71-587: The Nádasdy Mausoleum is a series of full-length portraits of Hun and Hungarian leaders and kings published in Nuremberg in 1664 at the expense of Count Ferenc Nádasdy under the title: Mausoleum potentissimorum ac gloriosissimorum Regni Apostolici Regum et primorum militantis Ungariae Ducum (The Mausoleum of the Most Powerful and Glorious Apostolic Kingdom and the Kings and Military Leaders of Hungary). The depictions of
142-427: A pogrom . They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter. The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, 1482, 1494, 1520, and 1534. The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th century. Charles IV 's Golden Bull of 1356 , naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kings of Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of
213-433: A bit drier whereas July tends to have more rainfall. Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 50.1% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2022 (counted with MigraPro). Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread ( Lebkuchen ) products, sausages, and handmade toys. Pocket watches — Nuremberg eggs — were made here in the 16th century by Peter Henlein . Only one of
284-579: A centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl , and made into a propaganda film called Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will ). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the Reichstag to convene at Nuremberg to pass the Nuremberg Laws which revoked German citizenship for all Jews and other non-Aryans. The Nazi Oberbürgermeister of the city, Willy Liebel , embarked upon
355-493: A continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth , Erlangen and Schwabach , which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants, while the larger Nuremberg Metropolitan Region has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the East Franconian dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German: Fränkisch ). Nuremberg and Fürth were once connected by
426-418: A good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city. The Nuremberg International Toy Fair , held at the city's exhibition centre , is the largest of its kind in the world. Nuremberg is Bavaria 's second largest city after Munich , and a popular tourist destination for foreigners and Germans alike. It was a leading city 500 years ago, but 90% of the town was destroyed in 1945 during
497-489: A native of Nuremberg, created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johannes Stabius . Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of
568-474: A program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg . He felt that this "foreign" building with its Moorish revival architecture could not be reconciled with
639-414: A strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials. The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but
710-501: A two Michelin Star -rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein. Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a pedestrian-only zone covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and specialty retail, including year-round Christmas stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase Christmas ornaments , gifts, decorations, and additions to their toy Christmas villages . The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof,
781-471: Is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a medieval village. It houses several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from glass , wood , leather , pottery , and precious metals . The Handwerkerhof is also home to traditional German restaurants and beer gardens. The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, the best known being Christkindlesmarkt , Germany's largest Christmas market and
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#1732859222754852-417: Is influenced by its inland position and higher altitude. Winters are changeable, with either mild or cold weather: the average temperature is around −3 °C (27 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), while summers are generally warm, mostly around 13 °C (55 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the year, although February and April tend to be
923-516: The Großen Freiheitsbrief ('Great Charter of Freedom'), including town rights , Imperial immediacy ( Reichsfreiheit ), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy – almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves. Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg , one of the two great trade-centers on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. In 1298, the Jews of
994-672: The Bavarian Ludwig Railway , the first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany (1835). Today, the U1 of the Nuremberg Subway runs along this route. Subway lines U2 and U3 are the first German driverless subway lines, automatically moving railcars. Nuremberg Airport ( Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer" ) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after Munich Airport , and
1065-510: The Fugger and Welser families from Augsburg , although on a slightly smaller scale. The state of affairs in the early 16th century , increased trade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade. During the Thirty Years' War , frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and League soldiers, the financial costs of the war and
1136-622: The Hungarian kings are complemented by descriptions in Latin and German. Count Ferenc Nádasdy (1625–1671) was the lord-lieutenant of counties of Vas , Zala and Sopron , and lord chief justice of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1655–1670. He was one of the country's richest and most educated lords, a patron of science and art, his name is associated with the publication of this series of engravings. The engravings are followed by Latin eulogies about
