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65-699: OER Commons, created by the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education , was developed to serve curriculum experts and educators in discovering open educational resources (OER) and collaborating around the use, evaluation, and improvement of those materials. Resources on the site can be searched and filtered using an expanded set of descriptive data, including conditions of use. Teachers, students, and others enrich this " metadata " when they tag, rate, and review materials, and share what works for them. In 2007, with

130-504: A static web hosting service for blogs , project documentation, and books. All GitHub Pages content is stored in a Git repository as files served to visitors verbatim or in Markdown format. GitHub is integrated with Jekyll static website and blog generator and GitHub continuous integration pipelines. Each time the content source is updated, Jekyll regenerates the website and automatically serves it via GitHub Pages infrastructure. Like

195-409: A Campus Expert, applicants must complete an online training course with multiple modules to develop community leadership skills. GitHub also provides some software as a service (SaaS) integrations for adding extra features to projects. Those services include: GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub. The public beta was announced on May 23, 2019, and

260-406: A cloud provider and has been available as of November 2011 . In November 2020, source code for GitHub Enterprise Server was leaked online in an apparent protest against DMCA takedown of youtube-dl . According to GitHub, the source code came from GitHub accidentally sharing the code with Enterprise customers themselves, not from an attack on GitHub servers. In 2008, GitHub introduced GitHub Pages,

325-559: A community, platform and business. Under Microsoft, the service was led by Xamarin 's Nat Friedman , reporting to Scott Guthrie , executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI. Nat Friedman resigned November 3, 2021; he was replaced by Thomas Dohmke. There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson, JavaScript trainer and author, and Rafael Laguna, CEO at Open-Xchange over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as Nokia's mobile business and Skype . This acquisition

390-693: A consortium that includes UNESCO , the International Council for Open and Distance Education , the European Foundation for Quality in e-Learning , and several European universities. Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education The Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education ( ISKME ), is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in 2002. Located in Half Moon Bay , California , its mission

455-540: A grant from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation , Petrides and ISKME created OER Commons as a digital library for open content. That same year, Petrides was one of 27 open education figures invited to Cape Town, South Africa, which produced the Cape Town Open Education Declaration , a significant international statement on open access , open education and open educational resources . Petrides

520-558: A grant from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation , OER Commons opened as a digital library and intermediary for openly licensed and freely available content. By aggregating resources and standardizing metadata from OER content providers, the site supports knowledge sharing and access to teaching and learning materials, strategies, and curricula online. Individual educators submit their own contributions which are curated. Materials are reviewed for quality and alignment to standards and shared primarily using Creative Commons licenses. In

585-616: A group of 40 leaders from K-12 schools, colleges, universities, and businesses at the Knowledge Management in Education summit to discuss improving the use of data and the sharing of information in education. In 2003, ISKME published a monograph on this topic called Knowledge Management in Education: Defining the Landscape . Petrides has helped develop tools and strategies in the field of open educational practice. In 2007, with

650-662: A knowledge base for content providers and platform developers, particularly related to accessibility and inclusive design. Metadata, data that describes a resource, and in the case of open educational resources, includes descriptors such as title, author, material type, and material license. Metadata standards provide a template for OER providers to share their resources with other providers. OER Commons receives feeds of OER in Dublin Core (DC), IEEE 's Learning Object Metadata (LOM), and RSS . OER Commons provide targets to other providers to harvest content in these formats. Partnered with

715-545: A later time. In addition, GitHub supports the following formats and features: GitHub's Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition . The terms of service state, "By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories." GitHub Enterprise is a self-managed version of GitHub with similar functionality. It can be run on an organization's hardware or

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780-854: A microsite, OER is presented in the context of customized taxonomies to categorize and describe relevant OER. In 2011, ISKME announced the Green Micro-site with Greek partner Agro-Know. It is an aggregation of sustainability-related learning resources and features interdisciplinary lesson plans such as STEAM ( Science Technology Engineering Art and Math ) resources. The OER Commons infrastructure facilitates evaluation of content and alignment to quality rubrics and standards. Starting in 2011, OER Commons provides an embedded Common Core State Standards alignment tool and Achieve OER Rubric to support state-level curriculum committees as well as individual instructors to review content for quality and alignment and to collaboratively address gaps in content collections. ISKME

