernation tend to preferentially consume the more nutrient- and energy -rich salmon roes and brain over the actual flesh , and are estimated to discard up to half the salmon they've harvested uneaten on the forest floor, in densities that can reach 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) per hectare, providing as much as 24% of

11880-566: The gills, which leads to large increases in their ability to secrete salt. Hormones involved in increasing salinity tolerance include insulin-like growth factor I , cortisol , and thyroid hormones , which permits the fish to endure the transition from a freshwater environment to the ocean. The salmon spend about one to five years (depending on the species) in the open ocean, where they gradually become sexually mature. The adult salmon then return primarily to their natal streams to spawn. Atlantic salmon spend between one and four years at sea. When

12012-473: The glass panels attached with metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when the modern, silicone-sealed style replaced them. Acrylic aquariums first became available to the public in the 1970s. Laminated glass is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of both glass and acrylic. Today, most aquaria consist of glass panes bonded together by 100% silicone sealant, with plastic frames attached to

12144-471: The impact of mankind on marine life. It also conducts research in these fields. In 2007, an 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m) expansion added a 2,625-square-foot (243.9 m) gift store and café to the aquarium, as well as two new exhibits: Window on Washington Waters and Crashing Waves. In 2019, the Aquarium Society announced plans for a major expansion named the Ocean Pavilion, which is centered around

12276-681: The left, the global capture reported by different countries to the FAO of commercial wild salmon has remained fairly steady since 1990 at about one million tonnes per year. This is in contrast to farmed salmon (below) which has increased in the same period from about 0.6 million tonnes to well over two million tonnes. Nearly all captured wild salmon are Pacific salmon . The capture of wild Atlantic salmon has always been relatively small, and has declined steadily since 1990. In 2011 only 2,500 tonnes were reported. In contrast, about half of all farmed salmon are Atlantic salmon. Recreational salmon fishing can be

12408-458: The longer the fish remain in fresh water, and they then deteriorate further after they spawn, when they are known as kelts. In all species of Pacific salmon, the mature individuals die within a few days or weeks of spawning, a trait known as semelparity . Between 2 and 4% of Atlantic salmon kelts survive to spawn again, all females. However, even in those species of salmon that may survive to spawn more than once ( iteroparity ), postspawning mortality

12540-678: The most complex component of home aquaria. Aquarium heaters combine a heating element with a thermostat , allowing the aquarist to regulate water temperature at a level above that of the surrounding air, whereas coolers and chillers (refrigeration devices) are for use anywhere, such as cold water aquaria, where the ambient room temperature is above the desired tank temperature. Thermometers used include glass alcohol thermometers, adhesive external plastic strip thermometers , and battery-powered LCD thermometers. In addition, some aquarists use air pumps attached to airstones or water pumps to increase water circulation and supply adequate gas exchange at

12672-686: The most popular biotopes are the freshwater habitats of the Amazon River , the Rio Negro River, the African rift lake environments of Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika , and saltwater coral reefs of Australia , the Red Sea , and the Caribbean Sea . The fish, plants, substrate, rocks, wood, coral, and any other component of the display should completely match that of the local natural environment. It can be

12804-533: The nitrogen cycle often still contain Nitrobacter . Aquatic plants also eliminate nitrogen waste by metabolizing ammonia and nitrate. When plants metabolize nitrogen compounds, they remove nitrogen from the water by using it to build biomass that decays more slowly than ammonia-driven plankton already dissolved in the water. Some hobbyists also use "anoxic filtration," which relies on bacteria that live in low-oxygen environments. The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium

12936-480: The numbers of fish kept in aquaria in Germany suggest at least 36 million. The hobby has the strongest following in Europe, Asia, and North America. In the United States, 40% of aquarists maintain two or more tanks. Over time, there has been an increasing appreciation of the usefulness of access to an aquarium to provide potential stress reduction and improvement of mood in people observing aquatic life. According to

