Martin of Tours ( Latin : Martinus Turonensis ; 316/336 – 8 November 397), also known as Martin the Merciful , was the third bishop of Tours . He has become one of the most familiar and recognizable saints in France, heralded as the patron saint of the Third Republic . He is the patron saint of many communities and organizations across Europe. A native of Pannonia (in present-day Hungary), he converted to Christianity at a young age. He served in the Roman cavalry in Gaul , but left military service at some point prior to 361, when he became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers , establishing the monastery at Ligugé . He was consecrated as Bishop of Caesarodunum (Tours) in 371. As bishop, he was active in the suppression of the remnants of Gallo-Roman religion , but he opposed the violent persecution of the Priscillianist sect of ascetics.
125-546: Nunsthorpe (sometimes known locally as ' The Nunny' ) is a suburb and housing estate in the western part of Grimsby , North East Lincolnshire , England. It is situated between Laceby Road ( A46 ) and Scartho Road ( A1243 ), which respectively form its northern and eastern boundaries. The population is listed in the South ward of the North East Lincolnshire Unitary Council. There are over 2,400 homes on
250-534: A hagiography of the early life of the saint. It contains, among other things, descriptions of supernatural events such as interactions with the Devil and various miracles performed by the saint such as the casting out of demons, the healing of a paralytic and the raising of the dead . Other miracle stories described are: turning back the flames from a house while Martin was burning down the Roman temple it adjoined; deflecting
375-564: A panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete , such as those extant in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and elsewhere in the world. Large housing estates of concrete panel buildings (paneláks) now dominate the streets of Prague , Bratislava and other towns. The largest housing estate in Central Europe and Slovakia can be found in Petržalka (population about 130,000),
500-714: A beggar clad only in rags in the depth of winter. His shrine in Tours became a famous stopping-point for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. His cult was revived in French nationalism during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1, and as a consequence he was seen as a patron saint of France during the French Third Republic . Sulpicius Severus , a contemporary Christian writer, who knew Martin personally wrote
625-507: A bus service (route 3) was introduced from Grimsby town centre to Nunsthorpe in 1928. In later years this service was extended to Cleethorpes . Also in 1928 the greater part of Scartho was absorbed by Grimsby, which brought the whole of the present Nunsthorpe area under the control of Grimsby council. At the same time part of Bradley parish was acquired on which the Bradley Park Estate would eventually be built. Nunsthorpe's population
750-492: A centre for the evangelisation of the country districts around Poitiers, and later developed into Ligugé Abbey , belonging to the Order of St. Benedict and claiming to be the oldest monastery known in western Europe. In 371, Martin succeeded Litorius, the second bishop of Tours . He impressed the city with his demeanour. He was enticed to Tours from Ligugé by a ruse — he was urged to come to minister to someone sick — and
875-590: A cessation of the persecution of Priscillian's followers in Spain. Deeply grieved, Martin refused to communicate with Ithacius, until pressured by the Emperor. Martin died in Candes-Saint-Martin , Gaul (central France) in 397. After he died, local citizens of the Poitou region and residents of Tours quarreled over where Martin would be buried. One evening after dark, several residents of Tours carried Martin's body to
1000-789: A cluster of high-rise buildings, often with its own shopping centre or market in the case of larger developments. Mei Foo Sun Chuen , built by Mobil , is the earliest (1965) and largest (99 blocks) example of its kind. Since the mid-1990s, private developers have been incorporating leisure facilities including clubhouse facilities, namely swimming pools, tennis courts and function rooms in their more up-market developments. The most recent examples would also have cinemas, dance studios, cigar-rooms. Uniform high-rise developments may form 'wall effect ( Chinese : 屏風效應 )', adversely affecting air circulation, causing some controversy. In-fill developments will tend to be done by smaller developers with less capital. These will be smaller in scale, and less prone to
1125-520: A district of Humberside County Council , divided the area into four neighbourhoods. Because of its size New Nunsthorpe was split into two neighbourhoods – Nunsthorpe Central and Nunsthorpe West, while Old Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park formed the remaining two. Each area had a steering committee . At that time discussions were taking place on the possibility of setting up a tenant management organisation in each neighbourhood. Independent housing consultants, Priority Estates Project, were brought in to canvass
1250-410: A man dressed as St. Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession. The children sing songs about St. Martin and about their lanterns. The food traditionally eaten on the day is goose , a rich bird. According to legend, Martin was reluctant to become bishop, which is why he hid in a stable filled with geese. The noise made by the geese betrayed his location to the people who were looking for him. In
1375-514: A means of producing public housing leading to monotenure estates full of council houses often known as "council estates". The latter can refer to higher end tract housing for the middle class and even upper middle class . The problems incurred by the early attempts at high density tower-block housing turned people away from this style of living. The resulting demand for land has seen many towns and cities increase in size for relatively moderate increases in population. This has been largely at
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#17328849142261500-530: A national pilgrimage to Tours that attracted people from all of France. The devotion to St. Martin was amplified in the dioceses of France, where special prayers were offered to the patron saint. When the armistice was signed on Saint Martin's Day, 11 November 1918, the French people saw it was a sign of his intercession in the affairs of France. He is the patron saint of beggars (because of his sharing his cloak), wool-weavers and tailors (also because of his cloak), he
