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102-458: On August 15, 1808, The Reporter debuted as a weekly newspaper. In 1833, two years after Sample's acquisition of the paper, he sold it to B.S. Stewart and George E. Acheson. The publication, originally a weekly paper, was eventually sold to Maj. Enos L. Christman in 1873. On August 4, 1876, Christman changed the name of the paper to The Daily Reporter and began publishing it every afternoon. The Monthly Advance, founded by Horace B. Durant in 1871,

204-489: A financial infrastructure of money and investment that makes possible credit and debt , entrepreneurship , commodification , voluntary exchange , wage labor , production of commodities and services , and a strong emphasis on innovation and economic growth . In a market economy , decision-making and investments are determined by owners of wealth, property, or ability to maneuver capital or production ability in capital and financial markets —whereas prices and

306-477: A broader and expanding money-based economy. The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit; the weakened coercive power of the aristocracy to extract peasant surpluses encouraged them to try better methods, and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods in order to flourish in a competitive labor market . Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to

408-464: A broadsheet. Its sister publication, Meia Hora has always been a tabloid, but in slightly smaller format than O Dia and Lance! . The more recent usage of the term 'tabloid' refers to weekly or semi-weekly newspapers in tabloid format. Many of these are essentially straightforward newspapers, publishing in tabloid format, because subway and bus commuters prefer to read smaller-size newspapers due to lack of space. These newspapers are distinguished from

510-452: A crowded commuter bus or train . The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail , one of the earlier newspapers to make the change, although it now once again calls itself a tabloid. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, salacious editorial style of the red top newspaper. The early converts from broadsheet format made

612-818: A dedicated Mumbai tabloid newspaper, Mumbai Mirror , which gives prominence to Mumbai-related stories and issues. Tehelka started as a news portal in 2000. It broke the story about match-fixing in Indian and International Cricket and the sting operation on defence deals in the Indian Army. In 2007, it closed shop and reappeared in tabloid form, and has been appreciated for its brand of investigative journalism. Other popular tabloid newspapers in English media are Mid-Day , an afternoon newspaper published out of and dedicated to Mumbai and business newspapers like MINT . There are numerous tabloids in most of India's official languages. There

714-580: A formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded. According to de Soto, this is the process by which physical assets are transformed into capital, which in turn may be used in many more ways and much more efficiently in the market economy. A number of Marxian economists have argued that the inclosure acts in England and similar legislation elsewhere were an integral part of capitalist primitive accumulation and that specific legal frameworks of private land ownership have been integral to

816-423: A large middle class were good for democracy. He also argued that a market economy provided a substitute for government control of the economy, which reduces the risks of tyranny and authoritarianism. In his book The Road to Serfdom (1944), Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992) asserted that the free-market understanding of economic freedom as present in capitalism is a requisite of political freedom . He argued that

918-505: A large number of sellers nor to a market in final equilibrium . Competition is widespread throughout the market process . It is a condition where "buyers tend to compete with other buyers, and sellers tend to compete with other sellers". In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on

1020-619: A less protectionist policy, with the 1846 repeal of the Corn Laws and the 1849 repeal of the Navigation Acts . Britain reduced tariffs and quotas , in line with David Ricardo's advocacy of free trade . Broader processes of globalization carried capitalism across the world. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, a series of loosely connected market systems had come together as a relatively integrated global system, in turn intensifying processes of economic and other globalization. Late in

1122-530: A newspaper for the British Columbia market. The Canadian publisher Black Press publishes newspapers in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta in both tabloid ( 10 + 1 ⁄ 4  in (260 mm) wide by 14 + 1 ⁄ 2  in (368 mm) deep) and what it calls "tall tab" format, where the latter is 10 + 1 ⁄ 4  in (260 mm) wide by 16 + 1 ⁄ 4  in (413 mm) deep, larger than tabloid but smaller than

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1224-577: A paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom , vary widely in their target market, political alignment, editorial style, and circulation. Thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two main types of tabloid newspaper: red top and compact . The distinction

1326-465: A result of the Industrial Revolution. The accumulation of capital is the primary mechanism through which capitalist economies promote economic growth . However, it is a characteristic of such economies that they experience a business cycle of economic growth followed by recessions. The term "capitalist", meaning an owner of capital , appears earlier than the term "capitalism" and dates to