845-572: A registered user account, users can have discussions, manage repositories, submit contributions to others' repositories, and review changes to code . GitHub began offering limited private repositories at no cost in January 2019 (limited to three contributors per project). Previously, only public repositories were free. On April 14, 2020, GitHub made "all of the core GitHub features" free for everyone, including "private repositories with unlimited collaborators." The fundamental software that underpins GitHub

910-416: A search engine are available for issue tracking. For version control, Git (and, by extension, GitHub) allows pull requests to propose changes to the source code. Users who can review the proposed changes can see a diff between the requested changes and approve them. In Git terminology, this action is called "committing" and one instance of it is a "commit." A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at

975-811: A second phase, beginning in 2009, ISKME developed an initiative for teacher professional development program to support educators in finding and using OER supported by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and the Ford Foundation . As part of its teacher training program, ISKME trained educators from over 25 countries to use OER through workshops and summer academies, including ISKME's Teachers as Makers Academies . ISKME's OER research revealed how teachers’ exposure to OER, tools and professional development cultivates collaboration among teachers, as well as new conversations and reflection about teaching practices and roles. Petrides et al., 2011 Furthermore, research conducted on

1040-510: A significant user of GitHub, using it to host open-source projects and development tools such as .NET Core , Chakra Core , MSBuild , PowerShell , PowerToys , Visual Studio Code , Windows Calculator , Windows Terminal and the bulk of its product documentation (now to be found on Microsoft Docs ). On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$ 7.5 billion (~$ 8.96 billion in 2023). The deal closed on October 26, 2018. GitHub continued to operate independently as

1105-401: A statement denying Horvath's allegations. However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog, "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in

1170-496: A subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018. It is commonly used to host open source software development projects. As of January 2023 , GitHub reported having over 100 million developers and more than 420 million repositories , including at least 28 million public repositories. It is the world's largest source code host as of June 2023 . Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024. The development of

1235-403: A total of 135,000 repositories. In 2010, GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories. A year later, this number doubled. ReadWriteWeb reported that GitHub had surpassed SourceForge and Google Code in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011. On January 16, 2013, GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories. By the end of

1300-491: A website that enables designers to market royalty-free digital images . The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss. Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image. GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat, and trademarked the character along with the new name. Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on

1365-465: Is Git itself, written by Linus Torvalds , creator of Linux. The additional software that provides the GitHub user interface was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub, Inc. developers Wanstrath, Hyett, and Preston-Werner. The primary purpose of GitHub is to facilitate the version control and issue tracking aspects of software development. Labels, milestones, responsibility assignment, and

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1430-679: Is accessible using a broad range of assistive technology devices such as screen readers. To support user contributions, in 2010 ISKME released the OER-Connector browser plug-in on GitHub that enables users to add resources to OER Commons. To support interoperability, OER Commons is an experimental node in the Learning Registry, a joint US Department of Education and US Department of Defense initiative to support educational content and platform interoperability. The OER Commons contains custom curated resource collections, or microsites. Within

1495-498: Is indicated on the gist page. GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students free access to more than a dozen popular development tools and services. GitHub partnered with Bitnami , Crowdflower , DigitalOcean , DNSimple, HackHands , Namecheap , Orchestrate, Screenhero, SendGrid , Stripe , Travis CI , and Unreal Engine to launch the program. In 2016, GitHub announced

1560-708: Is on the advisory group for UNESCO's OER Dynamic Coalition, supporting the implementation of the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Educational Resources adopted by UNESCO's General Conference at its 40th session in 2019. In November, 2020, Petrides was elected to the San Mateo County Community College District Board of Trustees, an independent, policy-making body charged by California Education Code with responsibility for establishing academic standards, approving courses of instruction and educational programs, and determining and controlling

1625-424: Is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions. Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden

1690-522: Is to make learning and knowledge sharing participatory, equitable, and open. ISKME's work is divided into divided into five main areas, which include open education research, field-building and leadership development, platform and tools, library and information sciences, and an innovation and design lab. ISKME was established in 2002 by Lisa Petrides, formerly a professor in Teachers College at Columbia University . ISKME's initial research focused on