13068-480: The pandemic induced school closures of 2020, the aquarium donated packages that included magnifying glasses and lessons to support distanced learning, along with offering online educational content. The aquarium has hosted and educated an estimated 2 million children at their programs since their implementation. A fictionalized Seattle Aquarium is prominently featured in the 2020 action-adventure game The Last of Us Part II . Aquarium The aquarium principle

13200-446: The parasitic infection into a number of cysts that contain milky fluid. This fluid is an accumulation of a large number of parasites. Henneguya and other parasites in the myxosporean group have complex life cycles, where the salmon is one of two hosts. The fish releases the spores after spawning. In the Henneguya case, the spores enter a second host, most likely an invertebrate, in the spawning stream. When juvenile salmon migrate to

13332-410: The past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the chlorine time to dissipate. However, chloramine is now used more often and does not leave the water as readily. Water conditioners formulated to remove chlorine or chloramine are often all that is needed to make the water ready for aquarium use. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require

13464-517: The preferred prey of seals and sea lions, which can eat 30 lampreys to every salmon, allowing more adult salmon to enter the rivers to spawn without being eaten by the marine mammals. According to Canadian biologist Dorothy Kieser, the myxozoan parasite Henneguya salminicola is commonly found in the flesh of salmonids. It has been recorded in the field samples of salmon returning to the Haida Gwaii Islands . The fish responds by walling off

13596-428: The price difference tends to disappear. Acrylic aquaria are now the primary competitor with glass. Prior to the invention of UV stabilization , early acrylic aquaria discolored over time with exposure to light; this is no longer the case. Acrylic is generally stronger than glass, weighs less, and provides a certain amount of temperature insulation. In colder climates or environments, it is easier to achieve and maintain

13728-408: The problems of rising costs for buying hatchery fish feed . Yet another attractive alternative is the increased use of seaweed . Seaweed provides essential minerals and vitamins for growing organisms. It offers the advantage of providing natural amounts of dietary fiber and having a lower glycemic load than grain-based fish meal . In the best-case scenario, widespread use of seaweed could yield

13860-585: The project. It would require city approval to extend the society's contract to 2040 and assume responsibility to pay a termination fee for the loan. The aquarium's exhibits are located in three buildings; Pier 59, Pier 60, and the Ocean Pavilion. Window on Washington Waters is a 120,000-US-gallon (450,000 L) tank created as part of the 2007 expansion. It is meant to replicate the coastal waters of Washington state from about 5 to 60 feet (1.5 to 18.3 m), and features native marine life including salmon , rockfish , and sea anemones . Dive shows take place several times

13992-466: The regular streams. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams, as there is no benefit, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases. Farm-raised salmon are fed the carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to match their flesh colour to wild salmon to improve their marketability. Wild salmon get these carotenoids , primarily astaxanthin, from eating shellfish and krill . One proposed alternative to

14124-532: The research of having an aquarium is many health benefits like reduce stress, blood pressure and heart rate improvement, better quality sleep , reduce anxiety and pain , therapy of excited children, Alzheimer's therapy and improve productivity . The first modern aquarium made of glass was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington. During the Victorian age , glass aquariums commonly had slate or steel bottoms, which allowed them to be heated underneath by an open-flame heat source. These aquariums had

14256-407: The roe. The female then covers the eggs by disturbing the gravel at the upstream edge of the depression before moving on to make another redd. The female may make as many as seven redds before her supply of eggs is exhausted. Each year, the fish experiences a period of rapid growth, often in summer, and one of slower growth, normally in winter. This results in ring formation around an earbone called

14388-503: The salmon population. This system is referred to as ranching . It was very common in countries such as Sweden, before the Norwegians developed salmon farming, but is seldom done by private companies. As anyone may catch the salmon when they return to spawn, a company is limited in benefiting financially from their investment. Because of this, the ranching method has mainly been used by various public authorities and non-profit groups, such as

14520-482: The shape of modern fish bowls. Leonhard Baldner , who wrote Vogel-, Fisch- und Tierbuch (Bird, Fish, and Animal Book) in 1666, maintained weather loaches and newts . It is sometimes held that the aquarium was invented by the Romans, who are said to have kept sea barbels in marble-and-glass tanks, but scholars doubt the veracity of this. In 1832, Jeanne Villepreux-Power , a pioneering French marine biologist, became