1428-564: A safe environment for investment and capitalism. Similarly, Suharto 's authoritarian reign and extirpation of the Communist Party of Indonesia allowed for the expansion of capitalism in Indonesia . The term "capitalism" in its modern sense is often attributed to Karl Marx . In his Das Kapital , Marx analyzed the " capitalist mode of production " using a method of understanding today known as Marxism . However, Marx himself rarely used

1530-678: A small scale for centuries in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities and occasionally as small-scale industry with some wage labor. Simple commodity exchange and consequently simple commodity production, which is the initial basis for the growth of capital from trade, have a very long history. During the Islamic Golden Age , Arabs promulgated capitalist economic policies such as free trade and banking. Their use of Indo-Arabic numerals facilitated bookkeeping . These innovations migrated to Europe through trade partners in cities such as Venice and Pisa. Italian mathematicians traveled

1632-516: A social system cannot be said to have existed before that date". England began a large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era (1558–1603). A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun 's argument England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure. It was written in

1734-553: Is Bulgar , but some are written in English, like the People's Journal and Tempo . Like their common journalistic connotations, Philippine tabloids usually report sensationalist crime stories and celebrity gossip, and some tabloids feature topless photos of girls. Several tabloids are vernacular counterparts of English broadsheet newspapers by the same publisher, like Pilipino Star Ngayon ( The Philippine Star ), Bandera ( Philippine Daily Inquirer ), and Balita ( Manila Bulletin ). In

1836-416: Is a fundamental threat to repressive political leaders and greatly diminishes their power to coerce. Some of Friedman's views were shared by John Maynard Keynes , who believed that capitalism was vital for freedom to survive and thrive. Freedom House , an American think-tank that conducts international research on, and advocates for, democracy, political freedom and human rights , has argued that "there

1938-619: Is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom as measured by Freedom House and economic freedom as measured by the Wall Street Journal/Heritage Foundation survey ". In Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013), Thomas Piketty of the Paris School of Economics asserted that inequality is the inevitable consequence of economic growth in a capitalist economy and

2040-476: Is an accepted version of this page Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit . The defining characteristics of capitalism include private property, capital accumulation , competitive markets , price systems , recognition of property rights , self-interest , economic freedom , meritocracy , work ethic , consumer sovereignty , economic efficiency , profit motive ,

2142-520: Is an all youth tabloid by the name of TILT – The ILIKE Times. In Indonesia, tabloids include Bola, GO (Gema Olahraga, defunct), Soccer (defunct), Fantasy (defunct), Buletin Sinetron (defunct), Pro TV (defunct), Citra (defunct), Genie , Bintang Indonesia (Indonesian Stars) , Nyata , Wanita Indonesia (Women of Indonesia), Cek and Ricek , and Nova . In Oman, TheWeek is a free, 48-page, all-colour, independent weekly published from Muscat in

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2244-519: Is circulated mostly among blue-collar labourers . Compact tabloids, just like broadsheet - and Berliner -format newspapers, span the political spectrum from progressive to conservative and from capitalist to socialist . In Morocco , Maroc Soir , launched in November 2005, is published in tabloid format. In South Africa , the Bloemfontein-based daily newspaper Volksblad became

2346-569: Is governed by stable economic laws of its own. In the English language , the term "capitalism" first appears, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), in 1854, in the novel The Newcomes by novelist William Makepeace Thackeray , where the word meant "having ownership of capital". Also according to the OED, Carl Adolph Douai , a German American socialist and abolitionist , used

2448-472: Is largely of editorial style; both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the political spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism , although red-top tabloids, on account of their historically working-class target market, generally embrace populism to some degree. Red top tabloids are so named due to their tendency, in British and Commonwealth usage, to have their mastheads printed in red ink;

2550-468: Is no competition. A monopoly occurs when a firm has exclusivity over a market. Hence, the firm can engage in rent seeking behaviors such as limiting output and raising prices because it has no fear of competition. Governments have implemented legislation for the purpose of preventing the creation of monopolies and cartels. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act became the first legislation passed by

2652-422: Is no profit in making an article, it is a sign that the labor and capital devoted to its production are misdirected: the value of the resources that must be used up in making the article is greater than the value of the article itself". Socialist theorists note that, unlike mercantilists, capitalists accumulate their profits while expecting their profit rates to remain the same. This causes problems as earnings in

