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71-448: Nurullabai Palace is an architectural monument in Khiva , Uzbekistan . It was formerly the official reception hall of Asfandiyar Khan (20th century). This palace-garden was built by Khan of Khiva Muhammad Rahim Khan II for his son Asfandiyar Khan (it is called Nurullabai Palace, because it was built instead of the garden of a person named Nurullabai). Plans for the palace were created in

142-634: A Khwarezm native, in his Athar ul-Baqiyah , specifically verifies the Iranian origins of Khwarezmians when he wrote (in Arabic): أهل خوارزم [...] کانوا غصناً من دوحة الفرس ("The people of Khwarezm were a branch from the Persian tree.") The area of Khwarezm was under Afrighid and then Samanid control until the 10th century before it was conquered by the Ghaznavids . The Iranian Khwarezmian language and culture felt

213-558: A bread factory, a farmer's market, cultural, trade, and service establishments are operational. There are branches of Urgench University specializing in agro-management, the Uzbek Academy of Sciences Khorezm Mamun Academy, the Qoraqum Scientific Research Station, pedagogical, medical, and tourism colleges, vocational lyceums, a gymnasium, 15 general education schools, a house of culture, 2 special boarding schools,

284-530: A native Khwarezmian Iranian dynasty which ruled as the Shahs of Khwarezm from 305 to 995 AD. At times they were under Sassanian suzerainty. In 712, Khwarezm was conquered by the Arab Caliphate ( Umayyads and Abbasids ). It thus came vaguely under Muslim control, but it was not till the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century that an Afrighid Shah first converted to Islam appearing with

355-464: A regional puppet theater, an art school, 2 libraries and their branches, and cultural and recreational gardens. The central hospital, polyclinic, maternity hospital, children's hospital, dental treatment center, central pharmacy, specialized clinics, and other medical facilities are available in the district. Historical and architectural sites in the area include : the Sayd Alauddin mausoleum,

426-474: A researcher in early Indo-European history, believes that Airyanem Vaejah was in what is now Afghanistan , the northern areas of which were a part of ancient Khwarazm and Greater Khorasan . Others, however, disagree. University of Hawaii historian Elton L. Daniel believes Khwarazm to be the "most likely locale" corresponding to the original home of the Avestan people, and Dehkhoda calls Khwarazm "the cradle of

497-522: A revolt in 1017, Khwarezmian rebels murdered Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun and his wife, Hurra-ji , sister of the Ghaznavid sultan Mahmud . In response, Mahmud invaded and occupied the region of Khwarazm, which included Nasa and the ribat of Farawa . As a result, Khwarazm became a province of the Ghaznavid Empire from 1017 to 1034. In 1077, the governorship of the province, which since 1042/1043 belonged to

568-589: A short-lived (1920-1924) Khorezm People's Soviet Republic formed out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva before its incorporation into the USSR in 1924. The city of Khiva became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic . Khiva is split into two parts. The outer town, called Dichan Kala, was formerly protected by a wall with 11 gates. The inner town, or Itchan Kala , is encircled by brick walls, whose foundations are believed to have been laid in

639-449: A through lantern with a dome on top. In the outer part of the city - Dishan qalʼa - there are also many ancient architectural monuments. The following people were born in the city. The following is a list of Khiva's sister and twinned cities: Khwarezm Khwarazm ( / x w ə ˈ r æ z ə m / ; Old Persian : Hwârazmiya ; Persian : خوارزم , Xwârazm or Xârazm ) or Chorasmia ( / k ə ˈ r æ z m i ə / )

710-416: Is a well in the yard. The reception hall (27.5x32.1 m) was built in the north-east of the palace in a unique European style. The front faces south. It has 1 floor and 7 rooms. There are also porches in the front and back side of reception hall. The front of the madrasah faces east. There is a 2-story mosque with 4 columns in the south-eastern corner, a porch in the north-west, classrooms and rooms around

781-870: Is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia , bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea , on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert , on the south by the Karakum Desert , and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau . It was the center of the Iranian Khwarezmian civilization, and a series of kingdoms such as the Afrighid dynasty and the Anushtegin dynasty , whose capitals were (among others) Kath , Gurganj (now Konye-Urgench ) and—from