1755-505: Is usually used for larger projects. Tom Preston-Werner débuted the feature at a Ruby conference in 2008. Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and TLS encryption for private pastes. Because each "gist" is its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single page, and they can be pushed and pulled using Git. Unregistered users could upload Gists until March 19, 2018, when uploading Gists

1820-531: The Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) , UNESCO on their ICT Competency Framework for Teachers, and the American Association of Colleges and Universities (AAC&U). In 2018, ISKME was selected to partner with the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Technology (OET) on its #GoOpen initiative. OET has since sunsetted its federal leadership of

1885-559: The Svalbard Global Seed Vault . The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant but significant public repositories. The 21 TB of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as matrix (2D) barcode ( Boxing barcode ), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years. The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into

1950-799: The #GoOpen initiative and passed the baton to ISKME to foster ongoing national engagement in K-12 open education. San Francisco public television station KQED and Roadtrip Nation have been co-sponsors of the Big Ideas Fest. ISKME was named an Education Laureate by the San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation in 2007 for OER Commons. In December 2010, ISKME was named a finalist in the Qatar Foundation World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE) Awards for its OER Commons teacher professional development programs. In 2011, ISKME won

2015-531: The American Association of School Librarians recognized ISKME's OER Commons as one of the nation's best websites for teaching and learning. Lisa Petrides is the CEO and founder of the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education (ISKME). She created ISKME's OER Commons , a digital public library of open educational resources and a platform for collaboration. She holds an elected position as President of

OER Commons - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-741: The Award for Bodies which Influence Policy from the Open Educational Quality Initiative (OPAL), a consortium that includes UNESCO , the International Council for Open and Distance Education , the European Foundation for Quality in e-Learning , and several European universities. In 2011 ISKME announced a matching grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to support the Big Ideas in Beta program, focused on incubating innovation in education. In 2017,

2145-537: The GitHub platform began on October 19, 2007. The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner , Chris Wanstrath , P. J. Hyett and Scott Chacon after it had been available for a few months as a beta release . Its name was chosen as a compound of Git and hub . GitHub, Inc. was originally a flat organization with no middle managers, instead relying on self-management . Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them ( open allocation ), but

2210-648: The Inclusive Design Research Centre since 2010 to incorporate FLOE components into the OER Commons platform, ISKME's efforts combine OER discovery and enhancement tools and processes with FLOE's personalized network-delivered accessibility standards and tools. In 2012, ISKME released Open Author, an authoring and remixing environment to support the creation and adaption of multi-media accessible OER and enable collaborative workflows of content reviewers and creators. The authoring environment produces OER that

2275-638: The National Science Digital Library. ISKME also developed hubs, customizable, branded resource centers on OER Commons. ISKME currently supports states, nations, and other entities through a range of open education services. ISKME's partnerships include supporting Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Undersecretary of Education Martha Kanter in launching the 2013 Open Book Project in the Middle East. ISKME also established OER partnerships in K-12 and higher education with OpenStax , NAACP ,

2340-593: The San Francisco School Alliance and the University of California's Principal Leadership Institute. In 2007, ISKME launched OER Commons , a digital repository of open teaching and learning resources. That same year, Petrides was one of 27 open education leaders invited to an international gathering in Cape Town, South Africa, which produced the 2007 Cape Town Open Education Declaration. This declaration laid

2405-691: The board of trustees for the San Mateo County Community College District . She is UNESCO OER Dynamic Coalition Chair for the Working Group on Sustainability. Petrides has a BS from University of California, Berkeley, an MBA from Sonoma State University, and a Ph.D. in education from Stanford University. Petrides is a former professor in the Department of Organization and Leadership at Teachers College, Columbia University . In 2002, Petrides founded ISKME. In 2002, Petrides organized

2470-479: The capacity of college faculty and administrators to use educational data to inform decision-making as well as knowledge management in the philanthropic sector. In 2002, ISKME conducted a study for grantmakers in education on the sharing of data and information among foundations. In 2003, ISKME published a monograph on knowledge management in education. In 2004, with support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation , ISKME expanded to include research and training in

