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14-627: Osmotic release systems have a number of major advantages over other controlled-release mechanisms. They are significantly less affected by factors such as pH , food intake, GI motility , and differing intestinal environments. Using an osmotic pump to deliver drugs has additional inherent advantages regarding control over drug delivery rates. This allows for much more precise drug delivery over an extended period of time, which results in much more predictable pharmacokinetics . However, osmotic release systems are relatively complicated, somewhat difficult to manufacture, and may cause irritation or even blockage of

28-624: A brief run in America and played elsewhere throughout the English-speaking world. Painting credit: Dudley Hardy ; restored by Adam Cuerden Misplaced Pages is written by volunteer editors and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other volunteer projects : This Misplaced Pages is written in English . Many other Wikipedias are available ; some of

42-709: The North Region of Brazil from 2 January to 29 April 1943. Over almost four months, they played either 26 or 28 friendly matches in six cities. The tour gained its name due to the misfortunes endured by the club. Looking to recover from a financial crisis, Santa Cruz arranged five matches in Belém , Pará. Traveling up the Amazon River for another round of matches, they first started experiencing problems in Manaus , where two players left to play for other clubs and seven members of

56-551: The GI tract due to prolonged release of irritating drugs from the non-deformable tablet. The Elementary Osmotic Pump (EOP) was developed by ALZA in 1974, and was the first practical example of an osmotic pump based drug release system for oral use. It was introduced to the market in the early 1980s in Osmosin ( indomethacin ) and Acutrim ( phenylpropanolamine ), but unexpectedly severe issues with GI irritation and cases of GI perforation led to

70-638: The OROS technology. Multiple candidate pharmacokinetic profiles were evaluated and tested in an attempt to determine the optimal way to deliver the drug, which was especially important given the puzzling failure of an existing extended-release formulation of methylphenidate (Ritalin SR) to act as expected. The zero-order (flat) release profile that the PPOP was optimal at delivering failed to maintain its efficacy over time, which suggested that acute tolerance to methylphenidate formed over

84-987: The United States (2024); Liberation Day in Albania Over 6 seasons, 110 episodes of the American television sitcom Community aired. The series premiered on NBC on September 17, 2009, and ended on June 2, 2015. Community follows a group of students at a community college in the fictional locale of Greendale, Colorado. The series heavily uses meta-humor and pop culture references, often parodying film and television clichés and tropes. The series stars Joel McHale , Gillian Jacobs , Danny Pudi , Yvette Nicole Brown , Alison Brie , Donald Glover , Ken Jeong , and Chevy Chase , with Jim Rash being promoted from recurring to series regular in season three . The first season of Community aired from September 17, 2009, through May 20, 2010. After four further seasons, NBC announced that

98-584: The course of the day. This explained why Ritalin SR was inferior to twice-daily Ritalin IR, and led to the hypothesis that an ascending pattern of drug delivery was necessary to maintain clinical effect. Trials designed to test this hypothesis were successful, and ALZA subsequently developed a modified PPOP design that utilized an overcoat of methylphenidate designed to release immediately and rapidly raise serum levels, followed by 10 hours of first-order (ascending) drug delivery from

112-497: The drug layer (which incorporates a viscous polymer for suspension of poorly soluble drugs) out of the exit hole at a controlled rate. Osmotic agents such as sodium chloride , potassium chloride , or xylitol are added to both the drug and push layers to increase the osmotic pressure . The initial design developed in 1982 by ALZA researchers was designated the Push-Pull Osmotic Pump (PPOP), and Procardia XL ( nifedipine )

126-672: The modified PPOP design. This design was called the Push-Stick Osmotic Pump (PSOP), and utilized two separate drug layers with different concentrations of methylphenidate in addition to the (now quite robust) push layer. OROS medications include: PH">pH The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Main Page The Suicidal Tour took place when Brazilian professional football club Santa Cruz Futebol Clube toured

140-527: The series had been canceled. Yahoo! Screen picked it up for a sixth and final season . ( Full list... ) The Rose of Persia ; or, The Story-Teller and the Slave , is a two-act comic opera , with music by Arthur Sullivan and a libretto by Basil Hood . It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on 29 November 1899, closing on 28 June 1900 after a profitable run of 211 performances. The opera then toured, had

154-461: The team's delegation caught dysentery . Two players went on to contract typhoid fever and died. Unable to return home through the sea, and needing to cover growing costs, Santa Cruz had to return to Recife by land, playing matches along the way to earn money. The return had further problems, including a fake arrest warrant for a player, a trip alongside thieves, and two train derailments. ( Full article... ) November 29 : Black Friday in

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168-569: The withdrawal of Osmosin. Merck & Co. later developed the Controlled-Porosity Osmotic Pump (CPOP) with the intention of addressing some of the issues that led to Osmosin's withdrawal via a new approach to the final stage of the release mechanism. Unlike the EOP, the CPOP had no pre-formed hole in the outer shell for the drug to be expelled out of. Instead, the CPOP's semipermeable membrane

182-537: Was designed to form numerous small pores upon contact with water through which the drug would be expelled via osmotic pressure. The pores were formed via the use of a pH insensitive leachable or dissolvable additive such as sorbitol . Both the EOP and CPOP were relatively simple designs, and were limited by their inability to deliver poorly soluble drugs. This led to the development of an additional internal "push layer" composed of material (a swellable polymer ) that would expand as it absorbed water, which then pushed

196-409: Was one of the first drugs to utilize this PPOP design. In the early 1990s, an ALZA-funded research program began to develop a new dosage form of methylphenidate for the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate's short half-life required multiple doses to be administered each day to attain long-lasting coverage, which made it an ideal candidate for

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