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116-466: The exquisite composition of formal garden elements and English-style country park is considered a masterpiece of garden design and the spacious complex of palace and park has always been a popular attraction for local residents and tourists alike. To the east the park adjoins the palace buildings and the Grand circle . To the south and west the park is largely enclosed by the original Garden wall and borders

232-436: A boy (1812), the sleeping Endymion (1820) and Diana hurrying towards him (1820). The sculptures on display are copies, whose originals had been made from Carrara marble . The octagonal bird house, created by François de Cuvilliés in 1757 is placed in the northern part of the garden. The building - a small garden pavilion - is executed in stone and plastered on all sides. A protruding, cage-like grating, made of wrought iron

348-467: A convenient transport route for agricultural products and building materials. The very long palace driveways along the palace canal served to display absolutist power. The idea was to impress aristocratic guests: A visitor, who was approaching the palace from the east in a horse-drawn carriage, noticed the growing building backdrop. When driving through the Grand circle his vehicle described a semicircle, so that

464-496: A degree of perfection and unity rarely equalled in the art of classic gardens. The chateau is at the center of this strict spatial organization, which symbolizes power and success." The Gardens of Versailles , created by André Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1700, were the greatest achievement of the garden à la française . They were the largest gardens in Europe, with an area of 15,000 hectares, and were laid out on an east–west axis followed

580-529: A narrow central risalit, erected in 1729 by Effner. In front of the Ehrenhof (Cour d'honneur) is a Lawn parterre, which underlines the design concept of the palace garden. The Garden parterre , closely linked to the garden side of the palace, still remains a visible feature of the French garden . In the course of the redesign of the entire palace park by Sckell, it was simplified, but retained its original size: in 1815,

696-622: A natural rock spring. It is fed from the water of the southern canal via a gradient water pipe. The garden is separated from the rest of the Amalienburg garden by a wooden fence. The Crown Prince's Garden was restored in 1982/83. There are three decorative gardens north of the Garden parterre. They adjoin the old greenhouses to which they are spatially related. These flower gardens were designed between 1810 and 1820 by Friedrich Ludwig Sckell as formal, regular structures which were supposed to contrast with

812-513: A prime example of the synthesis of two fundamentally different garden types. The orderly French Baroque garden, which maintains the idea to enhance nature through the means of art and order flanked by the English landscape park, that highlights the free play of nature. Some areas of the park were first opened to the public in 1792 under Elector Charles Theodore . Originally, the driveways, the Great circle ,

928-440: A result of the development of several new technologies. The first was géoplastie , the science of moving large amounts of earth. This science had several technological developments. This science had come from the military, following the introduction of cannon and modern siege warfare, when they were required to dig trenches and build walls and earth fortifications quickly. This led to the development of baskets for carrying earth on

1044-566: A system of canals bringing water from the Seine, and the construction in 1681 of a huge pumping machine, the Machine de Marly , there was still not enough water pressure for all the fountains of Versailles to be turned on at once. Fontainiers were placed along the routes of the King's promenades, and turned on the fountains at each site just before he arrived. A related development took place in hydroplasie ,

1160-474: A theatre of water, decorated with fountains and statues of the infancy of the gods (destroyed between 1770 and 1780). Full-size ships were constructed for sailing on the Grand Canal, and the garden had an open-air ballroom surrounded by trees; a water organ, a labyrinth , and a grotto. The architects of the garden à la française did not stop at applying the rules of geometry and perspective to their work. In

1276-441: A visual axis where it can also be seen from the north. The castle was built by Joseph Effner from 1718 to 1722. For centuries it was the first large building in Europe that was used solely for the purpose of enjoying a comfortable bath. As part of the restoration from 1983 to 1984, the wooden shingle roof and the ocher-yellow coloring of the building were restored. French formal garden The French formal garden , also called

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1392-493: A year. Palace records from 1686 show that the palace used 20,050 jonquil bulbs, 23000 cyclamen , and 1700 lily plants. Most of the trees at Versailles were taken from the forest; they included hornbeam , elm , linden , and beech trees. There were also chestnut trees from Turkey and acacia trees. Large trees were dug up from the forests of Compiègne and Artois and transplanted to Versailles. Many died in transplanting and had to be regularly replaced. The trees in

1508-456: Is being channeled into the southern canal before the cascade while maintaining its level, the rest falls into a lateral flooding canal of a former sluice and supports the feeding of the Central canal . The fountains are still operated by pumping stations that are driven by water wheels and have been in operation since the beginning of the 19th century. The city-side fountain receives its water from

1624-573: Is fixed to the front of the southern window. The building is also a Cuvilliés creation. The vivid paintings are the work of Ambrosius Hörmannstorfer (restored in 1977 by Res Koller). The restoration of the Cascade was completed in July 2008. Originally controlled by a gradient water pipe from the canal at the Green Pump House , operation was upgraded to a circulation system with a pump and filter. The stones of

1740-515: Is located at the smaller, northern Pagodenburg Lake. The Badenburg is located at the larger, southern Lake Badenburg. The Amalienburg, the largest of the Parkschlösschen , is the center of a rectangular garden section, that borders the Garden parterre to the south. The Badenburg is located at the southeastern end of the Great Lake. The structure dominates parts of the lake, as it smoothly sits into

