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23-428: Optical Carrier classifications are based on the abbreviation OC followed by a number specifying a multiple of 51.84 Mbit/s: n × 51.84 Mbit/s => OC- n . For example, an OC-3 transmission medium has 3 times the transmission capacity of OC-1. OC-1 is a SONET line with transmission speeds of up to 51.84 Mbit/s ( payload : 50.112 Mbit/s; overhead : 1.728 Mbit/s) using optical fiber . OC-3

46-518: A few early media articles did describe the company's component technology - a photonic integrated circuit in indium phosphide . Underwritten by Goldman Sachs , Infinera went public on NASDAQ in 2007, raising $ 182 million. David Welch was recognized in 2013 with the JJ Thomson Medal for Electronics, an award from the Institution of Engineering and Technology for his role as a pioneer in

69-435: A small package to deliver capacity up to 800 gigabits per second (Gb/s) per wavelength. This large throughput may be in excess of actual carrier requirements. Infinera has changed its business model to permit purchase of a 500 Gbit /s. line card by a carrier, but only switch on capacity in 100 Gb/second units of capacity. The company refers to this pricing model as "Cashflow-Efficient Instant Bandwidth" and has trademarked

92-528: A supplier of metro packet-optical networking systems based in Stockholm, Sweden, following an offer made in April 2015. Transmode shareholders received a mix of cash and Infinera shares, giving a total equity value for Transmode of about $ 350 million. On July 23, 2018 Coriant entered into a definitive agreement to be acquired by Infinera. This acquisition was closed on October 1, 2018, positioning Infinera as one of

115-496: Is 5.76 Mbit/s. OC-12 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 622.08 Mbit/s (payload: 601.344 Mbit/s; overhead: 20.736 Mbit/s). OC-12 lines were commonly used by ISPs as wide area network (WAN) connections, or connecting xDSL customers to a larger internal network This connection speed was popular with mid-sized (below Tier 2 ) internet customers, such as web hosting companies or smaller ISPs buying service from larger ones. OC-24

138-460: Is a network line with transmission data rate of up to 155.52 Mbit/s (payload: 148.608 Mbit/s; overhead: 6.912 Mbit/s, including path overhead) using fiber optics. Depending on the system OC-3 is also known as STS-3 (electrical level) and STM-1 ( SDH ). OC-3c ( c stands for "concatenated") concatenates three STS-1 (OC-1) frames into a single OC-3 look alike stream. The three STS-1 (OC-1) streams interleave with each other so that

161-559: Is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 1244.16  Mbit/s (payload: 1202.208 Mbit/s (1.202208  Gbit/s ); overhead: 41.472 Mbit/s). Implementations of OC-24 in commercial deployments are rare. OC-48 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 2488.32  Mbit/s (payload: 2405.376 Mbit/s (2.405376 Gbit/s); overhead: 82.944 Mbit/s). With relatively low interface prices, with being faster than OC-3 and OC-12 connections, and even surpassing gigabit Ethernet , OC-48 connections are used as

184-436: Is called LAN PHY (which is not compatible with OC-192 transport equipment in its native form). The naming is somewhat misleading, because both variants can be used on a wide area network. OC-768 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 39,813.12 Mbit/s (payload: 38,486.016 Mbit/s (38.486016 Gbit/s); overhead: 1,327.104 Mbit/s (1.327104 Gbit/s)). On October 23, 2008, AT&T announced

207-672: Is exceptionally fast with PIC and virtualization. As of July 2018, the company has its own fab in Sunnyvale, with component packaging occurring in Allentown, Pennsylvania , plus the former Transmode facility in Stockholm. For many of its products, Infinera designs and manufactures in-house the photonic integrated circuits (PICs), the ASIC chips, and the hardware and software systems, including operating and management systems and software-defined network (SDN) software to extend network virtualization into

230-466: The payload is the part of transmitted data that is the actual intended message. Headers and metadata are sent only to enable payload delivery and are considered overhead . In the context of a computer virus or worm , the payload is the portion of the malware which performs malicious action. The term is borrowed from transportation , where payload refers to the part of the load that pays for transportation. In computer networking ,

253-439: The protocol overhead from the actual data. For example, a JSON web service response might be: The string Hello, world! is the payload of JSON message, while the rest is protocol overhead. In computer security , the payload is the part of the private user text which could also contain malware such as worms or viruses which performs the malicious action; deleting data, sending spam or encrypting data. In addition to