1207-6152: The Lauenburg–Hohnstorf train ferry 1852 1 August Bamberg Aschaffenburg Schweinfurt, Würzburg until 1854, 205 km, Ludwig's Western Railway , Royal Bavarian State Railways 6 August Bromberg Königsberg Dirschau , Marienburg , until 1857, 283 km, Prussian Eastern Railway , first railway bridge with a span of more than 100 metres 12 August Oberkassel Belgian border Neuss , Mönchengladbach, Aachen, until 1854, 64 km, Aachen-Düsseldorf-Ruhrort Railway Company , Aachen–Mönchengladbach and Mönchengladbach–Düsseldorf lines 1853 23 March Mainz Ludwigshafen Worms 67.3 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway , Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway 1 May Hanover Kassel Alfeld , Kreiensen , Göttingen , until 1856, 166 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways, Hanoverian Southern Railway 26 September Ulm Kufstein Augsburg, Munich, Rosenheim , until 1858, 190 km, Bavarian Maximilian's Railway , Royal Bavarian State Railways 28 November Bayreuth Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg 21 km, first leased railway in Bavaria (built by Bayreuth city), Bayreuth–Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg line 1854 1 April Flensburg Tönning Ohrstedt ; ~110 km (including branch from Ohrstedt to Rendsburg opened on 25 October 1854); Flensburg-Husum-Tönning Railway Company ( Frederik den Syvendes Sydslesvigske Jernbane , Danish at that time); sections of Neumünster–Flensburg and Husum–Kiel lines ; Husum–Tönning line 21 May Pasing Planegg 6.7 km, extended to Starnberg (28 November 1854) and Weilheim (36 km from Pasing, 1 February 1866), operated by Royal Bavarian State Railways, Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen line 22 June Hanau Aschaffenburg 8.9 km, Frankfurt-Hanau Railway Company, Main–Spessart railway 24 November Emden Löhne Papenburg , Lingen , Rheine , Osnabrück , by 1856, 264 km, Hanoverian Western Railway , Royal Hanoverian State Railways 1855 20 February Haltingen Waldshut Basel , Säckingen , until 1859, 62 km, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway, High Rhine line 18 June Dresden Werdau Chemnitz, Glauchau , Zwickau , until 1869, 136 km, Royal Saxon State Railways, Dresden–Werdau line ; branches: Glauchau–Gößnitz line (12 km), opened 15 November 1858 and Zwickau–Schwarzenberg line (38 km), opened 15 May 1858. 9 July Dortmund Soest Unna , 54 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Dortmund–Soest line 15 November Cologne Krefeld 53.6 km, Cöln-Crefeld Railway Company 1856 22 March Leipzig Großkorbetha Markranstädt , 31.21 km, Thuringian Railway Company, Leipzig–Großkorbetha line 23 June Münster Rheine 39 km, Royal Westphalian Railway Company, Münster–Rheine line 1 July Oberhausen Dutch border Wesel , Emmerich , 73 km, Cologne-Minden Railway Company, Oberhausen–Arnhem line 5 August Börßum Kreiensen Salzgitter-Bad , 61 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways, Duchy of Brunswick State Railway, Brunswick Southern Railway 11 August Wiesbaden Niederlahnstein Rüdesheim , until, 1864, 88 km, Nassau Rhine and Lahn Railway Company, from 1861: Nassau State Railway , East Rhine line ; 5 km extension by Prussian railways to Ehrenbreitstein in 1864; 70 km extension to Troisdorf opened by Rhenish Railway Company 1869–1871 1857 17 August Dessau Halle/Leipzig Bitterfeld, until 1859 (Wittenberg), 125 km, Berlin-Anhalt Railway, Dessau-Leipzig line 1858 21 January Rolandseck Bingerbrück Remagen , Koblenz , until 1859, 103.7 km, Rhenish Railway Company, West Rhine line 1 June Koblenz Wetzlar Oberlahnstein , Limburg , until 1863, 107 km, Nassau Rhine and Lahn Railway Company, later Nassau State Railway, Lahntal railway 15 July Bingerbrück Neunkirchen Bad Kreuznach , until 1860, 121 km, Rhine-Nahe line 1 August Mainz Aschaffenburg Darmstadt , 34 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway Company , Rhine-Main line 1 November Eisenach Coburg Lichtenfels , Coburg , until 151 km, Werra Railway Company 1 November Coburg Sonneberg Neustadt bei Coburg , 19.49 km, Werra Railway Company, Coburg–Sonneberg line 3 November Munich Nuremberg Landshut , Geiselhöring , Regensburg , Schwandorf , Amberg , Neukirchen , Hersbruck , until 1859, 289 km (including branch to Straubing ), Bavarian Eastern Railway Company , Munich–Regensburg , Neufahrn–Radldorf , Regensburg–Passau , Regensburg–Weiden , Weiden–Hof , Nuremberg–Schwandorf lines 16 December Saarbrücken Trier Until 1860, 111 km Saarbrücken Railway , Saar line 1859 1 January Cologne-Deutz Gießen Until 1862, 183 km (including branch to Siegen ), Cologne-Minden Railway Company, Deutz–Gießen line 2 February Weißenfels Zeitz Teuchern , 31.25 km, Thuringian Railway Company, Weißenfels–Zeitz line 19 March Zeitz Gera Crossen an der Elster , 28.20 km, Thuringian Railway Company, Leipzig–Gera–Saalfeld line 21 March Hagen Siegen Altena, until 1861, 106 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Ruhr–Sieg line 1 July Gunzenhausen Würzburg Ansbach , until 1864, 116 km, Royal Bavarian State Railways, Treuchtlingen–Würzburg line 18 August Waldshut Koblenz, Switzerland Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway , connection to
1278-485: The Nuremberg rallies . The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the Nazi Party Rally Grounds , some of which were not finished, were designed by Albert Speer and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge Nazi propaganda events,
1349-787: The Rhine–Main–Danube Canal , that connects the North Sea to the Black Sea . Lying in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia , it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of Franconia . The city is surrounded on three sides by the Nürnberger Reichswald [ de ] , a large forest, and in the north lies Knoblauchsland [ de ] ( garlic land ), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape. The city forms