2535-463: The chief executive set salaries. In 2014, the company added a layer of middle management in response to serious harassment allegations against its senior leadership. As a result of the scandal, Tom Preston-Werner resigned from his position as CEO. GitHub was a bootstrapped start-up business , which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees. In July 2012, four years after

2600-444: The company was founded, Andreessen Horowitz invested $ 100 million in venture capital with a $ 750 million valuation. In July 2015 GitHub raised another $ 250 million (~$ 314 million in 2023) of venture capital in a series B round . The lead investor was Sequoia Capital , and other investors were Andreessen Horowitz , Thrive Capital , IVP (Institutional Venture Partners) and other venture capital funds. The company

2665-564: The development of open educational resources, conducted in partnership with organizations including the Monterey Institute of Technology , Connexions , Teachers Domain, Free High School Science Texts , Siyavula in South Africa and Training Commons in India. In 2005, ISKME engaged in research partnerships with schools of education and training programs for school principals, including work with

OER Commons - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-420: The first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been forked at least once, and 4,600 had been merged. That same year, the site was used by over 100,000 users, according to GitHub, and had grown to host 90,000 unique public repositories, 12,000 having been forked at least once, for

2795-511: The first year: it pledges to cover payment processing costs and match sponsorship payments up to $ 5,000 per developer. Furthermore, users can still use similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their websites. In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site in an abandoned mountain mine in Svalbard , Norway, part of the Arctic World Archive and not far from

2860-588: The groundwork for other international open educational resources policy agreements, including the Recommendation on Open Educational Resources adopted, with the support of ISKME, by UNESCO's General Conference at its 40th session in 2019. In 2009, ISKME hosted its inaugural Big Ideas Fest, held in Half Moon Bay, California. In 2014, OER Commons was rebranded as a curated, public digital library, and ISKME developed one of its first microsites when it began managing

2925-497: The impact of teachers’ participation in ISKME's own OER training network revealed that engagement with OER reduced teacher isolation (Petrides & Jimes, 2010), as well as expanded the role of teachers in becoming more active innovators as they shared, collaborated and learned from one another (Petrides et al., 2011). This work also revealed the role that OER teacher champions play in sharing the benefits of OER with colleagues and supporting

2990-688: The knowledge sharing, collaboration, and use of OER in online OER communities (ISKME, 2008; Petrides & Jimes, 2010; Petrides et al., 2011). ISKME's OER research also explored OER as a vehicle for disseminating adaptable curricula that support learner-centric approaches to pedagogy. ISKME's evaluation of the Community College Open Textbook Project revealed that study habits improved when learners were able to interact with open course material, and that students’ use of open textbooks cultivated new, self-directed learning behaviors (Petrides et al., 2011). Finally, ISKME's research revealed

3055-527: The launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program to train and encourage students to grow technology communities at their universities. The Campus Experts program is open to university students 18 years and older worldwide. GitHub Campus Experts are one of the primary ways that GitHub funds student-oriented events and communities, Campus Experts are given access to training, funding, and additional resources to run events and grow their communities. To become

3120-433: The media through a spokesperson, saying: GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for developer collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what

3185-421: The molecular structure of quartz glass platters, using a high-precision petahertz pulse laser, i.e. one that pulses a quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) times per second. In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner and his wife, Theresa, engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company. In April 2014, GitHub released

3250-679: The operating and capital budgets of the District. In December 2022, Petrides was elected as President of the Board. GitHub GitHub ( / ˈ ɡ ɪ t h ʌ b / ) is a developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage and share their code. It uses Git software, which provides distributed version control of access control , bug tracking , software feature requests, task management , continuous integration , and wikis for every project. Headquartered in California , it has been

3315-409: The project accepts waitlist registrations. The Verge said that GitHub Sponsors "works exactly like Patreon " because "developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks, and they'll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work" except with "zero fees to use the program." Furthermore, GitHub offers incentives for early adopters during