1856-532: Is not drained through the palace canal, but through two inconspicuous canals in the northern quarter of the Grand circle , which are actually the beginning of the Nymphenburg-Biedersteiner Canal . The two lakes have a significant impact on the Nymphenburg Park. These artificial waters were created in the course of the redesign by Ludwig von Sckell. There already existed two small ponds during

1972-596: Is one of the oldest, still structurally preserved elements of the Nymphenburg park. The South Cabinet Garden resembled the North Cabinet Garden before it was redesigned by Friedrich Ludwig Sckell. Sckell adorned it particularly rich with precious woody plants. The Small Cascade , that consists of two basins is situated in the south corner. Its current form probably dates back to a 1764 design by François Cuvilliés and might have been built in 1724 when this section of

2088-731: Is the gardens of Bicton Park Botanical Gardens in Devon, England which can still be visited today. In 1662, he provided designs for Greenwich Park in London, for Charles II of England . In 1670 Le Nôtre conceived a project for the Castle of Racconigi in Italy, and between 1674 and 1698 he remodelled the gardens of the Palace of Venaria , and the Royal Palace of Turin . In 1679, he visited Italy. Between 1679 and 1682, he

2204-545: The jardin à la française ( French for 'garden in the French manner'), is a style of " landscape " garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV and widely copied by other European courts . The jardin à la française evolved from

2320-515: The Botanical Garden to the north and beyond Menzinger Straße the park peripherie partly merges with the Kapuzinerhölzl forest. The designs of the original Baroque gardens had largely been modeled on the French gardens at Vaux-le-Vicomte and Versailles . The modern park layout is the result of a fundamental redesign by Friedrich Ludwig Sckell , beginning in 1799. The park area within

2436-511: The Château de Blois . Beginning in 1528, King Francis I created new gardens at the Château de Fontainebleau , which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from Provence , and the first artificial grotto in France. The Château de Chenonceau had two gardens in the new style, one created for Diane de Poitiers in 1551, and a second for Catherine de' Medici in 1560. In 1536

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2552-560: The Flora-fountain , which dominated the Baroque garden parterre. It was built from 1717 to 1722. Its large, octagonal marble basin was adorned with numerous figures made of gold-plated lead by the Flemish sculptor Guillielmus de Grof . In addition to the large statue of Flora , putti and animal figures once existed, some of which were arranged in teasing positions. The fountain was demolished at

2668-743: The French Renaissance garden , a style which was inspired by the Italian Renaissance garden at the beginning of the 16th century. The Italian Renaissance garden, typified by the Boboli Gardens in Florence and the Villa Medici in Fiesole , was characterized by planting beds, or parterres , created in geometric shapes, and laid out symmetrical patterns; the use of fountains and cascades to animate

2784-551: The Great Cascade , where it was connected to the Pasing-Nymphenburg canal . In the manner of French models roads were laid out in straight lines and rows of trees and arcades were planted, in order to strictly divide the park. The complex now consisted of two main areas, the ornamental garden near the palace and the forest in the west. The park castles sit on independent, small parterres. From 1715 on, Maximilian II Emanuel had

2900-584: The Löwental (Lion Valley) leads to the south, as well as to a hamlet, the Amalienburg and the Crown Prince Garden south of the Great Parterre . The rectangular Crown Prince’s Garden (Ludwigsgarten) is located northeast of the Amalienburg. It was the first work of Friedrich Ludwig Sckell in Nymphenburg. He created this moderate garden, which already had some characteristics of the English garden style for

3016-645: The Munich Residenz , was only realized a generation later under the adult Maximilian II Emanuel. The model for the Lustschloss was the Piedmontese hunting lodge at the Palace of Venaria , whose architect Amedeo di Castellamonte supplied the first designs for the Nymphenburg Palace. Agostino Barelli served as the first architect and Markus Schinnagl was employed as master builder . Work began in 1664 with

3132-627: The Netherlands . An important ornamental feature in Versailles and other gardens was the topiary , a tree or bush carved into geometric or fantastic shapes, which were placed in rows along the main axes of the garden, alternating with statues and vases. At Versailles flower beds were found only at the Grand Trianon and in parterres on the north side of the palace. Flowers were usually brought from Provence , kept in pots, and changed three or four times

3248-642: The Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory has been located at the Nördliche Schloßrondell 8 , a two-storey hipped roof building with a semicircular risalit center and structured plaster. During the baroque period the Orangery was located in the square building at the northernmost corner of the palace. The Carl Friedrich von Siemens Foundation is located at Südschloßrondell 23 , a two-storey baroque hipped roof building with structured stucco and

3364-717: The Pasing-Nymphenburg Canal and discharges via two canals to the east and northeast and via the Hartmannshofer Bach to the north. The western landscape park features the smaller Pagodenburg Lake with the Pagodenburg in the northern part and the larger Badenburg Lake with the Apollo Temple and the Badenburg in the south. The Grünes Brunnhaus ( Green Pump House ), in which the water wheel works and pressure pumps for