1420-1187: The Saxon-Bavarian Railway to Greiz, 9.75 km, Greiz-Brunn Railway Company 1 November Herlasgrün Oelsnitz Falkenstein, Saxony , 47 km, Royal Saxon State Railways, Voigtland State Railway ( Herlasgrün–Oelsnitz and Plauen–Cheb lines) 1 November Cheb (Eger) Oberkotzau Aš , 54.8 km, City of Hof , Cheb–Oberkotzau railway 28 December Gößnitz Gera Schmölln , Ronneburg , 35 km, Gößnitz-Gera Railway Company 1866 18 January Hagen Hamm Unna , 48 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Hagen–Hamm line 22 January Frankfurt am Main Bebra Hanau, Elm, until 1914, 210 km, Frankfurt–Bebra Railway 29 January Viersen Venlo 23.4 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Viersen–Venlo line 1 February Flöha Annaberg-Buchholz 43.5 km, Saxon State Railways, Annaberg-Buchholz–Flöha railway 31 May Neumünster Neustadt Ascheberg , Eutin (including
1491-627: The Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg , is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the Bavarian State Opera 's Bavarian State Orchestra in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of Albrecht Dürer and Johann Pachelbel . 1. FC Nürnberg is the most famous football club of the city and one of the most successful football clubs in Germany . Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the 2006 FIFA World Cup . The first documentary mention of
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#17328592227541562-619: The War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures. The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore , appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the Landshut War of Succession , to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness,
1633-465: The advance of French troops required their removal to Regensburg and thence to Vienna . In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a Handwerkeraufstand ('Craftsmen's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe;
1704-606: The first railway bridge over the Rhine , largest span of 52 metres 19 August Witten Duisburg Bochum, Essen, until 1862, 58 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Witten–Duisburg line 20 September Plochingen Villingen Tübingen, Rottweil, until 1869, 113 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Plochingen–Immendingen railway , Rottweil–Villingen railway 15 October Cologne-Deutz Cologne Cathedral Bridge ( Dombrücke ), Cologne-Minden Railway Company, The first railway bridge over
1775-523: The second Black Death pandemic in 1437, and the First Margrave War (1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century. Siding with Albert IV , Duke of Bavaria-Munich , in the War of the Succession of Landshut of 1503–1505, led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km ), making it one of the largest imperial cities. During
1846-636: The Austrian House of Raabs . With the extinction of their male line around 1189, the last Raabs count's son-in-law, Frederick I of the House of Hohenzollern , inherited the burgraviate in 1193. From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (1254–1573), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and
1917-1016: The German railways, 1835-1935) (in German). Berlin: Deutsche Reichsbahn . 1935. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen, ed. (2005). Eisenbahn in Hessen. Kulturdenkmäler in Hessen. Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Railways in Hesse. Cultural sites in Hesse. Heritage topography of the Federal Republic of Germany) (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss Verlag. ISBN 3-8062-1917-6 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_first_German_railways_to_1870&oldid=1168384400 " Categories : History of rail transport in Germany Lists of firsts Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1988-825: The Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture. The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the German Renaissance . In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Reformation , and in 1532 the Nuremberg Religious Peace was signed there, preventing war between Lutherans and Catholics for 15 years. During the Princes' 1552 revolution against Charles V , Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave Albert Alcibiades , one of
2059-571: The Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of public transportation and free entry to all museums and attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period. Notable foods available in the city include lebkuchen , gingerbread , local beer , Schäufele , and Nürnberger Rostbratwürstchen , or Nuremberg grilled sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional Franconian restaurants and beer gardens . It also has vegan , vegetarian and organic restaurants. Nuremberg boasts
2130-4010: The Rhine north of Switzerland, first connection between western and central European rail network 1860 7 May Rosenheim Salzburg Traunstein, 84 km, Royal Bavarian State Railways, Rosenheim–Salzburg line 10 September Frankfurt am Main Bad Homburg 19 km, Homburg Railway Company 20 September Straubing Passau -Voglau Until 1861, 77 km, Bavarian Eastern Railway Company, Regensburg–Passau line 1 December Borsdorf Coswig Until, 1868, 104 km, Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company, Borsdorf–Coswig line 1861 7 January Schwandorf Furth im Wald Until 20 September, 67 km, Bavarian Eastern Railway Company, Schwandorf–Furth im Wald line 25 July Cannstatt Nördlingen Aalen, until 1863, 111 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Rems Railway 1862 23 January Bremen Bremerhaven 62 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways and Bremen State Railway, Bremen–Bremerhaven railway 7 June Basel Schopfheim 20 km, Wiesenthal Railway Company, Wiese Valley Railway 4 August Heilbronn Crailsheim Until 1867, Schwäbisch Hall , 88 