Misplaced Pages

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49-496: The Nuremberg Files is a website that displays the names and locations of various doctors who perform abortions throughout the United States. They came under fire as controversial because they provided photos, addresses, and other personal data of abortion providers. They also updated the listings of those doctors who had been killed or injured by anti-abortion activists, suggesting approval for such anti-abortion violence . The name

98-492: A press conference . The publicity generated hundreds of thousands of hits (Horsley claimed 400,000). Horsley was named as a co-conspirator in a successful civil suit, Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists , filed by Planned Parenthood over the information compiled by him and "Unwanted Posters" of doctors, which was judged by the court to constitute a threat of violence, even without an explicit call to violence. The U.S. Supreme Court has twice refused to hear

147-401: A YouTube video stating: "We're here today to remind Elton John that he has to die". The charges were subsequently dropped. During an interview in 2005 Horsley said that he had engaged in bestiality when he was a 'rowdy' adolescent 'in a state of perpetual confusion' pre-conversion, saying "I did everything that crossed my mind that looked like I   [...] I was a fool. When you grow up on

196-588: A current domestic terrorist threat by the United States Department of Justice . Most documented incidents have occurred in the United States, though they have also occurred in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. G. Davidson Smith of Canadian Security Intelligence Service defined anti-abortion violence as single-issue terrorism . A study of 1982–87 violence considered the incidents "limited political" or "sub-revolutionary" terrorism. Anti-abortion violence

245-764: A farm in Georgia, your first girlfriend is a mule." Horsley died on April 13, 2015, in Carrollton, Georgia , two days before his 71st birthday. Anti-abortion violence Anti-abortion violence is violence committed against individuals and organizations that perform abortions or provide abortion counseling . Incidents of violence have included destruction of property, including vandalism ; crimes against people, including kidnapping , stalking , assault , attempted murder , and murder ; and crimes affecting both people and property, as well as arson and terrorism , such as bombings. Anti-abortion extremists are considered

294-640: A few decades. It seceded from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was a founding member of the Confederate States of America on February 4, 1861. Following the end of the American Civil War , Georgia during Reconstruction was part of the Third Military District , which exerted control over governor appointments and elections. During Reconstruction , it had two Republican governors. Georgia

343-408: A firearm. Horsley alleged that Waagner told him that he was stalking and planned to kill 42 abortion clinic workers who were profiled on the website, and presented evidence that he was the author of hundreds of phony anthrax letters that had been sent to abortion clinics and elected officials. Going to the media after his meeting with Waagner brought more attention to Horsley and his website. Waagner

392-696: A form of Christian terrorism . Since the 1970s in the United States, there have been at least 11 murders, 42 bombings, 196 arsons, and 491 assaults against abortion providers. At least one murder occurred in Australia, as well as several attempted murders in Canada. There were 1,793 abortion providers in the United States in 2008, as well as 197 abortion providers in Canada in 2001. The National Abortion Federation reported between 1,356 and 13,415 incidents of picketing at United States providers each year from 1995 to 2014. The Federal Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act

441-798: A multi-year period. There is speculation that the timing of the shootings is related to the Canadian observance of Remembrance Day . A joint Canadian-FBI task force investigating the shootings was formed in December 1997—three years after the first attack. An official of the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police complained that the Canadian Government was not adequately financing the investigation. He said he requested more funds in July that would raise its budget to $ 250,000. Federal officials rejected

490-463: A photograph of a physician who performed abortions along with a monetary reward for any information that would lead to his "arrest, conviction, and revocation of license to practice medicine". The ACLA's website described these physicians as war criminals and accused them of committing " crimes against humanity ". The web site also published names, home addresses, telephone numbers, and other personal information regarding abortion providers—highlighting

539-753: A security guard, a police officer, two people (unclear of their connection), and a clinic escort . Seven murders occurred in the 1990s. According to statistics gathered by the National Abortion Federation (NAF), an organization of abortion providers, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, there have been 17 attempted murders , 383 death threats , 153 incidents of assault or battery , 13 wounded, 100 butyric acid stink bomb attacks, 373 physical invasions, 41 bombings, 655 anthrax threats, and 3 kidnappings committed against abortion providers. Between 1977 and 1990, 77 death threats were made, with 250 made between 1991 and 1999. Attempted murders in

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588-428: A state of emergency or disaster, suspend the collection of taxes, and generally enforce the laws of the state. Originally, in the event of a vacancy, the president of the executive council acted as governor. This was changed in 1798 to the president of the senate. The 1945 constitution created the office of lieutenant governor, who would act as governor if that office became vacant; Article V, Section 1, Paragraph V of