3480-513: The garden and parks of the Palace of Versailles . Louis extended the existing hunting lodge, eventually making it his primary residence and seat of power. Le Nôtre also laid out the radiating city plan of Versailles , which included the largest avenue yet seen in Europe, the Avenue de Paris. In the following century, the Versailles design influenced Pierre Charles L'Enfant 's master plan for Washington, D.C. See, L'Enfant Plan . In 1661, Le Nôtre

3596-631: The 1680s. From 1664 he was rebuilding the gardens of the Tuileries, at the behest of Colbert , Louis's chief minister, who still hoped the king would remain in Paris. In 1667 Le Nôtre extended the main axis of the gardens westward, creating the avenue which would become the Champs-Élysées . Colbert commissioned Le Nôtre in 1670, to alter the gardens of his own Château de Sceaux , which was ongoing until 1683. Le Nôtre's most impressive design other than Versailles

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3712-546: The 16th century following the introduction of the orange tree after the Italian Wars. The Versailles Orangerie had walls five meters thick, with a double wall that maintains temperatures in winter between 5 and 8 degrees Celsius (41 and 46 °F). Today it can shelter 1055 trees. Source: Andr%C3%A9 Le N%C3%B4tre André Le Nôtre ( French pronunciation: [ɑ̃dʁe lə notʁ] ; 12 March 1613 – 15 September 1700), originally rendered as André Le Nostre ,

3828-506: The 18th century locks and sluices are located at the flooding canal behind the Great Cascade and between the Village and Amalienburg in the southern park canal. Once there existed sixteen flap bridges in the park, however the currently existing concrete bridges date from recent times ( Nymphenbrücke 1902, Bogenbrücke 1903, Badenburgbrücke 1906, Northern and Southern Schwanenbrücke 1969), they are decorated and have wrought-iron railings. As

3944-510: The 19th century to English landscape gardens and have not been reinstated. The designers of the French garden saw their work as a branch of architecture, which simply extended the space of the building to the space outside the walls, and ordered nature according to the rules of geometry, optics and perspective. Gardens were designed like buildings, with a succession of rooms which a visitor could pass through following an established route, hallways, and vestibules with adjoining chambers. They used

4060-524: The Amalienburg were camouflaged to protect them from air raids, the large pathways were darkened and sections of the Central canal were covered and the water basins on the city side of the palace leveled. The palace church, the Entrance court , the Badenburg and the Grand Cascade were destroyed or seriously damaged by bombs. The Pan group of sculptures and a number of trees in the park were also damaged. After

4176-673: The Amazons , was regularly performed. After the violent appropriation of the monastery church in the Orangery wing, a hunting museum was opened in this part of the palace in October 1938. The NSDAP local group leadership received an underground bunker and in 1942 established a Forced Labour Camp at the Hirschgarten (Deer Garden), just outside of the park. During the Second World War, the palace and

4292-538: The Baroque period that were related to the Parkschlösschen Badenburg and Pagodenburg. Sckell thus followed an existing idea. The excavation provided the material for the meadow valleys. The larger of the two lakes, the Badenburg Lake is located in the southern part. It owes its name to the Badenburg at its southern bank. It was created between 1805 and 1807 on an area of 5.7 hectares. An Apollo temple in

4408-538: The Central (axis) canal. The Grand circle ( Schlossrondell ) is situated to the east on the city side of the palace. The 1662 birth of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria of the Wittelsbach family was the occasion to consider the construction of a palatial residence and garden for the young mother, Electoress Henriette Adelaide of Savoy , in between the villages of Neuhausen and Obermenzing . The foundation stone

4524-552: The Chinese style, brought to France by Jesuit priests from the Court of the Emperor of China. These styles rejected symmetry in favor of nature and rustic scenes and brought an end to the reign of the symmetrical garden à la française . In many French parks and estates, the garden closest to the house was kept in the traditional à la française style, but the rest of the park was transformed into

4640-490: The French and English garden style as he had previously at Schwetzingen Palace garden in Baden-Württemberg . However the completion in Nymphenburg took much longer due to the enormous size of the park. From 1799 on, Sckell first designed the secluded Crown Prince's Garden . The work on the spacious landscape park based on the English model began in 1804 with the southern part, which was completed in 1807. The northern part

4756-418: The Garden parterre. The ingenious and crafty use of water imparts the Nymphenburg system its charming liveliness. Water appears in the form of the calm surfaces of the two lakes, flows in canals and streams, falls and rushes in the two cascades and rises in the geysers of the two large fountains. However, the numerous water works of the Baroque period are no longer available. All the water that flows through

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4872-455: The Garden wall occupies 180 hectares and the complete complex covers 229 hectares. The park is divided into the vast country and landscape park sector in the west and the formal garden sector adjacent to the palace. The Central canal divides the park into a northern and a southern sector. Water is provided by the Würm river in the west (ca. 2 km (1.2 mi)) and transferred to the park via

4988-581: The Pagodenburg Lake with the Pagodenburg and the Pagodenburg valley, A meadow valley is running to the north with a brook, that flows into the Kugelweiher pond. The southern part is even more diverse with a panoramic vista of the large Badenburg Lake, It allows visitors views of the water surface at the Apollo temple (built in the form of a monopteros ) and the Badenburg, behind which a wide meadow valley, called