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Hohenlohe Railway 23 October Heidelberg Würzburg Moosbach, Osterburken, till 1866, 120 km, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway, Odenwald line 1863 3 January Bischofsheim Frankfurt am Main–Niederrad 23.6 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway Company , Main line 3 March Krefeld Zevenaar , Netherlands Geldern , Kleve , till 1865, 75 km, Rhenish Railway Company, West Lower Rhine line , Spyck–Welle train ferry 15 March Angermünde Stralsund 170 km, Berlin-Stettin Railway Company, Angermünde–Stralsund line , as well as Szczecin–Pasewalk line (41.8 km) 1 June Karlsruhe Mühlacker 43.5 km, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway, Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line 15 June Waldshut Konstanz 89 km, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway, High Rhine Railway 1 October Irrenlohe Bayreuth Weiden , until 1 December, 98 km, Bavarian Eastern Railway Company, Regensburg–Weiden line , Weiden–Bayreuth line 1 November Roßlau Zerbst 13 km, Anhalt Leopold Railway 1864 15 August Weiden Cheb Mitterteich , until 15 October 1865, 60 km, Bavarian Eastern Railway Company, Weiden–Oberkotzau line , Wiesau–Cheb line 21 September Wendlingen Kirchheim 6.5 km, Kirchheim Railway Company 13 September Aalen Heidenheim 22.1 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Brenz Railway , completed to Ulm in 1876 1 October Altenbeken Kreiensen 93 km, until 1865, Royal Westphalian Railway Company, Duchy of Brunswick State Railway, Altenbeken–Kreiensen line 6 October Düren Trier Euskirchen , Gerolstein , until 1871, 111 km, Rhenish Railway Company, Börde Railway , Eifel Railway 11 November Güstrow Pasewalk Strasburg , 140 km, until 1867, Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway , Berlin-Stettin Railway Company, Bützow–Szczecin line 1865 6 May Neustadt Bad Dürkheim 15 km, Neustadt-Dürkheim Railway Company, Palatine Northern Railway 1 August Hamburg Lübeck 64 km, Lübeck-Büchen Railway, Lübeck–Hamburg railway 1 September Halle (Saale) Eichenberg Eisleben , Nordhausen , Leinefelde , 167 km, until 1867, Magdeburg-Leipzig Railway Company, Halle–Kassel railway 23 October Brunn (Saxony) Greiz Branch line of
2201-497: The anti-Jewish pogrom known as Kristallnacht on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of Kristallnacht , 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1.800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various extermination camps where they were killed. At
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2272-479: The cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population. In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden , was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein . The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there
2343-555: The city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused, fearing to offend Austria, Russia and France. At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the amortisation of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt. After
2414-407: The city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of many of its medieval buildings. Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation ' Old Town Friends Nuremberg '. Today 25% of Nürnbergs buildings date to before World War II and the old town is a declared protected area, so the northeastern half of
2485-427: The city, for example Grossgründlach , Kraftshof , Thon , and Neunhof in the north-west; Ziegelstein in the northeast, Altenfurt and Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang , Kornburg in the south. Langwasser is a modern suburb. Nuremberg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ) with a certain humid continental influence ( Dfb ), categorized in the latter by the 0 °C isotherm. The city's climate
2556-577: The city, in 1050, mentions Nuremberg as the location of an imperial castle between East Francia and the Margraviate of the Nordgau of Bavaria . From 1050 to 1572 the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade-routes. King Conrad III , reigning as King of Germany from 1137 to 1152, established the Burgraviate of Nuremberg , with the first burgraves coming from
2627-484: The city, including historic tours, those that are Nazi -focused, underground and night tours, walking tours , sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as indoor activities such as bowling , rock wall climbing , escape rooms , cart racing , and mini golf , theaters and cinemas, pools and thermal spas . There are also six nearby amusement parks . The city's tourism board sells
2698-418: The city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between Frederick IV (from 1417, Margrave of Brandenburg ) and the duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt , the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders. Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory. The Hussite Wars (1419–1434),
2769-541: The coming years. There are over 175 registered places of accommodation in Nuremberg, ranging from hostels to luxury hotels , bed and breakfasts , to multi-hundred room properties. Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The city contributed much to the science of astronomy . In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus , built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer ,
2840-616: The connections to Kiel), 110 km, Altona-Kiel Railway Company, Neumünster–Ascheberg line , Kiel–Lübeck line , Eutin–Neustadt line 2 July Offenburg Haussach 33 km, the start of the Black Forest Railway , Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway, 1 September Osterrath Wattenscheid Mülheim-Saarn, Essen-Nord, until 1867, 43 km, Rhenish Railway Company, Osterath–Dortmund Süd line (including Rheinhausen–Hochfeld train ferry ) 6 September Villingen Singen Until 1869, 63 km,