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852-458: Is also known as Persian : خیوه , Xīveh ; alternative or historical names include Orgunje , Kheeva , Khorasam , Khoresm , Khwarezm , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Chorezm , Arabic : خوارزم and Persian : خوارزم . In the early part of its history, the Aryan inhabitants spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian . Turks replaced the Iranian ruling class in the 10th century AD, and

923-409: Is amazing in its beauty. On the entrance doors the date of construction - 1778-1782 years is preserved. But 210 columns of the mosque , supporting the roof , are much older - from XII to XV centuries. The columns are remarkable for their amazing slenderness, rich ornamental carving. They were brought here from other ancient buildings, so many columns are unique and do not resemble each other. At

994-562: Is declared to be part of the Persian Empire . Some of the early scholars believed Khwarazm to be what ancient Avestic texts refer to as Airyanem Vaejah ( Airyanəm Vaēǰah ; later Middle Persian Ērān-wēz ). These sources claim that Old Urgench , which was the capital of ancient Khwarazm for many years, was actually Ourva, the eighth land of Ahura Mazda mentioned in the Pahlavi text of Vendidad . However, Michael Witzel ,

1065-673: Is further divided. Northern Khwarezm became the Uzbek SSR , and in 1925 the western part became the Turkmen SSR . Also, in 1936 the northwestern part became the Kazakh SSR . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan respectively. Many of the ancient Khwarezmian towns now lie in Xorazm Region , Uzbekistan . Today, the area that

1136-545: Is still named after the merchant. The construction of Nurullabai Palace began in 1904 and continued during the reign of Asfandiyar Khan after the death of Muhammad Rahim Khan II in 1910. Apart from craftsmen and artists of Khiva , specialists from Russia and Germany were also involved in the construction, and they had their influence on the design of the object. Some of the building materials including tiles and ceramics produced in Sankt-Peterburg were imported. After

1207-885: Is that the Iranian compound stands for 'lowland' from kh(w)ar 'low' and zam 'land'. Khwarazm is indeed the lowest region in Central Asia (except for the Caspian Sea to the far west), located on the delta of the Amu Darya on the southern shores of the Aral Sea . Various forms of khwar/khar/khor/hor are commonly used in the Persian Gulf to stand for tidal flats, marshland, or tidal bays (e.g., Khor Musa , Khor Abdallah , Hor al-Azim , Hor al-Himar , etc.) The name also appears in Achaemenid inscriptions as Huvarazmish , which

1278-487: Is the twin hudjras - cells for living of students . Belts of colored brick sets and majolica facings decorate the building wonderfully. On the territory of Konya Ark (Old Fortress ) there is the palace of Muhammad Rahimxon I with rich and unusual interior decoration . The walls of the hall are decorated with ganch carving with coloring. The neighboring two-storied building is a harem . There are many rich chambers, living rooms. The Juma Mosque (X century, 1788)

1349-643: The Afrighid line of Khwarazmshahs, having placed the ascension of Afrighids in 616 of the Seleucid era, i.e. in 305 AD. Like Sogdia , Khwarazm was an expansion of the Bactria–Margiana culture during the Bronze Age , which later fused with Indo-Iranians during their migrations around 1000 BC. Early Iron Age states arose from this cultural exchange. List of successive cultures in Khwarazm region 3000–500 BC: During

1420-592: The Aryan tribe" ( مهد قوم آریا ). The Khwarezmian scholar Al-Biruni (973–1048) says that the land belonging to the mythical king Afrasiab was first colonised 980 years before Alexander the Great (thus c.  1292 BC , well before the Seleucid era ) when the hero of the Iranian epic Siyavash came to Khwarazm; his son Kay Khusraw came to the throne 92 years later, in 1200 BC. Al-Biruni starts giving names only with

1491-633: The British Empire in the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839. The Khanate of Khiva was gradually reduced in size from Russian expansion in Turkestan (including Khwarezm) and, in 1873, a peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate . In 1912, the Khiva Khanate numbered up to 440 schools and up to 65 madrasahs with 22,500 students. More than half of