637-444: A statement calling for peaceful protests to expose abortion providers. According to Media Matters and The Colorado Independent , however, Terry has also led apparently contradictory public prayers that an abortion provider would "[convert] to God" or that "calamity [would] strike him". Terry added that he hoped the "baby killer would be tried and executed for crimes against humanity". The doctor targeted by Terry's prayers said to

686-474: A successor shall be chosen and qualified. Persons holding the office of Governor may succeed themselves for one four-year term of office. Persons who have held the office of Governor and have succeeded themselves as hereinbefore provided shall not again be eligible to be elected to that office until after the expiration of four years from the conclusion of their term as Governor." Ga. Const. art. V, § I, para. I. "An election for Governor shall be held on Tuesday after

735-575: Is a reference to the Nuremberg Trials , where Nazi German leadership were sentenced to death for their involvement in the Holocaust and other Nazi war crimes . While the original site was shut down in 2002, it has reappeared more than once on other ISPs. Horsley was forced to change his Internet service provider numerous times due to the site's content, and his website has been hacked on several occasions. It has been stated that information from

784-523: Is specifically directed towards people who or places which provide abortion. It is recognized as " single-issue terrorism ". Incidents include vandalism, arson, and bombings of abortion clinics , such as those committed by Eric Rudolph (1996–98), and murders or attempted murders of physicians and clinic staff, as committed by James Kopp (1998), Paul Jennings Hill (1994), Scott Roeder (2009), Michael F. Griffin (1993), and Peter James Knight (2001). Those who engage in or support such actions defend

833-501: The Army of God as an underground terrorist organization active in the United States. It was formed in 1982, and is responsible for a substantial amount of anti-abortion violence. The group has committed property crimes, acts of kidnapping, attempted murder, and murder. While sharing a common ideology and tactics, members claim to rarely communicate; to avoid risk of information leaking to outside sources. In August 1982, three men identifying as

882-525: The Constitution of the United States on January 2, 1788. The early days were chaotic, with several gaps and schisms in the state's power structure, as the state capital of Savannah was captured during the American Revolutionary War . After independence was achieved, the office was solidly Democratic-Republican until the 1830s, when the office began to be contested by Democrats and Whigs for

931-525: The Supreme Court of Georgia could make a ruling on the rightful winner. Thompson was eventually declared "acting governor" until a special election could be held to fill the remainder of the original term. Herman Talmadge won the special election and served out the remaining portion of his father's term. According to Article V, Section I, Paragraph IV of the Georgia Constitution, to be eligible for

980-472: The use of force with claims of justifiable homicide or defense of others in the interest of protecting the life of the fetus . David C. Nice, of the University of Georgia, describes support for anti-abortion violence as being associated with weaker social controls, higher abortion rates, and greater acceptance of violence toward women. Numerous organizations have also recognized anti-abortion extremism as

1029-440: The "posters" constituted an illegal threat. Anti-abortion organizations including Family Research Council , Americans United for Life , Concerned Women for America , Susan B. Anthony List , American Life League , Students for Life of America , Pro-Life Action League and 40 Days For Life condemned the 2009 murder of Kansas doctor George Tiller . In a 2009 press release, Operation Rescue founder Randall Terry issued

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1078-575: The 7th governor. In December 1946, Governor-elect Eugene Talmadge died before assuming office. Talmadge's son, Herman , was appointed governor by the State Legislature . This was challenged by the Lieutenant Governor-elect Melvin Thompson , who maintained that the state constitution authorized him to assume the office upon the death of the governor. Outgoing governor Ellis Arnall announced that he would not relinquish

1127-548: The Army of God kidnapped Hector Zevallos (a doctor and clinic owner) and his wife, Rosalee Jean, holding them for eight days and released them unharmed. In 1993, Shelly Shannon , an Army of God member, admitted to the attempted murder of George Tiller . Law enforcement officials found the Army of God Manual , a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions, and bombings buried in Shelly Shannon's backyard. Paul Jennings Hill

1176-461: The Christian message. That's what they want." He also stated, "Our inflammatory rhetoric is only revealing a far more inflammatory truth." Governor of Georgia The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's National Guard , when not in federal service, and State Defense Force . The governor also has a duty to enforce state laws,