2911-696: The day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the Nuremberg Chronicles , also known as the World Chronicles ( Schedelsche Weltchronik ), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth , Wilhelm Pleydenwurff , and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these
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2982-465: The depicted person, followed by a relatively faithful, but in some cases very mannered German translation. The chronicle including with the title page contains 60 full-page images made with mixed techniques (engraving and etching). The images are listed in the same order as their appearance in the chronicle. Nuremberg Nuremberg ( / ˈ nj ʊər ə m b ɜːr ɡ / , NURE -əm-burg ; German: Nürnberg [ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk] ; in
3053-483: The district of Rezatkreis (named for the river Franconian Rezat ), which was renamed to Middle Franconia ( German : Mittelfranken ) on 1 January 1838. The first German railway, the Bavarian Ludwigsbahn , from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth , was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into Zollverein (the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened
3124-433: The districts in the 1797–1801 sample was early industrial; the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers. In the 19th century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial centre with
3195-552: The end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many Stolpersteine installed in the streets of the city; these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime. During the Second World War , Nuremberg was the headquarters of Wehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp
3266-417: The fall of Napoleon , the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from
3337-10008: The first German railways to 1870 List of the first German railways to 1870 with German railways ordered by date of the commissioning the first phase of construction. For context see History of rail transport in Germany . Year day month from to via / date of completion and length of route / rail company 1831 20 September Essen-Kupferdreh Nierenhof near Langenberg Horse drawn and narrow gauge , Prince William Railway Company . In 1847 converted to steam power and standard gauge , ca. 30 km, Wuppertal-Vohwinkel–Essen-Überruhr railway 1835 7 December Nuremberg Fürth First German railway operated by steam, 6 km, Bavarian Ludwig Railway , initially 75% of trains horse drawn, 25% steam powered 1837 24 April Leipzig Dresden Riesa , until 1839, 117 km, Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company , first German long-distance railway , first steam only railway in Germany, included first standard gauge rail tunnel in continental Europe 1838 22 September Berlin Potsdam Zehlendorf , 26.4 km, Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway , first steam railway in Prussia 1 December Brunswick Harzburg Wolfenbüttel , until 1841, 47 km, Duchy of Brunswick State Railway (first German state railway), Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway 20 December Düsseldorf Rheinknie Elberfeld (now Wuppertal) Erkrath , until 1841, 26.7 km, Düsseldorf-Elberfeld Railway Company , Düsseldorf–Elberfeld railway 1839 29 June Magdeburg Leipzig Cöthen , Halle , until 1840, 119 km, Magdeburg-Leipzig Railway , first line crossing more than one state 2 August Cologne Herbesthal (national border) Müngersdorf, Lövenich, Düren , Aachen , until 1843, 86 km, Rhenish Railway Company , Cologne–Aachen line 1 September Munich Augsburg Until 1840, 62 km, Munich–Augsburg Railway Company , Munich–Augsburg line 26 September Frankfurt am Main Wiesbaden Höchst , Kastel , until 1840, 44 km, Taunus line 1840 1 September Berlin Köthen Wittenberg , Dessau , until 1841, 153 km, Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company , Berlin–Wittenberg , Wittenberg–Dessau , Dessau–Köthen lines 12 September Mannheim Haltingen Karlsruhe , Freiburg , until 1851, 285 km, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway , until 1855 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) gauge, Rhine Valley Railway 1842 7 May Hamburg Bergedorf 16.5 km, Hamburg-Bergedorf Railway Company 1 August Berlin Szczecin Until 1843, 135 km, Berlin-Stettin Railway 19 September Leipzig Hof (Saale) Reichenbach , Werdau , until 1851, 165 km, Saxon-Bavarian Railway , from 1847 Royal Saxon State Railways 23 October Berlin Frankfurt (Oder) 81 km, Berlin-Frankfurt (Oder) Railway 1843 10 July Wolfenbüttel Oschersleben Jerxheim , 52 km, Duchy of Brunswick State Railway, Wolfenbüttel–Helmstedt line , Oschersleben–Jerxheim line 15 July Magdeburg Halberstadt Oschersleben, 58 km, Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company , Magdeburg–Thale line 22 October Hanover Brunswick Lehrte, Peine, until 1844, 61 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways , Duchy of Brunswick State Railway, Hanover–Brunswick line 1844 15 February Cologne-Klettenberg Rolandseck Brühl , Bonn , until 1856, 45 km, Bonn-Cologne Railway Company , Bonn-Cologne line 18 September Altona Kiel 106 km, Altona-Kiel Railway Company , Hamburg-Altona–Kiel line 1 October Hof Lindau Nuremberg, Kempten , until 1853, 548 km, Ludwig South-North Railway , Royal Bavarian State Railways 19 October Frankfurt (Oder) Wrocław Legnica , Bolesławiec , until 1846, 277 km, Lower Silesian-Markish Railway 1845 20 July Elmshorn Glückstadt 17 km, Glückstadt-Elmshorn Railway Company, Marsh Railway (extended to Itzehoe on 15 October 1857) 18 September Neumünster Rendsburg 34 km, Rendsburg-Neumünster Railway Company 15 October Lehrte Celle 28 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways, Lehrte–Celle line 22 October Bruchsal Friedrichshafen Stuttgart , Ulm , until 1853, 275 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways , Fils Valley line , Western Railway , Southern Railway 