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1562-639: The Pahlavon Mahmud Complex , the Juma Mosque , the Old Ark , Oqshayx Bobo's Palace, Toshhovli Palace , Nurullabai Palace , Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah , Muhammad Rahimxon Madrasah , Islamkhodja Madrasah and Minaret, Olloqulixon Madrasah , Qutlughmurad Inoq Madrasah , Olloqulixon Caravanserai and its market, Anushakhan Bathhouse, Oq Mosque , Polvon Gate , Ota Gate , Bogcha Gate , Tosh Gate , Hazorasp Gate, Kush Gate , and more. The town publishes

1633-928: The Seljuqs , fell into the hands of Anush Tigin Gharchai , a former Turkic slave of the Seljuq sultan. In 1141, the Seljuq Sultan Ahmed Sanjar was defeated by the Qara Khitai at the battle of Qatwan , and Anush Tigin's grandson Ala ad-Din Atsiz became a vassal to Yelü Dashi of the Qara Khitan . Sultan Ahmed Sanjar died in 1156. As the Seljuk state fell into chaos, the Khwarezm-Shahs expanded their territories southward. In 1194,

1704-434: The throne room decorated with silver chasing on a red background. The building has a beautiful iwan with columns. The palace is also remarkable for its rich majolica wall lining with intricate ornaments . The Pahlavon Mahmud Memorial Complex was built in memory of the revered Khiva poet , who after his death was canonized as the patron saint of the city. Nearby is the 45-meter high Islomxo‘ja minaret topped with

1775-538: The " Fifty fortresses oasis ". Chorasmia remained relatively sheltered from the interests of the Seleucid Empire or Greco-Bactria, but various elements of Hellenistic art appear in the ruins of Chorasmian cities, particularly at Akchakhan-Kala , and the influence of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara , reflecting the rise of Kushan Empire , appears at Toprak-Kala . The early rulers of Chorasmia first imitated

1846-600: The "Khiva-Sharq Gavhari" magazine (since 2001) and the "Khiva Tongi" district newspaper. The town is a prominent center for global tourism, attracting over 200,000 tourists every year, including nearly 7,000 international visitors. "O'zbekTurizm" national company operates in the town, and several private guesthouses are in operation. A trolleybus line was established from Khiva to Urgench in 1997. Bus and minibus routes connect Khiva to Tashkent , Bukhara , Navoi , Samarkand , Urgench , Qo'shko'pir , Yangiariq , Bog'ot , Hazorasp , and other major cities and population centers in

1917-462: The 10th century. Present-day crenellated walls date back to the late 17th century and attain the height of 10 meters. Kalta Minor, the large blue tower in the central city square, was supposed to be a minaret. It was built in 1851 by Mohammed Amin Khan , but the Khan died and the succeeding Khan did not complete it. The old town retains more than 50 historic monuments and 250 old houses, mostly dating from

1988-1702: The 16th century on— Khiva . Today Khwarazm belongs partly to Uzbekistan and partly to Turkmenistan . Khwarazm has been known also as Chorasmia , Khaurism , Khwarezm , Khwarezmia , Khwarizm , Khwarazm , Khorezm , Khoresm , Khorasam , Kharazm , Harezm , Horezm , and Chorezm . In Avestan the name is Xvairizem ; in Old Persian 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-š or 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 u-v-a-r-z-mi-i-y (/ Uvārazmī-/); in Modern Persian : خوارزم Xārazm ; in Arabic : خَـوَارِزْم Khawārizm ; in Old Chinese * qʰaljɯʔmriɡ ( 呼似密 ); in Modern Chinese Huālázǐmó ( 花剌子模 / Xiao'erjing : خُوَلاذِمُوْ); in Tajik : Хоразм , Xorazm , خوارَزم; in Kazakh : Хорезм ( Xorezm ), حورەزم; in Uzbek : Xorazm , Хоразм , خورەزم; in Turkmen : Horezm , Хорезм , خوْرِزم; in Azerbaijani : Xarəzm , Харәзм ; in Turkish : Harezm ; in Greek language Χορασμία ( Chorasmía ) and Χορασίμα ( Chorasíma ) by Herodotus . The Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in his Muʿǧam al-Buldan wrote that