5104-626: The Royal Buildings. There are few direct references to Le Nôtre in the royal accounts, and Le Nôtre himself seldom wrote down his ideas or approach to gardening. He expressed himself purely through his gardens. He became a trusted advisor to Louis XIV, and in 1675 he was ennobled by the King. He and Le Brun even accompanied the court at the Siege of Cambrai (1677) . In 1640, he married Françoise Langlois. They had three children, although none survived to adulthood. André Le Nôtre's first major garden design

5220-459: The age. The gardens he created became the symbols of French grandeur and rationality, setting the style for European gardens until the arrival of the English landscape park in the 18th century. Joseph-Antoine Dezallier d'Argenville (1680–1765) wrote Théorie et traité de jardinage , laid out the principles of the garden à la française , and included drawings and designs of gardens and parterres. It

5336-463: The architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel designed elements of the gardens at Versailles, Choisy (Val-de-Marne), and Compiègne . Nonetheless, a few variations in the strict geometry of the garden à la française began to appear. Elaborate parterres of broderies, with their curves and counter-curves, were replaced by parterres of grass bordered with flowerbeds, which were easier to maintain. Circles became ovals, called rotules, with alleys radiating outward in

5452-451: The architect Philibert de l'Orme , upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the Château d'Anet following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden. Today, water remains a key garden design in

5568-426: The areas of the garden closest to the palace, including the orangery built by Simon Bouchard. In 1643 he was appointed "draughtsman of plants and terraces" for Anne of Austria , the queen mother, and from 1645 to 1646 he worked on the modernisation of the gardens of the Palace of Fontainebleau . He was later put in charge of all the royal gardens of France, and in 1657 he was further appointed Controller-General of

5684-705: The arrangement of the flowers is designed to create a harmonious interplay of colours. Frequently found in French Baroque gardens are water gardens , cascades , grottos and statues . Further away from the country house , stately home , chateau or schloss the parterre transitions into the bosquets. Well known examples are the gardens at the Palace of Versailles in France and the Palace of Augustusburg at Brühl, near Cologne in Germany, which have achieved UNESCO World Heritage status. As fashions changed, many parterres de broderie of stately homes had to give way in

5800-434: The art and science of shaping water into different shapes as it came out the fountain. The shape of the water depended upon the force of the water and the shape of the nozzle. New forms created through this art were named tulipe (the tulip), double gerbe (the double sheaf), Girandole (centerpiece) candélabre (candelabra), and corbeille (bouquet), La Boule en l'air (Ball in the air), and L'Evantail (the fan). This art

5916-400: The back, wheelbarrows, carts and wagons. Andre LeNotre adapted these methods to build the level terraces, and to dig canals and basins on a grand scale. A second development was in hydrology , bringing water to the gardens for the irrigation of the plants and for use in the many fountains. This development was not fully successful at Versailles, which was on a plateau; even with 221 pumps and

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6032-438: The beginning of the 19th century due to the simplification of the Garden parterre by Ludwig von Sckell, its remains have since disappeared. Today's fountain is operated by a pressure line from the Green Pump House in the village. The so-called park castles ( Parkschlösschen ) are not mere decorative buildings, but pleasure palaces ( Lustschlösser ) with comfortable rooms, many of whom represent architectural gems. The Pagodenburg

6148-414: The bridges cannot be opened, navigation of boats and gondolas is no longer possible. The Ludwig-Ferdinand-Brücke spans the Central canal in front of the Grand circle since 1892. Eventually it was upgraded for tram use. The central water axis dates back to the original Baroque design of the garden. The Central canal begins at a basin below the Great Cascade , runs 800 m (2,600 ft) straight to

6264-422: The bulk of the water feeds the Grand Cascade . A bypass canal in the north provides additional water to the pool below the cascade. The cascade and the bypass canal fall to the lower level of the Central canal and the water basin in front of the Garden parterre. The northern bypass was originally connected by a sluice to the canal that comes from the west. The sluice has been replaced by a small weir . Some of

6380-473: The chateaux, they laid out elaborate hydraulic systems to supply the fountains and basins of the garden. Long basins full of water replaced mirrors, and the water from fountains replaced chandeliers. In the bosquet du Marais in the gardens of Versailles, André Le Nôtre placed tables of white and red marble for serving meals. The flowing water in the basins and fountains imitated water pouring into carafes and crystal glasses. The dominant role of architecture in

6496-410: The city to the palace. They are the only part of a star-shaped avenue system planned by Joseph Effner for an ideal Baroque city (Carlstadt). In addition, it was planned to connect the elector's three summer residences (Nymphenburg, Schleissheim Palace and Dachau Palace ) with canals. On the one hand the court society could move from one venue to the next with gondolas, and on the other - this provided

6612-616: The construction of a cube-shaped palace building and the creation of an Italian-style Garden parterre to the west. From 1701 to 1704 Charles Carbonet altered and extended the garden in the style of the French Baroque . Simultaneously the approximately 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long Pasing-Nymphenburg canal was constructed and connected to the Würm river. From 1715 onwards Dominique Girard, who had previously worked in André Le Nôtres Versailles Gardens , realized

6728-605: The course of the sun: the sun rose over the Court of Honor, lit the Marble Court, crossed the Chateau and lit the bedroom of the King, and set at the end of the Grand Canal, reflected in the mirrors of the Hall of Mirrors . In contrast with the grand perspectives, reaching to the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces. The central symbol of