17 November Dresden Görlitz Löbau , Bautzen , until 1847, 102 km, Saxon-Silesian Railway Company (built together with branch from Löbau to Zittau , opened 1848, 34 km) 20 December Cologne- Deutz Minden Duisburg , Dortmund , until 1847, 263 km, Cologne-Minden Railway Company , Cologne-Minden trunk line 1846 6 June Halle (Saale) Gerstungen Weißenfels , Erfurt , Eisenach , in parts till 1849, 211 km, Thuringian Railway Company (from Gerstungen Frederick William Northern Railway Company), Thuringian line 12 June Lehrte Nordstemmen Hildesheim , until 1853, 36.1 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways, Lehrte–Nordstemmen line 22 June Frankfurt am Main Heidelberg Darmstadt , 88 km, Main-Neckar Railway 7 August Potsdam Magdeburg Brandenburg , 117 km, Berlin-Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway 30 August Köthen Bernburg 21 km, Anhalt-Köthen-Bernburg Railway Company , extended to Aschersleben and Wegeleben (47 km) in 1865, Köthen–Aschersleben , Halle–Halberstadt lines 15 October Berlin Bergedorf 268 km, Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company 1847 1 May Hagenow Rostock Schwerin , Bad Kleinen , Bützow , including branch from Bützow to Güstrow , until 1850, 105 km, Mecklenburg Railway Company , Hagenow Land–Schwerin , Ludwigslust–Wismar , Bad Kleinen–Rostock lines 1 May Frankfurt am Main / Höchst Bad Soden am Taunus 6.6 km, Soden Company 22 May Celle Harburg Uelzen , 127 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways, Hanover–Hamburg line 11 June Ludwigshafen Bexbach Schifferstadt , Neustadt , Homburg , until 1849, ~115 km, Palatine Ludwig Railway Company , Palatine Ludwig Railway ; extended by Saarbrücken Railway to Saarbrücken and Forbach by 1852 (~35 km); bridge opened to Mannheim in 1867 11 June Schifferstadt Speyer 9.1 km, Palatine Ludwig Railway Company, Schifferstadt–Wörth line ; extended to Germersheim (13.4 km) in 1864 and Wörth am Rhein (27.4 km) in 1876 29 August Riesa Chemnitz 66 km, until 1852, Chemnitz-Riesa Railway Company , later Royal Saxon State Railways 9 October Elberfeld Dortmund Hagen , until 1849, 58 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company , Elberfeld–Dortmund line 15 October Hanover Minden Wunstorf , Stadthagen , 64 km, Royal Hanoverian State Railways, Hanover–Minden line 12 December Bremen Wunstorf 101 km, Verden , Nienburg , Royal Hanoverian State Railways and Bremen State Railway , Bremen–Hanover line 1848 9 March Frankfurt am Main Offenbach am Main 4.7 km, Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway 30 March Grebenstein Bad Karlshafen Hümme , until 29 August, 48 km, Frederick William Northern Railway Company, Kassel–Warburg line , Carl line 26 May Hamm Münster 36 km, Münster-Hamm Railway Company 28 May Fröttstädt Waltershausen 3.77 km, Thuringian Railway Company, Friedrichroda line 25 July Bietigheim Heilbronn 29 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, first section of 179.7 km-long Franconia Railway to Würzburg , finished in 1869 1 August Dresden Bohemian border Pirna , until 1851, 51 km, Royal Saxon State Railways, Dresden–Děčín railway 29 August Bebra Kassel 56 km, Frederick William Northern Railway Company, Frederick William Northern line 10 September Frankfurt am Main Hanau 16.4 km, Frankfurt-Hanau Railway Company 1 October Jüterbog Riesa 79 km, Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company, Jüterbog–Riesa line 14 October Oberhausen Ruhrort 9 km, Cologne-Minden Railway Company, Oberhausen–Duisburg-Ruhrort line 1849 6 March Hümme Warburg 20.2 km, Frederick William Northern Railway Company, Diemel Valley line 7 July Magdeburg Wittenberge 109.1 km, Stendal , Seehausen , Magdeburg-Wittenberge Railway Company 25 September Bebra Gerstungen 21.3 km, Frederick William Northern Railway Company,
3408-453: The gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts and nutcrackers while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional Glühwein . In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million overnight stays, a record for the town, and is expected to have surpassed that in 2018, with more growth in tourism anticipated in
3479-580: The image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938. Many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher , the Nazi Party Gauleiter of Franconia , a vicious antisemite and the publisher of Der Stürmer . During
3550-678: The leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace. At the 1555 Peace of Augsburg , the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the Bishop of Bamberg affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved. Families like the Tucher , Imhoff or Haller ran trading businesses across Europe, similar to
3621-682: The local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch [ˈnɛmbɛrç] ) is the largest city in Franconia , the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria , and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany. Nuremberg sits on the Pegnitz , which carries the name Regnitz from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards ( Pegnitz → Regnitz → Main → Rhine → North Sea ), and on
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#17328592227543692-572: The most frequent sites of the Imperial Diet (after Regensburg and Frankfurt ), the Diets of Nuremberg from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected Frederick II as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial capital ' of the Empire. In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted
3763-413: The municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German: Reichsschultheiß ) from 1173/74. The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellans, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city. The city and particularly Nuremberg Castle would become one of