2059-456: The 1890s. Due to the lack of space in the Itchan Kala , the palace was built on the site of a former garden outside the city center in the northwest of Khiva . Before the start of construction, the garden belonged to a wealthy merchant, Nurullabai, who agreed to sell his property only on the condition that the palace to be built would be named after him in the future. Due to this event, the palace

2130-406: The 18th or 19th centuries. Djuma Mosque, for instance, was established in the 10th century and rebuilt in 1788–89, although its celebrated hypostyle hall still retains 112 columns taken from ancient structures. Khiva was home to a number of madrassahs (educational establishments), one of which, Sherghazi Khan madrassah, still stands today. It was built in the 18th century by slaves and is one of

2201-561: The Achaemenid Empire had a great influence on the material culture of Chorasmia, starting a period of rich economic and cultural development. Chorasmian troops participated in the Second Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes in the 480 BC, under the command of Achaemenid general and later satrap Artabazos I of Phrygia . By the time of the Persian king Darius III , Khwarazm had already become an independent kingdom. Chorasmia

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2272-660: The Islamic " amir of Khwarezm" ( امیر خوارزم ), or even the Khwarezmid Empire , sources such as Al-Biruni and Ibn Khordadbeh and others clearly refer to Khwarezm as being part of the Iranian (Persian) empire. During the reign of Khosrow II , extensive areas of Khwarezm were conquered. The fact that Pahlavi script which was used by the Persian bureaucracy alongside Old Persian , passed into use in Khwarezmia where it served as

2343-636: The Kushan rulers Vima Kadphises and Kanishka . From the 2nd century AD, Chorasmia became part of the vast cultural sphere corresponding to the rise of the Kushan Empire in the east. Under Shapur I , the Sasanian Empire spread as far as Khwarezm. Yaqut al-Hamawi verifies that Khwarezm was a regional capital of the Sassanid empire. When speaking of the pre-Islamic " khosrau of Khwarezm" ( خسرو خوارزم ),

2414-692: The Mongols near the Caspian Sea, while his son Jalal ad-Din , after being defeated by Genghis Khan at the Battle of Indus , sought refuge with the Delhi Sultanate , and was later assassinated after various attempts to defeat the Mongols and the Seljuks . In 1360 there arose in Ḵwarazm an independent minor dynasty of Qunghrat Turks, the Ṣūfīs, but Solaymān Ṣūfī was crushed by Timur in 1388. The Islamization of Khwarazm

2485-683: The Qara Khitai who sent him an army. With this reinforcement, Muhammad won a victory over the Ghorids at Hezarasp (1204) and forced them out of Khwarizm. The Khwarezmid Empire ruled over all of Persia in the early 13th century under Shah ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muhammad II (1200–1220). From 1218 to 1220, Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia including the Kara-Khitai Khanate , thus ending the Khwarezmid Empire. Sultan Muhammad died after retreating from

2556-741: The Timurids and the Golden Horde, but in 1511 it passed to a new, local Uzbek dynasty, the ʿArabshahids. This, together with a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya, caused the center of Khwarezm to shift to Khiva , which became in the 16th century the capital of the Khanate of Khiva , ruled over by the dynasty of the Arabshahids . Khiva Khanate is the name of Khwarazm adopted in the Russian historical tradition during

2627-416: The banks of the Amu Darya during the reign of Russia's Peter the Great , together with the desire of the Russian Empire to open a trade route to the Indus (modern day Pakistan ), prompted an armed trade expedition to the region, led by Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky , which was repelled by Khiva. During the reign of the Uzbek Khan Said Muhammad Khan (1856–1864) in the 1850s, for the first time in

2698-459: The city of Khiva appear in Muslim travel accounts from the 10th century although archaeological evidence indicates habitation in the 6th century; by the early 17th century, Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva. The khanate was ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans , a Genghisid dynasty. In the 17th century, Khiva began to develop as a slave market . For several centuries, the cities of Bukhara and Khiva were known as major centers of