2754-582: Is to say the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others") and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1861 ("Economic and social regime in which capital, the source of income, does not generally belong to those who make it work through their labor"). Karl Marx frequently referred to the " capital " and to the "capitalist mode of production" in Das Kapital (1867). Marx did not use the form capitalism but instead used capital , capitalist and capitalist mode of production , which appear frequently. Due to

2856-626: The Boston Herald . US tabloids that ceased publication include Denver's Rocky Mountain News . In Australia , tabloids include The Advertiser , the Herald Sun , The Sun-Herald , The Daily Telegraph , The Courier Mail , The West Australian , The Mercury , the Hamilton Spectator , The Portland Observer , The Casterton News and The Melbourne Observer . In Argentina , one of

2958-520: The Daily Star and the Daily Mirror . Although not using red mastheads, the Daily Mail and Daily Express also use the 'tabloid journalism' model. In contrast to red-top tabloids, compacts use an editorial style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the broadsheet paper size, but changed to accommodate reading in tight spaces, such as on

3060-925: The New York Post , the Daily News and Newsday in New York, the San Francisco Examiner , The Bakersfield Californian and La Opinión in California , The Jersey Journal and The Trentonian in New Jersey, the Philadelphia Daily News , the Delaware County Daily Times and The Citizens' Voice , The Burlington Free Press , The Oregonian , the Chicago Sun-Times , and

3162-594: The Berliner format (2008–2013) and now adopts a compact format with 32 pages during the week and 48 pages on Saturday. In Bangladesh , the Daily Manab Zamin became the first and is now the largest circulated Bengali language tabloid in the world. In Georgia , the weekly English-language newspaper The Financial switched to a compact format in 2005 and doubled the number of pages in each issue. Other Georgian-language newspapers have tested compact formats in

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3264-578: The Burgettstown Enterprise and The Record-Outlook merged to form The Record-Enterprise . In addition to its daily and weekly newspapers and their related websites, the company also publishes monthly magazines and other special-interest publications. Jack Stewart was one of the founding members of the organization, which held its first meeting and was housed in its infancy in the Observer Washington office. Stewart served as president of

3366-667: The Monongahela Daily Herald were bought in 1986. The Sunday Observer–Reporter was launched in April 1986. The Advertiser and The Almanac were converted from tabloid -size to broadsheet in 1990. In 1998, the two newspapers merged into one, The Almanac , with two zoned editions. A new color press was installed in June 1993. In that decade, circulation of the Observer–Reporter grew by 7,000 customers, to nearly 40,000. In 1995,

3468-646: The Netherlands , several newspapers have started publishing tabloid versions of their newspapers, including one of the major 'quality' newspapers, NRC Handelsblad , with nrc•next (ceased 2021) in 2006. Two free tabloid newspapers were also introduced in the early 2000s, ' Metro and Sp!ts (ceased 2014), mostly for distribution in public transportation. In 2007, a third and fourth free tabloid appeared, ' De Pers ' (ceased 2012) and ' DAG ' (ceased 2008). De Telegraaf , came in broadsheet but changed to tabloid in 2014. In Norway , close to all newspapers have switched from

3570-526: The Nice Matin (or Le Dauphiné ), a popular Southern France newspaper changed from Broadsheet to Tabloid on 8 April 2006. They changed the printing format in one day after test results showed that 74% liked the Tabloid format compared to Broadsheet. But the most famous tabloid dealing with crime stories is Le Nouveau Détective , created in the early 20th century. This weekly tabloid has a national circulation. In

3672-475: The Southern Philippines , a new weekly tabloid, The Mindanao Examiner , now includes media services, such as photography and video production, into its line as a source to finance the high cost of printing and other expenses. It is also into independent film making. The Berliner format, used by many prominent European newspapers, is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet. In a newspaper context,

3774-740: The World Bank and the IMF ), large institutional investors and a well-funded banking system . A significant managerial class has emerged and decides on a significant proportion of investments and other decisions. A different future than that envisioned by Marx has started to emerge—explored and described by Anthony Crosland in the United Kingdom in his 1956 book The Future of Socialism and by John Kenneth Galbraith in North America in his 1958 book The Affluent Society , 90 years after Marx's research on