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3380-422: The rest of GitHub, it includes free and paid service tiers. Websites generated through this service are hosted either as subdomains of the github.io domain or can be connected to custom domains bought through a third-party domain name registrar . GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption. GitHub also operates a pastebin -style site called Gist , which is for code snippets , as opposed to GitHub proper, which

3445-536: The role that collaboration plays in supporting the creation of open educational resources. Specifically, ISKME's study of authors who created content within the open repository Connexions revealed how as content creation group size increased beyond one author, the probability that users stayed with Connexions (and continued to create content) increased with it (Petrides et al., 2008). ISKME's technology platform, tools, and metadata enhancement in its work with OER Commons are designed to support an open platform that serves as

3510-451: The sale bolstered interest in competitors: Bitbucket (owned by Atlassian ), GitLab and SourceForge (owned by BIZX, LLC) reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services. In September 2019, GitHub acquired Semmle , a code analysis tool. In February 2020, GitHub launched in India under the name GitHub India Private Limited. In March 2020, GitHub announced that it

3575-411: The site provides social networking -like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis (using wiki software called Gollum ), and a social network graph to display how developers work on their versions (" forks ") of a repository and what fork (and branch within that fork) is newest. Anyone can browse and download public repositories, but only registered users can contribute content to repositories. With

3640-565: The use of VPNs and IP proxies to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources. On December 4, 2014, Russia blacklisted GitHub.com because GitHub initially refused to take down user-posted suicide manuals. After a day, Russia withdrew its block, and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia. On December 31, 2014, India blocked GitHub.com along with 31 other websites over pro- ISIS content posted by users;

3705-454: The website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character, which are available on The Octodex . Projects on GitHub can be accessed and managed using the standard Git command-line interface; all standard Git commands work with it. GitHub also allows users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins are also available. In addition,

3770-563: The workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office." Preston-Werner subsequently resigned from the company. The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings "to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately." On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on Medium that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages. Soon after, GitHub confirmed that it

3835-553: The year, the number of repositories was twice as great, reaching 10 million repositories. In 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan, its first outside of the U.S. On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the third-largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second. On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools. From 2012, Microsoft became

3900-487: Was acquiring npm , a JavaScript packaging vendor, for an undisclosed sum of money. The deal was closed on April 15, 2020. In early July 2020, the GitHub Archive Program was established to archive its open-source code in perpetuity. GitHub's mascot is an anthropomorphized "octocat" with five octopus-like arms . The character was created by graphic designer Simon Oxley as clip art to sell on iStock ,

3965-446: Was in line with Microsoft's business strategy under CEO Satya Nadella , which has seen a larger focus on cloud computing services, alongside the development of and contributions to open-source software. Harvard Business Review argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its user base, so it can be used as a loss leader to encourage the use of its other development products and services. Concerns over

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4030-617: Was named an Education Laureate by the San Jose Tech Museum of Innovation in 2007 for OER Commons. In December 2010, ISKME was named a finalist in the Qatar Foundation World Innovation Summit for Education (WISE) Awards for its OER Commons teacher professional development programs. In 2011, ISKME won the Award for Bodies which Influence Policy from the Open Educational Quality Initiative (OPAL) ,

4095-448: Was now blocking developers in Iran , Crimea , Cuba , North Korea , and Syria from accessing private repositories. However, GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later, for public repositories regardless of location. It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar actions occurring on a user's account. GitHub responded to complaints and

4160-446: Was restricted to logged-in users, reportedly to mitigate spamming on the page of recent Gists. Gists' URLs use hexadecimal IDs, and edits to Gists are recorded in a revision history , which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a "split" and "unified" view. Like repositories, Gists can be forked, "starred", i.e., publicly bookmarked, and commented on. The count of revisions, stars, and forks

4225-521: Was then valued at approximately $ 2 billion. As of 2023, GitHub was estimated to generate $ 1 billion in revenue. The GitHub service was developed by Chris Wanstrath , P. J. Hyett , Tom Preston-Werner , and Scott Chacon using Ruby on Rails , and started in February 2008. The company, GitHub, Inc., was formed in 2007 and is located in San Francisco. On February 24, 2009, GitHub announced that within

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