6844-409: The design of gardens and parks at Bicton Park Botanical Gardens , Chantilly , Fontainebleau , Saint-Cloud and Saint-Germain . His contribution to planning was also significant: at the Tuileries in Paris he extended the westward vista, which later became the Avenue des Champs-Élysées within the Axe historique . André Le Nôtre was born in Paris ,a family of gardeners. Pierre Le Nôtre, who

6960-521: The design of gardens in France through the reign of Louis XV . His nephew, Claude Desgots , created the garden at Château de Bagnolet ( Seine-Saint-Denis ) for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1717) and at Champs ( Seine-et-Marne ), and another relative, Jean-Charles Garnier d'Isle  [ fr ] , created gardens for Madame de Pompadour at Crécy ( Eure-et-Loir ) in 1746 and Bellevue ( Hauts-de-Seine ) in 1748–50. The major inspiration for gardens continued to be architecture, rather than nature –

7076-408: The design the Palais du Luxembourg , the Jardin des Tuileries , and the gardens of Saint Germain-en-Laye . Claude Mollet (ca 1564-shortly before 1649), was the chief gardener of three French kings: Henry IV , Louis XIII , and the young Louis XIV . His father was head gardener at the Château d'Anet , where Italian formal gardening was introduced to France and where Claude apprenticed. His son

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7192-449: The east and ends in another basin that closes the Garden parterre. Two canals branch off from this water basin and flow around the Garden parterre with the flower gardens and the greenhouses in the north and a strip of the Amalienburg sector of the park in the south and then flow to the east towards the palace. Both canals pass underneath the wing buildings of the palace. The western part of the southern canal feeds Lake Badenburg. Apart from

7308-401: The extra-wide palace front presented all its grandeur. The end point of the palace canal leading from the city to the palace is the Ehrenhof . Effner designed its center as a water parterre, with fountain, water cascade and canals branching off on both sides. These canals break the string of main palace elements and annex buildings and continue under the galleries (built from 1739 to 1747) on

7424-406: The first published treatises on gardens, in the 17th century, they devoted chapters to the subject of how to correct or improve perspective, usually to create the illusion of greater distance. This was often done by having alleys become narrower, or having rows of trees that converged, or were trimmed so that they became gradually shorter, as they went farther away from the centre of the garden or from

7540-441: The following elements, which became typical of the formal French garden: Ornamental flowers were relatively rare in French gardens in the 17th century and there was a limited range of colours: blue, pink, white and mauve. Brighter colours (yellow, red, orange) would not arrive until about 1730, because of botanical discoveries from around the world brought to Europe. Bulbs of tulips and other exotic flowers came from Turkey and

7656-414: The forest outside the palace park transformed into a deer hunting range and enlarged to nearly reach Lake Starnberg . On a larger scale, aisles and roads were created and three hunting lodges erected. Since 1804 Director of the Royal Gardens, Friedrich Ludwig Sckells redesigns initiated fundamental changes towards the current park design. In 1792 he accomplished the masterful and harmonious combination of

7772-418: The form of a monopteros is positioned on a headland in the north. It dominates the northwestern lake and is clearly visible from various places on the shore. There are three small islands in the lake. Situated in the northern sector is the smaller lake, the Pagodenburg Lake. It was completed in 1813. The Pagodenburg, which lies on an island formed by a ring-like canal, dominates the design and largely occupies

7888-540: The form of round pools and long ponds. While the gardens of the French Renaissance were much different in their spirit and appearance than those of the Middle Ages, they were still not integrated with the architecture of the châteaux, and were usually enclosed by walls. In French garden design, the chateau or home was supposed to be the visual focal point. The different parts of the gardens were not harmoniously joined, and they were often placed on difficult sites chosen for terrain easy to defend, rather than for beauty. All this

8004-412: The former well edgings were reused, new sculptures were cast from the originals images. The barely perceptible height difference of about 5 m (16 ft) between the northern and southern plots of the park, allowed the creation of three levels by skillful water management. The sloping terrain permitted the cascades and the operation of water wheels for pumping purposes. The pumps used today are still

8120-459: The garden did not change until the 18th century, when the English garden arrived in Europe and the inspiration for gardens began to come not from architecture but from romantic painting . The garden à la française was often used as a setting for plays, spectacles, concerts, and displays of fireworks . In 1664, Louis XIV celebrated a six-day festival in the gardens, with cavalcades, comedies, ballets, and fireworks. Gardens of Versailles included

8236-401: The garden side. This further emphasized the connection between the Cour d'honneur , the palace and the gardens in the background, also denoted by large window openings and archways in the main building. The Grand circle on the city side ends at the Cavalier houses , a semicircle of smaller buildings. These ten circular pavilions were planned by Joseph Effner and built after 1728. Since 1761,

8352-441: The garden was created. The upper, smaller pool is adorned by a Nappe d'eau (water blanket). Both pools are made of red marble. An Aedicula was added behind the upper basin - most likely in the early 19th century - that featured a copy of Antonio Canova 's Venus Italica in the niche. The Small Cascade is surrounded by four Konrad Eberhard still images. They depict Leda with the swan (1810), Silen (a satyr) with Bacchus as