3876-410: The neoliberal global economy would have been impossible without the fall of communism . Harvard Kennedy School economist Dani Rodrik distinguishes between three historical variants of capitalism: The relationship between democracy and capitalism is a contentious area in theory and in popular political movements. The extension of adult-male suffrage in 19th-century Britain occurred along with

3978-472: The transatlantic cable , the radiotelephone , the steamship and railways allowed goods and information to move around the world to an unprecedented degree. In the United States, the term "capitalist" primarily referred to powerful businessmen until the 1920s due to widespread societal skepticism and criticism of capitalism and its most ardent supporters. Contemporary capitalist societies developed in

4080-422: The 1620s and published in 1664. European merchants , backed by state controls, subsidies and monopolies , made most of their profits by buying and selling goods. In the words of Francis Bacon , the purpose of mercantilism was "the opening and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufacturers; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of

4182-459: The 16th and 18th centuries. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century established capitalism as a dominant mode of production , characterized by factory work and a complex division of labor . Through the process of globalization , capitalism spread across the world in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially before World War I and after the end of the Cold War. During the 19th century, capitalism

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4284-579: The 18th-century decisively shaped globalization. After the First and Second Opium Wars (1839–60) and the completion of the British conquest of India by 1858, vast populations of Asia became consumers of European exports. Europeans colonized areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands. Colonisation by Europeans, notably of sub-Saharan Africa, yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber , diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between

4386-402: The 20th century, capitalism overcame a challenge by centrally-planned economies and is now the encompassing system worldwide, with the mixed economy as its dominant form in the industrialized Western world. Industrialization allowed cheap production of household items using economies of scale , while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities. The imperialism of

4488-514: The European imperial powers, their colonies and the United States: The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an extraordinary episode in

4590-564: The Mediterranean talking to Arab traders and returned to popularize the use of Indo-Arabic numerals in Europe. The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England as the manorial system had broken down and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates. Instead of a serf -based system of labor, workers were increasingly employed as part of

4692-570: The Sultanate of Oman. Oman's first free newspaper was launched in March 2003 and has now gone on to gather what is believed to be the largest readership for any publication in Oman. Ms Mohana Prabhakar is the managing editor of the publication. TheWeek is audited by BPA Worldwide, which has certified its circulation as being a weekly average of 50,300. In Pakistan, Khabrain is a tabloid newspaper popular within

4794-520: The United Kingdom (1979–1990). Public and political interest began shifting away from the so-called collectivist concerns of Keynes's managed capitalism to a focus on individual choice , called "remarketized capitalism". The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union allowed for capitalism to become a truly global system in a way not seen since before World War I . The development of

4896-493: The United States Congress to limit monopolies. Wage labor, usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labor, refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labor power under a formal or informal employment contract . These transactions usually occur in a labor market where wages or salaries are market-determined . In exchange for

4998-532: The West from 1950 to the present and this type of system continues throughout the world—relevant examples started in the United States after the 1950s , France after the 1960s , Spain after the 1970s , Poland after 2015 , and others. At this stage most capitalist markets are considered developed and characterized by developed private and public markets for equity and debt, a high standard of living (as characterized by

5100-570: The black working class. It sells over 500,000 copies per day, reaching approximately 3,000,000 readers. Besides offering a sometimes satirical view of the seriousness of mainstream news, the Daily Sun also covers fringe theories and paranormal claims such as tikoloshes , ancestral visions and all things supernatural. It is also published as the Sunday Sun . In Mauritius , the popular afternoon newspaper Le Mauricien shifted from tabloid (1908–2008) to

5202-519: The broadsheet to the tabloid format, which measures 280 x 400 mm. The three biggest newspapers are Dagbladet , VG , and Aftenposten . In Poland , the newspaper Fakt , sometimes Super Express is considered as tabloid. In the United Kingdom, three previously broadsheet daily newspapers— The Times , The Scotsman and The Guardian —have switched to tabloid size in recent years, and two— Daily Express and Daily Mail —in former years, although The Times and The Scotsman call

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5304-674: The broadsheets it also publishes. In the United States , daily tabloids date back to the founding of the New York Daily News in 1919, followed by the New York Daily Mirror , and the New York Evening Graphic in the 1920s. Competition among those three for crime, sex and celebrity news was considered a scandal to the mainstream press of the day. The tabloid format is used by a number of respected and indeed prize-winning American papers. Prominent U.S. tabloids include