2769-454: The coinage of the Greco-Bactrian ruler Eucratides I . Parthian artistic influences have also been described. From the 1st century BC, Chorasmia developed original coins inspired from Greco-Bactrian, Parthian, and Indo-Scythian types. Artav (Artabanus), a Chorasmian ruler of the 1st–2nd century AD, whose coins were discovered in the capital city of Toprak-Kala, imitated the type of the Kushan Heraios and were found together with coins of

2840-407: The corridor of the gatehouse . The palace is rectangular in shape (87.1x65.0 m), has 4 courtyards, and is surrounded by a fortified wall (height – 7.5 m) with turrets. There are two-story rooms in the 3rd courtyard, and one-story rooms in the south-western courtyard. The main gatehouse is interconnected with the madrasah and residence. The large yard occupies the northwestern part of the palace. There

2911-401: The course of the Russian conquest of Central Asia , in 1873 the Russian General Konstantin von Kaufman launched an attack on the city of Khiva, which fell on 28 May 1873. Although the Russian Empire controlled the Khanate, it allowed Khiva to remain as a nominally quasi-independent protectorate . Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917,

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2982-424: The courtyard. Patterns on the outer walls and 4 corners are decorated with baked bricks and tiles . The garden is adjacent to the palace and is surrounded by a high fortified wall with turrets. There are doors on 3 sides of the garden, 2 doors are connected to the palace, and the one in the east is connected to the reception hall. There is an 8-sided pool in the middle of the garden. Khiva The origin of

3053-403: The death of his father, in 1912, Asfandiyar Khan built a separate building in the complex to receive foreign guests. The palace was completed in 1912, two years after the death of Muhammad Rahim Khan. Later, this building was used by the khan and his family as a residence until the establishment of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic in 1920. In the recent past, the main attention was paid to

3124-409: The final Saka phase, there were about 400 settlements in Khwarezm. Ruled by the native Afrighid dynasty , it was at this point that Khwarezm entered the historical record with the Achaemenid expansion . An East Iranian language, Khwarezmian was spoken in Khwarezm proper (i.e., the lower Amu Darya region) until soon after the Mongol invasion , when it was replaced by Turkic languages . It

3195-449: The first local alphabet about the AD 2nd century, as well as evidence that Khwarezm-Shahs such as ʿAlā al-Dīn Tekish (1172–1200) issued all their orders (both administrative and public) in Persian language , corroborates Al-Biruni's claims. It was also a vassal kingdom during periods of Kushans , Hephthalites and Gokturks power before the coming of the Arabs. Per Al-Biruni , the Afrighids of Kath ( آفریغیان-آل آفریغ ) were

3266-421: The form of a ship mapped out according to the placement of the torches, about which he had dreamt. Then Shem dug the Kheyvak well, the water from which had a surprising taste. It is possible to see this well in Ichan-Kala (an internal town of Khiva City) even today." Another proposal is that the name comes from the word Khwarezm , altered by borrowing into Turkic as Khivarezem, then shortened to Khiva. The town

3337-417: The gates of Polvon darvoza there is a whole ensemble of buildings. The main palace of Khiva khans Toshhovli occupies a special place here. The architecture of its numerous apartments and decorative furnishings are unique. There are ornamental wood carvings , majolica facings and figurative cartouches . The palace of Kurnysh-khan was intended for lavish receptions. Once there was a wooden throne in

3408-429: The history of Khwarazm, a general population census of Khwarazm was carried out. It was under Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III that serious efforts to annex the region started. One of the main pretexts for Russian military expeditions to Khiva was to free Russian slaves in the khanate and to prevent future slave capture and trade. Early in The Great Game , Russian interests in the region collided with those of

3479-423: The last Sultan of the Great Seljuq Empire , Toghrul III , was defeated and killed by the Khwarezm ruler Ala ad-Din Tekish , who conquered parts of Khorasan and western Iran. In 1200, Tekish died and was succeeded by his son, Ala ad-Din Muhammad , who initiated a conflict with the Ghurids and was defeated by them at Amu Darya (1204). Following the sack of Khwarizm, Muhammad appealed for aid from his suzerain ,