1225-452: The Civil War, was elected four times, serving seven and a half years. The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that of Matthew Talbot , who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor who died in office. One man, Eugene Talmadge , died before taking office in his third distinct term, leading to a dispute in which three people claimed the office. The revolutionary government

1274-462: The General Assembly. The current constitution of 1983 allows governors to succeed themselves once before having to wait four years to serve again. The current constitution of 1983 allows governors to serve two terms in office before having to wait four years to serve again. The Constitution provides as follows: "There shall be a Governor who shall hold office for a term of four years and until

1323-562: The Nuremberg Files site was used by James Charles Kopp to track down and kill Buffalo doctor Barnett Slepian in 1998. Kopp fled the country (becoming a fugitive in Canada ) but allegedly maintained contact with Horsley while on the run. Kopp was later arrested in France and extradited to New York , where he is serving a life sentence. After Slepian's murder, Planned Parenthood 's president Gloria Feldt denounced Horsley's website at

1372-842: The U.S. included: in 1985 45% of clinics reported bomb threats, decreasing to 15% in 2000. One fifth of clinics in 2000 experienced some form of extreme activity. According to NAF, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, property crimes committed against abortion providers have included 41 bombings, 173 arsons, 91 attempted bombings or arsons, 619 bomb threats , 1630 incidents of trespassing , 1264 incidents of vandalism , and 100 attacks with butyric acid ("stink bombs"). The New York Times also cites over one hundred clinic bombings and incidents of arson, over three hundred invasions, and over four hundred incidents of vandalism between 1978 and 1993. The first clinic arson occurred in Oregon in March 1976 and

1421-430: The United States and Canada. Violence has also occurred in Canada, where at least three doctors have been attacked to date. The physicians were part of a pattern of attacks, which targeted providers in Canada and upstate New York (including the fatal shooting of Barnett Slepian of New York). All victims were shot, or shot at, in their homes with a rifle, at dusk or in the morning, in late October or early November over

1470-424: The case, upholding the ruling, but asking that the punitive damages be reconsidered. Punitive damages were reduced from $ 108 million to $ 4.7 million. The ruling also provides for $ 11 million in treble damages and $ 526,000 in compensatory damages. As part of the judgment, Horsley was to take down the "Nuremberg Files" section of his website. The verdict was later overturned on appeal, and the files returned. The case

1519-404: The election of members of the General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same." Ga. Const. art. V, § I, para. II. This does mean that a governor and their lieutenant governor, if both in agreement and of enough popularity, could in theory serve an infinite number of terms each. According to the Constitution of Georgia , the governor: The governor, by law, also has the authority to declare

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1568-515: The first Monday in November of 1986, and the Governor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the General Assembly. An election for Governor shall take place quadrennially thereafter on said date unless another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said election shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the several counties of this state, in the manner prescribed for

1617-631: The first bombing occurred in February 1978 in Ohio . Incidents have included: The first hoax letters claiming to contain anthrax were mailed to U.S. clinics in October 1998, a few days after the shooting of Barnett Slepian; since then, there have been 655 such bioterror threats made against abortion providers. None of the "anthrax" in these cases was real. The Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security 's joint Terrorism Knowledge Base , identify

1666-413: The governor's term to four years. The 1877 constitution, after the end of Reconstruction, returned the office to the provisions of the 1865 constitution. An amendment in 1941 lengthened terms to four years, but governors could no longer succeed themselves, having to wait four years to serve again. The constitution does not specify when terms start, only that the governor is installed at the next session of

1715-464: The moral culpability for Dr. Slepian's death". Horsley also unsuccessfully sued Gloria Feldt of Planned Parenthood and Kim Gandy of the National Organization for Women for similar statements. In 2010, Horsley ran unsuccessfully for governor of Georgia , under his Creator's Rights Party, on a nullification platform. Horsley was arrested in 2010 for making terrorist threats, after posting

1764-553: The names of those who had been wounded and striking out those of who had been killed. George Tiller's name was included on this list along with many others. The site was accused of being a thinly-veiled hit list intended to incite violence; others claimed that it was protected under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution . In 2002, after a prolonged debate, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that

1813-449: The office of governor one needs to meet the following qualifications: Under Georgia's Rules and Regulations of 1776, considered by some to be the first constitution, the chief executive was a president chosen by the legislature every six months. This was quickly superseded by the 1777 constitution, which called for a governor to be chosen by the legislature each year, with a term limited to one year out of every three. The governor's term