5406-523: The business of a third party by offering the most favourable terms". It was described by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776) and later economists as allocating productive resources to their most highly valued uses and encouraging efficiency . Smith and other classical economists before Antoine Augustine Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to

5508-590: The change in the 1970s; two British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express . In 2003, The Independent also made the change for the same reasons, quickly followed by The Scotsman and The Times . On the other hand, The Morning Star had always used the tabloid size, but stands in contrast to both the red top papers and the former broadsheets; although The Morning Star emphasizes hard news , it embraces socialism and

5610-517: The country's two main newspapers, Clarín , is a tabloid. In Brazil , many newspapers are tabloids, including sports daily Lance! (which circulates in cities such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo ), most publications currently and formerly owned by Grupo RBS (especially the Porto Alegre daily Zero Hora ), and, in March 2009, Rio de Janeiro-based O Dia switched to tabloid from broadsheet, though, several years later, it reverted to being

5712-578: The development of capitalism. Private property rights are not absolute, as in many countries the state has the power to seize private property, typically for public use, under the powers of eminent domain . In capitalist economics, market competition is the rivalry among sellers trying to achieve such goals as increasing profits, market share and sales volume by varying the elements of the marketing mix : price, product, distribution and promotion. Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as "the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure

5814-754: The development of industrial capitalism and representative democracy became widespread at the same time as capitalism, leading capitalists to posit a causal or mutual relationship between them. However, according to some authors in the 20th-century, capitalism also accompanied a variety of political formations quite distinct from liberal democracies, including fascist regimes, absolute monarchies and single-party states . Democratic peace theory asserts that democracies seldom fight other democracies, but others suggest this may be because of political similarity or stability, rather than because they are "democratic" or "capitalist". Critics argue that though economic growth under capitalism has led to democracy, it may not do so in

5916-634: The distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets. Economists, historians, political economists, and sociologists have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free-market capitalism , anarcho-capitalism , state capitalism , and welfare capitalism . Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets , public ownership , obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned social policies . The degree of competition in markets and

6018-544: The early 1990s. Tabloid journalism is still an evolving concept in India's print media. The first tabloid, Blitz was started by Russi Karanjia on February 1, 1941 with the words "Our Blitz, India's Blitz against Hitler !". Blitz was first published in English and then branched out with Hindi , Marathi and Urdu versions. In 1974, Russi's daughter Rita founded the Cine Blitz magazine. In 2005, Times of India brought out

6120-457: The economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. From the 1870s to the early 1920s, the global financial system was mainly tied to the gold standard . The United Kingdom first formally adopted this standard in 1821. Soon to follow were Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, the United States and Germany ( de jure ) in 1873. New technologies, such as the telegraph ,

6222-399: The era of merchant capitalism and mercantilism as the origin of modern capitalism, although Karl Polanyi argued that the hallmark of capitalism is the establishment of generalized markets for what he called the "fictitious commodities", i.e. land, labor and money. Accordingly, he argued that "not until 1834 was a competitive labor market established in England, hence industrial capitalism as

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6324-484: The expense of another state. During the Industrial Revolution , industrialists replaced merchants as a dominant factor in the capitalist system and effected the decline of the traditional handicraft skills of artisans , guilds and journeymen . Industrial capitalism marked the development of the factory system of manufacturing, characterized by a complex division of labor between and within work process and

6426-410: The first serious broadsheet newspaper to switch to tabloid, but only on Saturdays. Despite the format being popular with its readers, the newspaper remains broadsheet on weekdays. This is also true of Pietermaritzburg's daily, The Witness in the province of KwaZulu-Natal . The Daily Sun , published by Naspers , has since become South Africa's biggest-selling daily newspaper and is aimed primarily at

6528-522: The following: In free market and laissez-faire forms of capitalism, markets are used most extensively with minimal or no regulation over the pricing mechanism. In mixed economies, which are almost universal today, markets continue to play a dominant role, but they are regulated to some extent by the state in order to correct market failures , promote social welfare , conserve natural resources , fund defense and public safety or other rationale. In state capitalist systems, markets are relied upon

6630-582: The format " compact " to avoid the down-market connotation of the word tabloid . Similarly, when referring to the down-market tabloid newspapers the alternative term " red-top " (referring to their traditionally red-coloured mastheads) is increasingly used, to distinguish them from the up- and middle-market compact newspapers. The Morning Star also comes in tabloid format; however, it avoids celebrity stories, and instead favours issues relating to labour unions . In Canada many newspapers of Postmedia 's Sun brand are in tabloid format including The Province ,