14652-421: The silvery blue of a fresh-run fish from the sea to a darker colour. Salmon can make amazing journeys, sometimes moving hundreds of miles upstream against strong currents and rapids to reproduce. Chinook and sockeye salmon from central Idaho, for example, travel over 1,400 km (900 mi) and climb nearly 2,100 m (7,000 ft) from the Pacific Ocean as they return to spawn. Condition tends to deteriorate

14784-546: The skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic nauplii and copepodid larval stages, which can persist for several days. Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On

14916-458: The stream. Also, along with species like rainbow trout and Sacramento sucker , lampreys clean the gravel in the rivers during spawning. Their larvae, called ammocoetes, are filter feeders which contribute to the health of the waters. They are also a food source for the young salmon, and being fattier and oilier, it is assumed predators prefer them over salmon offspring, taking off some of the predation pressure on smolts. Adult lampreys are also

15048-534: The survivability of other wild predatory fish which rely on them for food. Research is ongoing into sustainable and plant-based salmon feeds. Intensive salmon farming uses open-net cages, which have low production costs. It has the drawback of allowing disease and sea lice to spread to local wild salmon stocks. Another form of salmon production, which is safer but less controllable, is to raise salmon in hatcheries until they are old enough to become independent. They are released into rivers in an attempt to increase

15180-399: The tank itself. The tank has no sharp angles around its sides and keeps the housed animals away from plumbing. Water moving into the tank gives a gentle flow that keeps the inhabitants suspended. Water leaves the tank through a screen which prevents animals from being drawn into the pump intake or overflow line. There are several types of kreisel tanks. In a true kreisel, a circular tank has

15312-488: The time the studies were conducted, stocks from the middle and upper reaches of large river systems in British Columbia such as Fraser , Skeena , Nass and from mainland coastal streams in the southern half of B.C., "are more likely to have a low prevalence of infection." The report also states, "It should be stressed that Henneguya , economically deleterious though it is, is harmless from the view of public health . It

15444-467: The total nitrogen available to the riparian woodlands . The foliage of spruce trees up to 500 m (1,600 ft) from a stream where grizzlies fish salmon have been found to contain nitrogen originating from the fished salmon. Beavers also function as ecosystem engineers; in the process of tree-cutting and damming , beavers alter the local ecosystems extensively. Beaver ponds can provide critical habitat for juvenile salmon . An example of this

15576-579: The underlying surface or the bottom of the tank itself that may cause cracks. However, some tanks have an underframe making this unnecessary. Another important consideration for aquariums is their electrical usage. Water is expensive to keep heated, along with the lights that many aquariums, especially those with live plants have. New aquarists should also pay close attention to their electrical setup for their aquarium, taking care to set up power connections with drip loops to prevent water from getting to outlets. Large volumes of water enable more stability in

15708-438: The unique and diverse reef ecosystem, home to around one quarter of all marine species despite only taking up 0.5% of Earths surface. The Crashing Waves exhibit is a 40-foot (12 m) wave tank that replicates Washington shores from the intertidal zone to a depth of about 5 feet (1.5 m). This habitat features well adapted intertidal zone marine life such as sea cucumbers , snails, limpets , and more. The Ring of Life features

15840-580: The upper and lower edges for decoration. The glass aquarium is standard for sizes up to about 1,000 litres (260 US gal; 220 imp gal). However, glass is brittle and has very little give before fracturing, though generally the sealant fails first. Aquaria are made in a variety of shapes, such as cuboid , hexagonal , angled to fit in a corner (L-shaped), and bow-front (the front side curves outwards). Fish bowls are generally either made of plastic or glass, and are either spherical or some other round configuration in shape. Glass aquaria have been