3834-633: The newly founded University of Technology Nuremberg . The Nuremberg exhibition centre ( Messe Nürnberg ) is one of the biggest convention center companies in Germany and operates worldwide. Nuremberg Castle , its medieval old town and the city's walls , with their many towers, are among the most impressive in Europe. Staatstheater Nürnberg is one of the five Bavarian state theatres, showing operas , operettas , musicals , and ballets (main venue: Nuremberg Opera House ), plays (main venue: Schauspielhaus Nürnberg ), as well as concerts (main venue: Meistersingerhalle ). Its orchestra,
3905-542: The old Imperial Free City had to be largely reconstructed. Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in war crimes and crimes against humanity were brought before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials. The Soviet Union had wanted these trials to take place in Berlin . However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons: Following the trials, in October 1946, many prominent German Nazi politicians and military leaders were executed in Nuremberg . The same courtroom in Nuremberg
3976-416: The rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the priests of the Teutonic Order , often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 people. In 1817, the city was incorporated into
4047-6510: The southern part of the Black Forest Railway, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway 13 September Berlin Görlitz Cottbus, until 1867, 208 km, Berlin-Görlitz Railway Company 1 October Berlin Kostrzyn Until 1867, 85 km, Prussian Eastern Railway 15 November Goldshöfe Crailsheim 30.4 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Upper Jagst Railway 15 December Eberswalde Wriezen Until 1867, 30 km, Berlin-Stettin Railway Company, Eberswalde–Frankfurt (Oder) line 1867 14 January Neukieritzsch Borna 6.8 km, Saxon-Bavarian Railway Company, Neukieritzsch–Chemnitz line ; extended by 55.7 to Chemnitz in 1872 29 January Gruiten Deutz 35 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Gruiten–Köln-Deutz line 16 May Bremen Wilhelmshaven / Leer Oldenburg , until 1869, 152 km, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg State Railways , Prussian State Railways, Bremen–Oldenburg line , Wilhelmshaven–Oldenburg line , Oldenburg–Leer line 19 May Altona Blankenese 9 km, Altona-Kiel Railway Company, Altona–Blankenese line 14 July Neudietendorf Arnstadt 9.94 km, Thuringian Railway Company, Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen line 20 July Radolfzell Mengen Until 1870, 57 km, Baden State Railway, Hegau-Ablach Valley Railway Munich Ingolstadt 81 km, Royal Bavarian State Railways, Munich–Treuchtlingen line 25 September Ohligs Wald Solingen Weyersberg 5.6 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen line 23 December Kempen Venlo 23 km, Rhenish Railway Company, Kempen–Venlo line 1868 13 January Ulm Donaueschingen Sigmaringen , Tuttlingen , until 1890, 100 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Ulm–Sigmaringen railway , Tuttlingen–Inzigkofen railway 1 May Jerxheim Börßum 23.2 km, Duchy of Brunswick State Railway, Jerxheim–Börßum line 11 June Pforzheim Bad Wildbad 19.8 km, Baden State Railway, Enz Valley Railway 25 June Meckesheim Jagstfeld Bad Rappenau , until 1869, 36.4 km, Baden State Railway, Elsenz Valley Railway 1 September Barmen-Rittershausen Remscheid 17.8 km, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Opladen railway 23 September Zuffenhausen Ditzingen Until 1872, 48.5 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Black Forest Railway (Württemberg) 1 December Northeim Nordhausen Herzberg am Harz , Bad Sachsa , until 1869, 69 km, Magdeburg-Leipzig Railway Company , South Harz Railway 1 December Mülheim Bergisch Gladbach 9.5 km, Sülz Valley Railway , Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company 1869 1 March Halberstadt Vienenburg 34.3 km, Magdeburg-Halberstadt Railway Company, Halberstadt–Vienenburg line 1 March Niederwiesa Hainichen 16.8 km, Royal Saxon State Railways, Roßwein–Niederwiesa line 15 April Frankfurt am Main Worms and Mannheim Darmstadt and Goddelau -Erfelden, until 1879, 112 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway Company, Ried Railway 31 May Rastatt Gernsbach 15 km, Murg Valley Railway Company, Murg Valley Railway , 58.2 km line to Freudenstadt completed in 1928 29 June Tübingen Sigmaringen Until 1878, 97.5 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Zollernalb Railway 25 July Herbertingen Waldsee Aulendorf , 37.5 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Herbertingen–Aulendorf railway , Allgäu Railway (Württemberg) 17 August Wolkramshausen Erfurt Sondershausen , Straußfurt , 71.15 km, Nordhausen-Erfurt Railway Company 1 September Neuss Duren 49 km, Erft Railway 2 October Gunzenhausen Ingolstadt Until 1870, 98 km (including branch to Pleinfeld ), Royal Bavarian State Railways, Ingolstadt–Treuchtlingen line 23 October Wertheim Crailsheim 100 km, Royal Württemberg State Railways, Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway, Tauber Valley Railway 27 October Lampertheim Bensheim Hofheim (Ried), 18.3 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway Company, Nibelungen Railway 29 December Gießen Fulda Alsfeld , 106 km, Upper Hessian Railway Company , Vogelsberg Railway 29 December Gießen Gelnhausen Büdingen , 69.7 km, Upper Hessian Railway Company, Lahn-Kinzig Railway 1870 1 January Venlo Hamburg Wesel and Wanne, Haltern, Osnabrück, Bremen, until 1874, 455 km, Cologne-Minden Railway Company, Paris–Hamburg railway 1 January Limburg an der Lahn Westerburg 28.6 km, Prussian state railways, Limburg-Altenkirchen line 11 April Gotha Leinefelde Bad Langensalza , Mühlhausen , 67.07 km, Thuringian Railway Company, Gotha–Leinefelde line 20 April Cottbus Großenhain 79.7 km, Cottbus-Großenhain Railway Company , Großenhain–Cottbus line 1 June Diez Wiesbaden Langenschwalbach , 53.7 km, Prussian state railways, Aar Valley Railway 1 June Schwerte Arnsberg 138 km (to Warburg ), until 1873, Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company, Upper Ruhr Valley Railway 29 June Hanau Eberbach Wiebelsbach–Heubach, Erbach , 88.2 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway Company, Odenwald Railway 1 July Lübeck Bad Kleinen 61.9 km, Friedrich-Franz railway , Lübeck–Bad Kleinen railway 4 August Mannheim Karlsruhe 60.7 km, City of Mannheim, Rhine Railway , Hardt Railway 27 December Darmstadt Wiebelsbach–Heubach Ober-Ramstadt , 31.9 km, Hessian Ludwig Railway Company, Odenwald Railway Maps [ edit ] [REDACTED] Rail network in 1849 [REDACTED] Rail network in 1861 References [ edit ] Die Deutschen Eisenbahnen in ihrer Entwicklung 1835–1935 (The development of