6732-471: The future as authoritarian régimes have been able to manage economic growth using some of capitalism's competitive principles without making concessions to greater political freedom . Political scientists Torben Iversen and David Soskice see democracy and capitalism as mutually supportive. Robert Dahl argued in On Democracy that capitalism was beneficial for democracy because economic growth and

6834-688: The least corrupt, operates largely under a one-party rule. Furthermore, it does not vigorously defend freedom of expression as evidenced by its government-regulated press , and its penchant for upholding laws protecting ethnic and religious harmony, judicial dignity and personal reputation. The private (capitalist) sector in the People's Republic of China has grown exponentially and thrived since its inception, despite having an authoritarian government. Augusto Pinochet 's rule in Chile led to economic growth and high levels of inequality by using authoritarian means to create

6936-406: The least, with the state relying heavily on state-owned enterprises or indirect economic planning to accumulate capital. Competition arises when more than one producer is trying to sell the same or similar products to the same buyers. Adherents of the capitalist theory believe that competition leads to innovation and more affordable prices. Monopolies or cartels can develop, especially if there

7038-479: The lower middle class. This news group introduced a new paper, Naya Akhbar which is comparably more sensational. At the local level, many sensational tabloids can be seen but, unlike Khabrain or other big national newspapers, they are distributed only on local levels in districts. Tabloids in the Philippines are usually written in local languages, like Tagalog or Bisaya , one of the listed top Tagalog tabloids

7140-400: The major daily newspapers, in that they purport to offer an "alternative" viewpoint, either in the sense that the paper's editors are more locally oriented, or that the paper is editorially independent from major media conglomerates. Other factors that distinguish "alternative" weekly tabloids from the major daily newspapers are their less-frequent publication, and that they are usually free to

7242-403: The market mechanism is the only way of deciding what to produce and how to distribute the items without using coercion. Milton Friedman and Ronald Reagan also promoted this view. Friedman claimed that centralized economic operations are always accompanied by political repression . In his view, transactions in a market economy are voluntary and the wide diversity that voluntary activity permits

7344-434: The mid-17th century. "Capitalism" is derived from capital , which evolved from capitale , a late Latin word based on caput , meaning "head"—which is also the origin of " chattel " and " cattle " in the sense of movable property (only much later to refer only to livestock). Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries to refer to funds, stock of merchandise, sum of money or money carrying interest. By 1283, it

7446-424: The money paid as wages (usual for short-term work-contracts) or salaries (in permanent employment contracts), the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer. A wage laborer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of their labor in this way. The profit motive , in the theory of capitalism, is the desire to earn income in the form of profit. Stated differently,

7548-543: The name given by the London -based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as "Tabloid" pills in the late 1880s. The connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A 1902 item in London's Westminster Gazette noted, "The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals." Thus tabloid journalism in 1901, originally meant

7650-644: The newspapers merged into the Observer–Reporter . In 1981, the two newspapers merged into a morning-only paper. Also in 1981, the company bought controlling interest in The Advertiser and The Almanac from Richard Barnes and formed Cornerstone Publishing Co. In 1982, Eleanor Vosburg sold The Burgettstown Enterprise to the company. Two years later, The Record-Outlook in McDonald was bought from Andrew Eiler and William Burns. The Democrat Messenger in Waynesburg and

7752-411: The newspapers will draw their advertising revenue from different types of businesses or services. An upmarket weekly's advertisers are often organic grocers, boutiques, and theatre companies while a downmarket's may have those of trade schools, supermarkets, and the sex industry. Both usually contain ads from local bars, auto dealers, movie theaters, and a classified ads section. Capitalism This

7854-472: The organization for the first two years, the only person to serve two terms as president until 2004. The state presidency has also been held by John and Bill Northrop, as well as the late Jim Lyon, former Observer general manager and executive vice president. Tabloid (newspaper format) A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet . There is no standard size for this newspaper format . The word tabloid comes from

7956-435: The personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and junk food news . Celebrity gossip columns which appear in red top tabloids and focus on their sexual practices , misuse of narcotics , and the private aspects of their lives often border on, and sometimes cross the line of defamation . Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar; their layout usually gives greater prominence to