1862-580: The office until it was clear who the new governor was. The political turmoil that ensued became known as the "three governors controversy". In January 1947, while all three governors occupied different portions of the State Capitol , Secretary of State Ben W. Fortson Jr. , took the Great Seal of the State of Georgia and hid it. This prevented any of the claimants to the governorship from executing any business until

1911-479: The power to either veto or approve bills passed by the Georgia Legislature , and the power to convene the legislature into special session. The current governor is Republican Brian Kemp , who assumed office on January 14, 2019. There have officially been 77 governors of the state of Georgia, including 11 who served more than one distinct term. Georgia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and ratified

1960-483: The press, "He's clearly inciting someone, anyone, to kill me"; a spokesman responded that Terry only meant that "God would deal with [the doctor]". Flip Benham, director of Operation Rescue, accused "those in the abortion-providing industry" of committing most of the violence in an attempt to discredit the antiabortion movement. He defended his organization's use of inflammatory rhetoric, saying: "This whole thing isn't about violence. It's all about silence – silencing

2009-515: The purpose of defending innocent human life". The AOG claimed responsibility for Eric Robert Rudolph 's 1997 shrapnel bombing of abortion clinics in Atlanta and Birmingham . The organization embraces its description as terrorist. In the late 1990s, an organization called American Coalition of Life Activists (ACLA) was accused of implicitly advocating violence by its publication on its "Nuremberg Files" website of wanted-style posters, which featured

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2058-413: The request on October 15, a week before Slepian was killed. In 2001, James Kopp , an American citizen and resident was charged with the murder of Slepian and the attempted murder of Short; some speculate that Kopp was responsible for the other shootings. In the United States, violence directed towards abortion providers has killed at least eleven people, including four doctors, two clinic employees,

2107-463: Was arrested in December 2001, and is now serving a lengthy prison sentence. During an appearance on Upfront Tonight on CNBC , Geraldo Rivera accused Horsley of "aiding and abetting a homicide" in the Slepian murder. Horsley sued Rivera for libel and slander , but the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals found against Horsley, concluding that Rivera was merely "expressing his belief that Horsley shared in

2156-504: Was found guilty of the murder of both John Britton and clinic escort James Barrett. The Army of God published a "Defensive Action Statement" signed by more than two dozen supporters of Hill, saying that "whatever force is legitimate to defend the life of a born child is legitimate to defend the life of an unborn child... if in fact Paul Hill did kill or wound abortionist John Britton and clinic assistants James Barrett and Mrs. Barrett, his actions are morally justified if they were necessary for

2205-414: Was lengthened to two years in the 1789 constitution, and an 1824 amendment provided for popular election of the governor. While the 1861 secessionist constitution kept the office the same, the 1865 constitution, following Georgia's surrender, limited governors to two consecutive terms of two years each, allowing them to serve again after a gap of four years. The Reconstruction constitution of 1868 increased

2254-547: Was passed in 1994 to protect reproductive health service facilities and their staff and patients from violent threats, assault, vandalism, and blockade. The law (18 U.S.C. sec. 248) also provides the same level of legal protection to all pregnancy-related medical clinics, including anti-abortion counseling centers; it also applies to use of threatening tactics directed towards churches and places of worship. State, provincial, and local governments have also passed similar laws designed to afford legal protection of access to abortion in

2303-558: Was reheard en banc , and the court determined that the files constituted " true threats " that are not constitutionally protected. Karin Spaink ran a mirror of the site in the Netherlands for about a week after the district court decision. She later decided to take down the mirror website. In 2001, self-described militant Clayton Waagner , an armed bank robber who had escaped from an Illinois prison, showed up at Horsley's home brandishing

2352-623: Was then readmitted to the Union on July 25, 1868, expelled from Congress for failures in Reconstruction on March 3, 1869, and again readmitted on July 15, 1870. After the end of Reconstruction and the state was allowed to govern itself again, Democrats would be the only party elected for the next 131 years. The longest-serving governors are George Busbee , Joe Frank Harris , Zell Miller , Sonny Perdue , and Nathan Deal , each of whom served two full four-year terms; Joseph E. Brown , governor during

2401-509: Was thrown into disarray by the capture of Savannah in 1778, which led to several governments with varying levels of influence; they would reunite in 1780. The Official and Statistical Register of Georgia ignores the Council of Safety of William Ewen in favor of Archibald Bulloch's government, and omits the government of William Glascock and Seth John Cuthbert . The Register includes colonial governors in its numbering, listing Archibald Bulloch as

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