3550-518: The madrasahs were in the city of Khiva (38). After the Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before in 1924 it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union , with the former Khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR , Uzbek SSR and Karakalpakstan ASSR (initially part of Kazakh ASSR as Karakalpak Oblast). The larger historical area of Khwarezm

3621-405: The modern city of Urgench some distance away) again became one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. In the mid-14th century Khwarezm gained independence from the Golden Horde under the Sufid dynasty. However, Timur regarded Khwarezm as a rival to Samarkand , and over the course of five campaigns, destroyed Urganch in 1388. Control of the region was disputed by

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3692-426: The most powerful kingdom northwest of the Amu Darya (the Oxus River of antiquity). The king's emissary offered to lead Alexander's armies against his own enemies, west over the Caspian towards the Black Sea (e.g. Kingdom of Iberia and Colchis ). Khwarezm was largely independent during the Seleucid , Greco-Bactrian and Arsacid dynasties. Numerous fortresses were built, and the Khwarazm oasis has been dubbed

3763-399: The name Khiva is unknown, but many contradictory stories have been told to explain it. A traditional story attributes the name to one of the sons of the prophet Noah : "It is said that Shem , after the flood, he found himself wandering in the desert alone. Having fallen asleep, he dreamt of 300 burning torches. On waking up, he was pleased with this omen, he founded the city with outlines in

3834-432: The name was a Persian compound of khwar ( خوار ), and razm ( رزم ), referring to the abundance of cooked fish as a main diet of the peoples of this area. C.E. Bosworth , however, believed the Persian name to be made up of xor ( خور 'the sun') and zam ( زم 'earth, land'), designating 'the land from which the sun rises', although a similar etymology is also given for Khurasan . Another view

3905-445: The oldest buildings in Ichan-Kala, which is the center of present-day Khiva. Among the renowned students of the madrassah were the Uzbek poet Raunaq, the Qaraqalpaq poet Kasybayuly, the Turkmen poet and sufi Magtymguly . In the town, activities such as the "KhivaCarpet" joint-stock company, cotton cleaning, ginning factories, carpet weaving, the "Khiva Gilami" joint-stock company, and other carpet weaving enterprises, as well as

3976-472: The period of Khiva Khanate of the late XVIII - early XX centuries. But archaeological excavations underway here show that at the base of a number of relatively "young" remains of buildings are ancient layers dating back to the III and even earlier centuries BC. Most of Khiva's architectural masterpieces are concentrated in its urban core - Itchan Kala . It is a "city within a city" surrounded by powerful fortress walls with four gates on each side of

4047-405: The period of its existence (1512–1920). The Khiva Khanate was one of the Uzbek khanates . The term "Khiva Khanate" was used for the state in Khwarazm that existed from the beginning of the 16th century until 1920. The term "Khiva Khanate" was not used by the locals, who used the name Khvarazm. In Russian sources the term Khiva Khanate began to be used from the 18th century. The rumors of gold on

4118-435: The popular convert's name of ʿAbdullah ('slave of God'). In the course of the 10th century—when some geographers such as Istakhri in his Al-Masalik wa-l-mamalik mention Khwarezm as part of Khorasan and Transoxiania —the local Ma'munids , based in Gurganj on the left bank of the Amu Darya, grew in economic and political importance due to trade caravans. In 995, they violently overthrew the Afrighids and themselves assumed

4189-411: The preservation of the object, the reconstruction work was completed in 2017. The Nurullabai palace consists of 9 large and small rooms, a gatehouse , a palace, a reception hall, a madrasah , a residence for servants, a garden, courtyards with flower gardens. The complex (185.6x143.0 m) is entered from the gate through a bridge built over a ditch in the south side of palace. There are several rooms in