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276-503: The U.S. In November 2008, an OC-768 connection was successfully brought up on the TAT-14/SeaGirt transatlantic cable, the longest hop being 7,500 km. OC-3072 is a network interface with transmission speeds of 159,252 Mbit/s (payload 153,944,064 Mbit/s). OC-12288 is a network interface with transmission speeds of 639,009.92 Mbit/s. Payload (computing) In computing and telecommunications ,

299-427: The available bandwidth due to the number of cards that would be required. OC-192 is a network line with transmission speeds of up to 9953.28 Mbit/s (payload: 9510.912 Mbit/s (9.510912 Gbit/s); overhead: 442.368 Mbit/s). A standardized variant of 10 Gigabit Ethernet , called WAN PHY , is designed to inter-operate with OC-192 transport equipment while the common version of 10 Gigabit Ethernet

322-584: The backbones of many regional ISPs. Interconnections between large ISPs for purposes of peering or transit are quite common. As of 2005, the only connections in widespread use that surpass OC-48 speeds are OC-192 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet . OC-48 is also used as a transmission speed for tributaries from OC-192 nodes in order to optimize card slot utilization where lower speed deployments are used. Slower cards that drop to OC-12, OC-3 or STS-1 speeds are more commonly found on OC-48 terminals, where use of these cards on an OC-192 terminal would not allow for full use of

345-450: The completion of upgrades to OC-768 on 80,000 fiber-optic wavelength miles of their IP/MPLS backbone network . OC-768 SONET interfaces have been available with short-reach optical interfaces from Cisco since 2006. Infinera made a field trial demonstration data transmission on a live production network involving the service transmission of a 40 Gbit/s OC-768/STM-256 service over a 1,969 km terrestrial network spanning Europe and

368-410: The data to be transmitted is the payload. It is almost always encapsulated in some type of frame format, composed of framing bits and a frame check sequence . Examples are Ethernet frames , Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames, Fibre Channel frames , and V.42 modem frames . In computer programming , the most common usage of the term is in the context of message protocols, to differentiate

391-688: The field of optical devices, including PICs, and optical networks. On August 14, 2013, DANTE (Delivery of Advanced Networks to Europe, a research and education network) and Infinera announced that they had set a Guinness World Record by provisioning 8 terabits per second (Tb/s) of long-haul capacity on the GÉANT network from Vancis in Amsterdam, Netherlands to GlobalConnect in Hamburg, Germany in 19 minutes and 1 second using Infinera's DTN-X packet optical transport platform. In August 2015, Infinera acquired Transmode ,

414-401: The first column is from the first stream, the second column is from the second stream, and the third is from the third stream. Concatenated STS (OC) frames carry only one column of path overhead because they cannot be divided into finer granularity signals. Hence, OC-3c can transmit more payload to accommodate a CEPT-4 139.264 Mbit/s signal. The payload rate is 149.76 Mbit/s and overhead

437-596: The largest vertically integrated optical network equipment providers in the world. Nokia acquired Infinera for $ 2.3 billion in a cash and stock deal in June 2024. Infinera pioneered the design and manufacturing of large-scale photonic integrated circuits. Over 2000 patents have been filed by Infinera in fields including optical transport and the virtualization of optical bandwidth. The production efficiency of using monolithic integration with PIC has permitted Infinera to incorporate hundreds of advanced optical components into

460-406: The payload, such malware also typically has overhead code aimed at simply spreading itself, or avoiding detection. Infinera Infinera Corporation is a San Jose, California -based vertically integrated manufacturer of Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based packet optical transmission equipment and IP transport technologies for the telecommunications service provider market. It

483-457: The term. The company's technology road map projects linecards' throughput to scale to 4 terabit and beyond. The company's business strategy has been based upon introducing of leading edge speeds, initially with 10 Gb/second, and as of 2013, 100 Gb/second and 500 Gb/second based upon Superchannels (or combining channels). These higher speed offerings are referred to as coherent super-channels. These higher level speeds are enabled by

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506-420: The use of photonic integrated circuits (PIC) which combine digital circuitry and photonic circuitry in a hybrid multi-layer (3-D) component. Real time virtualization of bandwidth represents a relatively new capability in optical transport networks. Previously, engineers would have to physically reconfigure equipment to provide for reallocation of bandwidth to different customers channels or services. Provisioning

529-570: Was a pioneer in designing and manufacturing of large-scale photonic integrated circuits (PICs). The company sold hardware and software networking options for Tier 1 carrier , Internet content provider, cable operator, government, and enterprise networks. In June 2024, Nokia acquired Infinera for $ 2.3 billion. Infinera was founded in 2000 as Zepton Networks by Drew Perkins, Jagdeep Singh and David Welch . It raised its first round of funding in April 2001. The startup remained in stealth mode until its first products were launched in 2004, although

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