8058-460: The picture than to the word. The writing style of red top tabloids is often accused of sensationalism and extreme political bias; red tops have been accused of deliberately igniting controversy and selectively reporting on attention-grabbing stories, or those with shock value . In the extreme case, tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun ,

8160-475: The previous stage of mercantilism, invested capital in the East India Companies and other colonies, seeking a return on investment . In the mid-18th century a group of economic theorists, led by David Hume (1711–1776) and Adam Smith (1723–1790), challenged fundamental mercantilist doctrines—such as the belief that the world's wealth remained constant and that a state could only increase its wealth at

8262-589: The previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation. The economic doctrine prevailing from the 16th to the 18th centuries is commonly called mercantilism . This period, the Age of Discovery , was associated with the geographic exploration of foreign lands by merchant traders, especially from England and the Low Countries . Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit, although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist methods. Most scholars consider

8364-491: The reason for a business's existence is to turn a profit. The profit motive functions according to rational choice theory , or the theory that individuals tend to pursue what is in their own best interests. Accordingly, businesses seek to benefit themselves and/or their shareholders by maximizing profit. In capitalist theoretics, the profit motive is said to ensure that resources are being allocated efficiently. For instance, Austrian economist Henry Hazlitt explains: "If there

8466-435: The rest of society do not increase in the same proportion. The relationship between the state , its formal mechanisms, and capitalist societies has been debated in many fields of social and political theory, with active discussion since the 19th century. Hernando de Soto is a contemporary Peruvian economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in

8568-517: The resulting concentration of wealth can destabilize democratic societies and undermine the ideals of social justice upon which they are built. States with capitalistic economic systems have thrived under political regimes deemed to be authoritarian or oppressive. Singapore has a successful open market economy as a result of its competitive, business-friendly climate and robust rule of law. Nonetheless, it often comes under fire for its style of government which, though democratic and consistently one of

8670-608: The role of intervention and regulation , as well as the scope of state ownership, vary across different models of capitalism. The extent to which different markets are free and the rules defining private property are matters of politics and policy. Most of the existing capitalist economies are mixed economies that combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in some cases economic planning . Capitalism in its modern form emerged from agrarianism in England , as well as mercantilist practices by European countries between

8772-478: The routine of work tasks; and eventually established the domination of the capitalist mode of production . Industrial Britain eventually abandoned the protectionist policy formerly prescribed by mercantilism. In the 19th century, Richard Cobden (1804–1865) and John Bright (1811–1889), who based their beliefs on the Manchester School , initiated a movement to lower tariffs . In the 1840s Britain adopted

8874-624: The soil; the regulation of prices...". After the period of the proto-industrialization , the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , after massive contributions from the Mughal Bengal , inaugurated an expansive era of commerce and trade. These companies were characterized by their colonial and expansionary powers given to them by nation-states. During this era, merchants, who had traded under

8976-440: The state of capitalism in 1867. The postwar boom ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the economic situation grew worse with the rise of stagflation . Monetarism , a modification of Keynesianism that is more compatible with laissez-faire analyses, gained increasing prominence in the capitalist world, especially under the years in office of Ronald Reagan in the United States (1981–1989) and of Margaret Thatcher in

9078-468: The term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The biggest tabloid (and newspaper in general) in Europe, by circulation, is Germany's Bild , with around 2.5 million copies (down from above 5 million in the 1980s). Although its paper size is bigger, its style was copied from the British tabloids. In Denmark , tabloids in the British sense are known as 'formiddagsblade' (before-noon newspapers),

9180-445: The term compact was coined to avoid the connotation of the word tabloid , which implies a red top tabloid, and has lent its name to tabloid journalism , which is journalism after the fashion of red top reporters. Red top tabloids, named after their distinguishing red mastheads , employ a form of writing known as tabloid journalism ; this style emphasizes features such as sensational crime stories, astrology, gossip columns about

9282-420: The term "capitalism" by many authors as "mainly rhetorical, functioning less as an actual concept than as a gesture toward the need for a concept". Scholars who are uncritical of capitalism rarely actually use the term "capitalism". Some doubt that the term "capitalism" possesses valid scientific dignity, and it is generally not discussed in mainstream economics , with economist Daron Acemoglu suggesting that