4260-413: The pressure of Turkic infiltration from northern Khwarezm southwards, leading to the disappearance of the original Iranian character of the province and its complete Turkicization today. Khwarezmian speech probably lasted in upper Khwarezm, the region round Hazarasp , till the end of the 8th/14th century. The Khwarezmian language survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of

4331-478: The region gradually turned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers. Russia annexed some parts of the Khanate of Khiva in the 19th century, vassalising it into the Russian protectorate. The last khan from the ruling dynasty was liquidated a century later, in 1919. Thus Khiva became the capital city of the new Khorezm People's Soviet Republic . The Khorezm oasis was converted into a part of modern Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in 1924. The earliest records of

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4402-458: The region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Al-Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum. The Achaemenid Empire took control of Chorasmia during the time of King Darius I (ruled 522–486 BC). And the Persian poet Ferdowsi mentions Persian cities like Afrasiab and Chach in abundance in his epic Shahnama . The contact with

4473-405: The region. Khwarazm occupies a special place in the list of values of universal importance as a major center of world civilization and one of the important centers on the Silk Road . The unique values of world significance include architectural monuments of Khiva, which has rightfully earned the title of "museum city". The image of modern Khiva is mainly formed by the architecture of

4544-405: The slave trade, and the Bukhara slave trade , alongside the neighboring slave trade in Khiva , has been referred to as the "slave capitals of the world". During the first half of the 19th century, around 30,000 Persians and an unknown number of Russians , were enslaved there before being sold. A large part of them were involved in the construction of buildings in the walled Itchan Kala . In

4615-431: The traditional title of Khwarazm-Shah. Briefly, the area was under Samanid suzerainty, before it passed to Mahmud of Ghazni in 1017. From then on, Turko-Mongolian invasions and long rule by Turko-Mongol dynasties supplanted the Iranian character of the region although the title of Khwarezm-Shah was maintained well up to the 13th century. The date of the founding of the Khwarazmian dynasty remains debatable. During

4686-466: The world. One of the main highways runs from the western gate to the eastern gate, along which the main monumental buildings are concentrated. From the observation tower of Ak-Sheikh-bobo Itchan-Kala can be seen like in the palm of your hand. The unusual silhouette of the Kalta Minor minaret attracts attention, as if cut down to the middle. Its massive trunk, exquisitely decorated with wide and narrow belts of glazed brick , indicates that it

4757-420: Was Khwarezm has a mixed population of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , Turkmens , Tajiks , Tatars , and Kazakhs . Khwarezm and her cities appear in Persian literature in abundance, in both prose and poetry. Dehkhoda for example defines the name Bukhara itself as "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse. Rumi verifies this when he praises

4828-522: Was closely related to Sogdian . Other than the astronomical terms used by the native Iranian Khwarezmian speaker Al-Biruni , our other sources of Khwarezmian include al-Zamakhshari 's Arabic – Persian –Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms to explain certain legal concepts. For most of its history, up until the Mongol conquest, the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock, and they spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian. The scientist Al-Biruni,

4899-409: Was conceived as a grandiose, majestic structure , the main vertical of the city. But after the death of the khan , under whom the minaret was built, it remained unfinished, receiving the name of Kalta (short). Very close to the Kalta Minar is the Muhammad Aminxon Madrasah , the largest of the preserved buildings of higher theological educational institutions . The peculiarity of its architecture

4970-463: Was involved in the conquests of Alexander the Great in Central Asia . When the king of Khwarezm offered friendship to Alexander in 328 BC, Alexander's Greek and Roman biographers imagined the nomad king of a desert waste, but 20th-century Russian archeologists revealed the region as a stable and centralized kingdom, a land of agriculture to the east of the Aral Sea , surrounded by the nomads of Central Asia, protected by its army of mailed horsemen, in

5041-470: Was reflected in the creation of literary, scientific and religious works and in the translation of Arabic works into the Turkic language. In the Suleymaniye Library in Istanbul, the Koran is kept with an interlinear translation into Turkic, written in Khwarazm and dated (January – February 1363). The region of Khwarezm was split between the White Horde and Jagatai Khanate , and its rebuilt capital Gurganj (modern Kunya Urgench , "Old Gorganj" as opposed to

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