15972-597: The use of wild-caught fish as feed for the salmon, is the use of soy -based products. This should be better for the local environment of the fish farm, but producing soy beans has a high environmental cost for the producing region. The fish omega-3 fatty acid content would be reduced compared to fish-fed salmon. Another possible alternative is a yeast-based coproduct of bioethanol production, proteinaceous fermentation biomass. Substituting such products for engineered feed can result in equal (sometimes enhanced) growth in fish. With its increasing availability, this would address

16104-400: The water surface. Wave-making devices have also been constructed to provide wave action. An aquarium's physical characteristics form another aspect of aquarium design. Size, lighting conditions, density of floating and rooted plants, placement of bog-wood , creation of caves or overhangs, type of substrate , and other factors (including an aquarium's positioning within a room) can all affect

16236-417: The water to attack terrestrial insects such as grasshoppers and dragonflies , as well as consuming fish eggs (even those of other salmon). As adults, salmon behave like other mid-sized pelagic fish , eating a variety of sea creatures including smaller forage fish such as lanternfish , herrings , sand lances , mackerels and barracudina . They also eat krill , squid and polychaete worms . In

16368-611: The water. Initially, amateur aquarists kept native fish (with the exception of goldfish); the availability of exotic species from overseas further increased the popularity of the aquarium. Jugs made from a variety of materials were used to import fish from overseas, with a bicycle foot pump for aeration. Plastic shipping bags were introduced in the 1950s, making it easier to ship fish. The eventual availability of air freight allowed fish to be successfully imported from distant regions. Popular publications started by Herbert R. Axelrod influenced many more hobbyists to start keeping fish. In

16500-568: The world, with Norway being the world's largest producer of farmed salmon, followed by Chile . They are also highly prized game fish for recreational fishing , by both freshwater and saltwater anglers . Many species of salmon have since been introduced and naturalized into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America , Patagonia in South America and South Island of New Zealand . The Modern English term salmon

16632-473: Was announced in 1979 and was followed by a new exhibit in 1986. A $ 25.4 million expansion was rejected by Seattle voters in 1988 after failing to reach a needed supermajority. On July 1, 2010, the nonprofit Seattle Aquarium Society —the official 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization for the aquarium—assumed management of the institution from the city. The aquarium promotes marine conservation and educates over 800,000 visitors each year (including 50,000 students) on

16764-418: Was designed by LMN Architects and uses a yellow cedar exterior that mimics driftwood . The facility was modified to add sustainable features, including the ability to recirculate 96 percent of its saltwater and manage the temperature of its tanks with a heat exchanger and heat pump . The city government initially approved $ 34 million in funding from a real estate excise tax but also contributed

16896-497: Was fully developed by Warington, explaining that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as their numbers do not grow too large. He published his findings in 1850 in the Chemical Society's journal . The keeping of fish in an aquarium became a popular hobby and spread quickly. In the United Kingdom, it became popular after ornate aquaria in cast-iron frames were featured at

17028-443: Was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist Robert Warington , who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of

17160-519: Was initially owned and operated by the City of Seattle's Department of Parks and Recreation . The opening ceremonies included the release of salmon fingerlings into Elliott Bay and a three-day festival on the waterfront. Bassetti/Norton/Metler/Rekevics were the architects for the building; the exhibits were designed in consultation with local scientists, including Pacific Science Center director and later governor Dixy Lee Ray . The aquarium's first expansion

17292-535: Was originally expected to begin construction in 1974 but was delayed by design revisions. The new aquarium was part of a large redevelopment program for the Alaskan Way promenade, which also included Waterfront Park and viewpoints. Construction began in early 1975 with the driving of piles into the seabed to support the future aquarium structure. The aquarium opened on May 20, 1977, and attracted 1,524 visitors on its first day. It cost $ 5.4 million to construct and

17424-571: Was seen in the years following 1818 in the Columbia River Basin. In 1818, the British government made an agreement with the U.S. government to allow U.S. citizens access to the Columbia catchment (see Treaty of 1818 ). At the time, the Hudson's Bay Company sent word to trappers to extirpate all furbearers from the area in an effort to make the area less attractive to U.S. fur traders. In response to

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