8468-422: The garden was the sun; the emblem of Louis XIV , illustrated by the statue of Apollo in the central fountain of the garden. "The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects." André Le Nôtre died in 1700, but his pupils and his ideas continued to dominate

8584-555: The garden; stairways and ramps to unite different levels of the garden; grottos , labyrinths , and statuary on mythological themes. The gardens were designed to represent harmony and order, the ideals of the Renaissance, and to recall the virtues of Ancient Rome . Additionally, the symmetry of French gardens was a continuation of the Renaissance themes of harmony. French gardens were symmetrical and well manicured to represent order, and this idea of orderliness extended to French society at

8700-536: The gardens. It was for the first time that the garden and the chateau were perfectly integrated. A grand perspective of 1500 meters extended from the foot of the chateau to the statue of the Farnese Hercules , and the space was filled with parterres of evergreen shrubs in ornamental patterns, bordered by coloured sand, and the alleys were decorated at regular intervals by statues, basins, fountains, and carefully sculpted topiaries. "The symmetry attained at Vaux achieved

8816-406: The house. This created the illusion that the perspective was longer and that the garden was larger than it actually was. Another trick used by French garden designers was the ha-ha (fr: saut de loup ). This was a method used to conceal fences which crossed long alleys or perspectives. A deep and wide trench with vertical wall of stone on one side was dug wherever a fence crossed a view, or a fence

8932-570: The lake from the Central canal is underground and was originally disguised as a rock grotto. A dam overgrown with thick hedges shields the lake to the south from the higher Central canal . The canals of the palace park belong to the Nymphenburg Canal , which widely traverses large swaths of Munich's West. While the Central canal is reminiscent of French gardens, the entire system is based on Dutch models, in particular on Het Loo Palace . Most canals were navigable by boat until 1846. Remnants of

9048-727: The landscape park. This small garden is directly adjacent to the garden side of the north wing of the main palace. It is also called the Kaisergarten (Imperial Garden) because it is located in the immediate vicinity of Prince-elector Karl Albrecht's apartment rooms, where he resided during his time as Charles VII (Holy Roman Emperor from 1742 to 1745). Its counterpart lies in the South Cabinet Garden . Both are giardini segreti (secret gardens), that provided privacy, retreat and relaxation. The concept has its origins in 15th and 16th century Renaissance northern Italy. One of its elements

9164-404: The language of architecture in their plans; the spaces were referred to as salles , chambres and théâtres of greenery. The "walls" were composed of hedges, and "stairways" of water. On the ground were tapis , or carpets, of grass, brodés , or embroidered, with plants, and the trees were formed into rideaux , or curtains, along the alleys. Just as architects installed systems of water into

9280-404: The new style, called variously jardin à l'anglaise (the English garden), "anglo-chinois", exotiques , or "pittoresques". This marked the end of the age of the garden à la française and the arrival in France of the jardin paysager , or landscape garden , which was inspired not by architecture but by painting, literature and philosophy. Jacques Boyceau , sieur de la Barauderie (c. 1560–1633)

9396-542: The northern part of the lake and can be reached via two pedestrian bridges. The area of the lake including an approximately one hectare island stretches over 2.9 hectares. The lake feeds the Hartmannshof Brook , which gently flows north through the rolling hills of the Pagodenburg Valley and flows 420 m (1,380 ft) further north into the Kugelweiher pond - a creation typical of Sckell. The water inlet of

9512-417: The original pumps installed over 200 years ago. In fact, it is said, that the hydraulic system used in Nymphenburg is the oldest continuously running machine in Europe. The water is conveyed from the Würm river near Pasing to the west and transferred into the park area via the Pasing-Nymphenburg Canal . The canal that branches off into the southern, higher part of the park maintains its original level, while

9628-407: The painter Charles Le Brun . He learned classical art and perspective, and studied for several years under the architect François Mansart , a friend of Le Brun. In 1635, Le Nôtre was named the principal gardener of the king's brother Gaston, Duke of Orléans . On 26 June 1637, Le Nôtre was appointed head gardener at the Tuileries, taking over his father's position. He had primary responsibility for

9744-426: The palace and the park constituted a unit that once stretched from east to west over a distance of more than 3 km (1.9 mi) to the west of the city of Munich. The growth of the city admitted the full development of residential areas and road network into the surrounding areas. The construction of the wide Ludwig Ferdinand Bridge over the Nymphenburg Canal , of houses along the northern and southern entrance to

9860-574: The palace and the railway line in the west, completely embedded the park and the palace into the urban structures and thus became a district of the city. With the monarchy abolished, the park and palace became part of the former Krongut (Crown estate), now administered by the state. After the Weimar Republic , the National Socialists seized the complex. Beginning in the summer of 1936, the Night of

9976-459: The palace staircases. The effect is enhanced by the central fountain. The parterre has a lawn like a parterre à l'angloise (lawn compartments), bordered by a surrounding row of flowers. Spring and summer flower plantings with variations in color are usually applied. The largest area of the park is occupied by the English-style landscape garden. The northern part is defined by panoramic vistas of

10092-405: The park fountains are installed, is situated in the village in the southern part of the park. The Amalienburg occupies a parterre in the southeastern area of the park. To the east, the park ends at the palace building. On the garden side of the palace (west) follows the large Garden parterre , which constitutes the central part of the large rectangle surrounded by canals. The Garden parterre flanks