9384-418: The term "capitalism" should be abandoned entirely. Consequently, understanding of the concept of capitalism tends to be heavily influenced by opponents of capitalism and by the followers and critics of Karl Marx. Capitalism, in its modern form, can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the early Renaissance , in city-states like Florence . Capital has existed incipiently on

9486-525: The term "capitalism" while it was used twice in the more political interpretations of his work, primarily authored by his collaborator Friedrich Engels . In the 20th century, defenders of the capitalist system often replaced the term "capitalism" with phrases such as free enterprise and private enterprise and replaced "capitalist" with rentier and investor in reaction to the negative connotations associated with capitalism. In general, capitalism as an economic system and mode of production can be summarized by

9588-561: The term "private capitalism" in 1863. Other terms sometimes used for capitalism are: There is no universally agreed upon definition of capitalism; it is unclear whether or not capitalism characterizes an entire society, a specific type of social order, or crucial components or elements of a society. Societies officially founded in opposition to capitalism (such as the Soviet Union ) have sometimes been argued to actually exhibit characteristics of capitalism. Nancy Fraser describes usage of

9690-461: The term in his first work, What is Property? (1840), to refer to the owners of capital. Benjamin Disraeli used the term in his 1845 work Sybil . Alexander Hamilton used "capitalist" in his Report of Manufactures presented to the United States Congress in 1791. The initial use of the term "capitalism" in its modern sense is attributed to Louis Blanc in 1850 ("What I call 'capitalism' that

9792-503: The two biggest being BT and Ekstra Bladet . The old more serious newspaper Berlingske Tidende shifted from broadsheet to tabloid format in 2006, while keeping the news profile intact. In Finland , the biggest newspaper and biggest daily subscription newspaper in the Nordic countries Helsingin Sanomat changed its size from broadsheet to tabloid on 8 January 2013. In France ,

9894-487: The user, since they rely on ad revenue. Alternative weekly tabloids may concentrate on local and neighbourhood-level issues, and on entertainment in bars, theatres, or other such venues. Alternative tabloids can be positioned as upmarket (quality) newspapers, to appeal to the better-educated, higher-income sector of the market; as middle-market (popular); or as downmarket (sensational) newspapers, which emphasize sensational crime stories and celebrity gossip. In each case,

9996-410: The word being coined by socialist critics of capitalism, economist and historian Robert Hessen stated that the term "capitalism" itself is a term of disparagement and a misnomer for economic individualism . Bernard Harcourt agrees with the statement that the term is a misnomer, adding that it misleadingly suggests that there is such a thing as " capital " that inherently functions in certain ways and

10098-553: Was largely unregulated by the state, but became more regulated in the post– World War II period through Keynesianism , followed by a return of more unregulated capitalism starting in the 1980s through neoliberalism . The existence of market economies has been observed under many forms of government and across a vast array of historical periods , geographical locations , and cultural contexts. The modern industrial capitalist societies that exist today developed in Western Europe as

10200-495: Was published in the morning, and The Washington Reporter in the afternoon. Acheson retired in 1912, turning over ownership and the presidency to Stewart. When Stewart died in 1940, the company was turned over to his wife, Margaretta. Her grandsons John L.S. and William B. Northrop became co-owners and president and vice president, respectively, upon her death in May 1966. In 1963, the company purchased The Waynesburg Republican . In 1967,

10302-594: Was renamed the Weekly Advance within four months. In 1876, it was again renamed as The Washington Observer. The publication became a daily newspaper in 1889, owned by E.F. Acheson and Winfield McIlvaine. Acheson became the sole owner in 1890. The newspaper was bought by John L. (Jack) Stewart on July 24, 1902, and Acheson and Stewart formed the Observer Publishing Co. On January 1, 1903, the Observer Publishing Co. purchased The Reporter . The Washington Observer

10404-759: Was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm and was often interchanged with other words—wealth, money, funds, goods, assets, property and so on. The Hollantse ( German : holländische ) Mercurius uses "capitalists" in 1633 and 1654 to refer to owners of capital. In French, Étienne Clavier referred to capitalistes in 1788, four years before its first recorded English usage by Arthur Young in his work Travels in France (1792). In his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), David Ricardo referred to "the capitalist" many times. English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge used "capitalist" in his work Table Talk (1823). Pierre-Joseph Proudhon used

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