4118-438: The tenth-busiest airport in the country. Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg ( Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a university hospital in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen), Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm , Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg and
4189-444: The three most important cities of the Empire. Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche , built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler ), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection grew stronger in 1423 when the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, when
4260-403: The town were accused of host desecration and 698 of them were killed in one of the many Rintfleisch massacres . Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz . The Jews of the German lands suffered many massacres during the plague pandemic of the mid-14th century. In 1349, Nuremberg's Jews suffered
4331-399: The unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a free city (until the early-19th century). Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the princes of the Empire . Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon
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#17328592227544402-486: The war. After World War II , many medieval-style areas of the town were rebuilt. Beyond its main attractions of the Imperial Castle , St. Lorenz Church , and Nazi Trial grounds , there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science and technology, family and children, and more niche categories, where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and Renaissance-era German art. There are several types of tours offered in
4473-436: The way to greater prosperity. In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns of southern Germany, but after the Austro-Prussian War it was given to Prussia as part of their telegraph stations they had to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs,
4544-869: The western section of the Thuringian Railway 15 October Homberg Mönchengladbach Viersen , until 1851, 42 km, Ruhrort-Crefeld District Gladbach Railway Company , Duisburg-Ruhrort–Mönchengladbach line ( Ruhrort-Homberg train ferry , opened 1852) 29 December Kassel Frankfurt am Main Marburg , Gießen , until 1852, 199 km, Main-Weser Railway 1850 4 October Hamm Warburg Soest , Paderborn , until 1853, 130 km, Royal Westphalian Railway Company , Hamm–Warburg line 1851 15 October Lübeck Büchen 47 km, Lübeck-Büchen Railway Company , Lübeck–Lüneburg line , extended to Lauenburg (12 km) by Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company on 15 October 1851 and Lüneburg (17 km) by Royal Hanoverian State Railways on 15 March 1864, initially using
4615-422: Was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other religions. The Fränkischer Kurier was published as a local newspaper in Nuremberg. Nuremberg held great significance during the Nazi German era. Because of the city's relevance to the Holy Roman Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, the Nazi Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions:
4686-403: Was a heavily fortified city that was captured in a fierce battle lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division , 42nd Infantry Division and 45th Infantry Division , which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings. Despite this intense degree of destruction,
4757-505: Was a late flowering of architecture and culture; secular Baroque architecture is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of St. Egidien church , destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia. After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for
4828-426: Was born here and was organist of St. Sebaldus Church . The academy of fine arts situated in Nuremberg is the oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a tradition of 350 years of artistic education. Nuremberg is also famous for its Christkindlesmarkt (Christmas market), which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies. List of
4899-456: Was located here, and extensively used slave labour . On 2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Army Air Forces and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Nuremberg
4970-422: Was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim , who made the first world globe. Sculptors such as Veit Stoss , Adam Kraft and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg. Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs , the hero of his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg . Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel
5041-402: Was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals , organized by the United States as occupying power in the area. In order to come to terms with the role Nuremberg played during the Third Reich , the city established the Nuremberg International Human Rights Award in 1995, awarded every two years to individuals or groups defending human rights worldwide. Several old villages now belong to
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