10208-423: The park must be transferred in from the west via the Pasing-Nymphenburg Canal . A considerable part of the water falls at the Great Cascade from the upper to the lower cascade basin. The cascade forms the end point of the visual axis along the Central canal , although it is hardly recognizable from the palace staircases due to the considerable distance. Some of the remaining water of the Pasing-Nymphenburg Canal

10324-569: The park were trimmed both horizontally and flattened at the top, giving them the desired geometric form. Only in the 18th century were they allowed to grow freely. The parterres de broderie (from the French French : broderie meaning 'embroidery') is the typical form of French garden design of the Baroque . It is characterised by a symmetrical layout of the flower beds and sheared box hedging to form ornamental patterns known as broderie . Even

10440-413: The park’s design. During the 1972 Summer Olympics , equestrian events took place in the palace park: the dressage competitions were held on the Garden parterre. The park's statues were removed, the equestrian arena and grandstands were erected as temporary facilities while adjacent buildings of the palace were used as stables. The northern and southern driveways run alongside the canal that runs from

10556-467: The pool in front of the courtyard. The pumping station in the St John’s Pumping Tower of the palace building, which is also driven by water wheels, is fed from the northern arm. The majority of the park's water then falls back to the lower level of the basin of the Grand circle and the palace canal between the palace driveways, which ends in a water basin ( Hubertusbrunnen ). However, the water

10672-437: The pressure pumps in the St John’s Pumping Tower (Johannis-Brunnturm) of the palace building, which are driven by three colossal water wheels. On elector Maximilian I Josephs order in 1802 Joseph von Baader redesigned and in 1807 eventually replaced the pump that had been built by Franz Ferdinand Albert Graf von Wahl in 1716. The facility largely retains its original condition. The garden-side fountain had its predecessor in

10788-446: The shape of an 'x', and irregular octagon shapes appeared. Gardens began to follow the natural landscape, rather than moving earth to shape the ground into artificial terraces. Limited colors were available at the time as well. Traditionally, French gardens included blue, pink, white, and mauve. The middle of the 18th century saw spread in popularity of the new English landscape garden , created by British aristocrats and landowners, and

10904-460: The site, so that the canal is invisible from the house, and employed forced perspective to make the grotto appear closer than it really is. The gardens were complete by 1661, when Fouquet held a grand entertainment for the king. But only three weeks later, on 10 September 1661, Fouquet was arrested for embezzling state funds, and his artists and craftsmen were taken into the king's service. From 1661, Le Nôtre worked for Louis XIV to build and enhance

11020-441: The six-part broderie parterre became a four-part lawn with a flower bordure. The view of the observer standing on the palace stairways is being lead across the parterre with the fountain to the central water axis. Today, the parterre is divided into four fields, of which the eastern ones facing the palace are significantly longer than the western ones. This shortening of perspective creates additional depth of space when seen from

11136-451: The small amount of water that drains via the small stream near the Pan sculptures, the canal extension diverts the waters of the lake towards the east. During the Baroque period it served as a small waterway. Gondolas and boats navigated here in the service of members of the court. The small watercraft used a sluice to overcome the difference in height between Lake Badenburg and the central basin on

11252-456: The spacious arrangements of the park with the support of Joseph Effner , a student of Germain Boffrand . Girard managed to skillfully distribute the water in the formerly dry area. A rectangle of canals was built, that formed an island for the main palace and the Garden parterre. The ca. 900 m (3,000 ft) long Central axis canal sector to the west of the rectangle was added, which ends at

11368-415: The superintendent of royal gardens under Louis XIII , became the first theorist of the new French style. His book, Traité du jardinage selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art. Ensemble divers desseins de parterres, pelouzes, bosquets et autres ornements was published after his death in 1638. Its sixty-one engravings of designs for parterres and bosquets made it a style book for gardens, which influenced

11484-562: The time. Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King Charles VIII brought Italian craftsmen and garden designers , such as Pacello da Mercogliano , from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the Château d'Amboise and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor Henry II , who had also travelled to Italy and had met Leonardo da Vinci , created an Italian-style garden nearby at

11600-418: The war Allied soldiers blew up an old building south of the Great Cascade that had been used as an armory. The repairs at the palace and the park only proceeded slowly. Although the restoration was carried out according to the historical models, a number of losses could not be restored. The sports ground in the southernmost corner of the park, built before World War II, still represents an ongoing violation of

11716-433: The water in the southern canal is used to operate the water wheel pumps for the garden-side fountain, the rest flows through a waterfall (former sluice) to the lower level of the Central canal . The Central canal is divided into two arms in front of the large parterre, which run under the connecting wings of the palace (therefore called "water passages"), encompass the main palace building and Garden parterre and then lead to

11832-513: The young Ludwig I in 1799. The pavilion, a two-storey wooden structure, was also built for him. Its octagonal main part has two rooms on two floors with the same layout. In the portico, which is popularly called the Witch's house , a staircase leads to the first floor. Its exterior painting is intended to give the impression of an artificial ruin. The walls inside are decorated with hand-printed wallpaper. A small brook emerges from between stones as if from

11948-474: Was André Mollet , who took the French style to the Netherlands, Sweden and England. André Le Nôtre (1613–1700) was the most important figure in the history of the French garden. The son of the gardener of Louis XIII , he worked on the plans of Vaux-le-Vicomte , before becoming the chief gardener of Louis XIV between 1645 and 1700, and the designer of the Gardens of Versailles , the greatest garden project of

12064-433: Was a French landscape architect and the principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France. He was the landscape architect who designed the gardens of the Palace of Versailles ; his work represents the height of the French formal garden style, or jardin à la française . Prior to working on Versailles, Le Nôtre collaborated with Louis Le Vau and Charles Le Brun on the park at Vaux-le-Vicomte . His other works include

12180-539: Was a parterre of flowers, an arbor, that lead to a garden pavilion to the north, in front of which is a round, now dried out water basin, to which leads a staircase. Two parallel beech hedges lead from north to south, each with five niches adorned with Hermes busts on bases. The busts are made of coarse-grained marble, the bases are made of red marble. They may have been made in the late 17th or early 18th century in Giuseppe Volpini's workshop. The North Cabinet Garden

12296-470: Was also working on the gardens at the Palace of Fontainebleau . In 1663 he was engaged at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , and the Château de Saint-Cloud , residence of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans , where he would oversee works for many years. Also from 1663, Le Nôtre was engaged at the Château de Chantilly , the property of the Prince de Condé , where he worked with his brother-in-law Pierre Desgots until

12412-540: Was closely associated with the fireworks of the time, which tried to achieve similar effects with fire instead of water. Both the fountains and fireworks were often accompanied by music, and were designed to show how nature (water and fire) could be shaped by the will of man. Another important development was in horticulture , in the ability to raise plants from warmer climates in the northern European climate by protecting them inside buildings and bringing them outdoors in pots. The first orangeries were built in France in

12528-491: Was in charge of the Tuileries Garden in 1572, may have been his grandfather. André's father Jean Le Nôtre was also responsible for sections of the Tuileries gardens, initially under Claude Mollet , and later as head gardener, during the reign of Louis XIII . André was born on 12 March 1613, and was baptised at the Église Saint-Roch . His godfather at the ceremony was an administrator of the royal gardens, and his godmother

12644-448: Was involved in the planning of the gardens of Château de Meudon for François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois , and in 1691 redid the garden of the Hôtel de Saint-Aignan in Paris. His work has often been favorably compared and contrasted ("the antithesis") to the œuvre of Capability Brown , the English landscape architect. André Le Nôtre was played by Matthias Schoenaerts in

12760-468: Was laid for the Schwaigbau zu Nymphenburg in 1664. Contrary to a common misconception, the Italian name Borgo delle Ninfe (castle of the nymph ) was only created in the 19th century. The initial building was a Lustschloss (pleasure palace) in the tradition of Italian country villas. The elaborate Baroque palace complex, which would serve as a summer residence and alternative to the seat of government,

12876-646: Was only completed in 1823. Unlike Lancelot Brown in England, who created extensive landscape parks by destroying the old Baroque gardens , Sckell acted more cautiously. He preserved the parterres on the garden side of the palace as well as the Central axis canal and the Great cascade. He decided to subdivide the park into two distinct landscape areas of varying size, each with its own character and atmosphere, to which two very differently shaped and designed lakes contributed significantly. Sckell's ploys made Nymphenburg Palace Park

12992-399: Was placed in bottom of the trench, so that it was invisible to the viewer. As gardens became more and more ambitious and elaborate through the 17th century, the garden no longer served as a decoration for the chateau. At Chantilly and at Saint-Germain , the chateau became a decorative element of the much larger garden. The appearance of the French garden in the 17th and 18th centuries was

13108-419: Was reprinted many times, and was found in the libraries of aristocrats across Europe. Jacques Boyceau de La Barauderie wrote in 1638 in his Traité du jardinage, selon les raisons de la nature et de l'art that "the principal reason for the existence of a garden is the esthetic pleasure which it gives to the spectator." The form of the French garden was largely fixed by the middle of the 17th century. It had

13224-529: Was the wife of Claude Mollet. The family lived in a house within the Tuilieries, and André thus grew up surrounded by gardening, and quickly acquired both practical and theoretical knowledge. The location also allowed him to study in the nearby Palais du Louvre , part of which was then used as an academy of the arts. He learned mathematics , painting and architecture , and entered the atelier of Simon Vouet , painter to Louis XIII, where he met and befriended

13340-491: Was to change in the middle of the 17th century with the development of the first real garden à la française . The first important garden à la française was the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte , created for Nicolas Fouquet , the Superintendent of Finances to Louis XIV , beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned Louis Le Vau to design the chateau, Charles Le Brun to design statues for the garden, and André Le Nôtre to create

13456-472: Was undertaken for Nicolas Fouquet , Louis XIV's Superintendent of Finances. Fouquet began work on the Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte in 1657, employing the architect Louis Le Vau , the painter Charles Le Brun, and Le Nôtre. The three designers worked in partnership, with Le Nôtre laying out a grand, symmetrical arrangement of parterres , pools and gravel walks. Le Vau and Le Nôtre exploited the changing levels across

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