1625-561: A part of the Slovak capital of Bratislava. In Britain and Ireland , housing estates have become prevalent since the Second World War , as a more affluent population demanded larger and more widely spaced houses coupled with the increase of car usage for which terraced streets were unsuitable. Housing estates were produced by either local authorities (more recently, housing associations ) or by private developers. The former tended to be
1750-617: A popular ritual, even in Protestant areas of Germany and the Netherlands, although most Protestant churches no longer officially recognize Saints . In Portugal , where the saint's day is celebrated across the country, it is common for families and friends to gather around the fire in reunions called magustos , where they typically eat roasted chestnuts and drink wine , jeropiga (a drink made of grape must and aguardente ) and aguapé (a sort of weak and watered-down wine). According to
1875-494: A programme of investment in the transferred properties over a period of ten years and is currently in the process of implementing this programme. Planned home improvements include, where necessary, modern kitchens, bathrooms, central heating, decent roofs, security doors and windows, as well as smoke alarms. However, there are still parts of Nunsthorpe where it is difficult to attract tenants and houses remain boarded up. The Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Residents and Tenants Association
2000-412: A sign of divine retribution on the irreligious emperor. Priests interpreted it as punishment for a nation led astray due to years of anti-clericalism . They preached repentance and a return to religion for political stability. The ruined towers of the old royal basilica of St. Martin at Tours came to symbolize the decline of traditional Catholic France. With the government's relocation to Tours during
2125-462: A tract of land by one builder and controlled by one management." In the United Kingdom , the term is quite broad and can include anything from high-rise government-subsidised housing right through to more upmarket, developer-led suburban tract housing . Such estates are usually designed to minimise through-traffic flows and provide recreational space in the form of parks and greens. The use of
2250-405: A waiting boat on the river Loire , where teams of rowers ferried his body on the river to Tours, where a huge throng of people waited on the river banks to meet and pay their last respects to Martin's body. One chronicle states that "2,000 monks, and nearly as many white-robed virgins, walked in the procession" accompanying the body from the river to a small grove just west of the city, where Martin
2375-644: A wedge between the Church and the Republic. By 1905, the influence of Rene Waldeck-Rousseau and Emile Combes , combined with deteriorating relations with the Vatican , led to the separation of church and state. St. Martin's popularity was renewed during the First World War. Anticlericalism declined, and priests served in the French forces as chaplains. More than 5,000 of them died in the war. In 1916, Assumptionists organized
2500-476: Is also the patron saint of the US Army Quartermaster Corps (also because of sharing his cloak), geese (some say because they gave his hiding place away when he tried to avoid being chosen as bishop, others because their migration coincides with his feast), vintners and innkeepers (because his feast falls just after the late grape harvest), and France. He was proclaimed patron of Italian volunteering by
2625-413: Is first attested to in the royal treasury in 679, when it was conserved at the palatium of Luzarches , a royal villa that was later ceded to the monks of Saint-Denis by Charlemagne , in 798/99. The priest who cared for the cloak in its reliquary was called a cappellanu , and ultimately all priests who served the military were called cappellani . The French translation is chapelains , from which
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#17328849142262750-603: Is known as Old Nunsthorpe while the post-war development is called New Nunsthorpe. To the west lies the Bradley Park Estate which contains around 430 dwellings, also mostly LHP properties. The combined population of Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park is approximately 8,000. To the north, on the other side of Laceby Road, is the Grange Estate and on the eastern boundary, in Scartho Road, was Grimsby Swimming Pool, which closed and
2875-490: Is often that of a goose, whose annual migration is about late autumn. By the early 9th century, respect for Saint Martin was well-established in Ireland. His monastery at Marmoûtiers became the training ground for many Celtic missions and missionaries. Some believe that St. Patrick was his nephew and that Patrick was one of many Celtic notables who lived for a time at Marmoûtiers. St. Ninian definitely studied at Marmoûtiers and
3000-493: The Episcopal Church on 11 November . In 1860 excavations by Leo Dupont (1797–1876) established the dimensions of the former abbey and recovered some fragments of architecture. The tomb of St. Martin was rediscovered on 14 December 1860, which aided in the nineteenth-century revival of the popular devotion to St. Martin. After the radical Paris Commune of 1871, there was a resurgence of conservative Catholic piety, and
3125-617: The Franco-Prussian War , 1870, numerous pilgrims were attracted to St. Martin's tomb. It was covered by a temporary chapel built by archbishop Guibert . The popular devotion to St. Martin was also associated with the nationalistic devotion to the Sacred Heart . The flag of Sacre-Coeur, borne by Ultramontane Catholic Pontifical Zouaves who fought at Patay, had been placed overnight in St. Martin's tomb before being taken into battle on 9 October 1870. The banner read "Heart of Jesus Save France" and on
3250-588: The Middle Ages , above all in the region between the Loire and the Marne , where Le Roy Ladurie and Zysberg noted the densest accretion of place names commemorating Martin. Venantius Fortunatus had earlier declared, "Wherever Christ is known, Martin is honored." When Bishop Perpetuus took office at Tours in 461, the little chapel over Martin's grave, built in the previous century by Martin's immediate successor, Bricius ,
3375-576: The Salian Franks , one of many warring tribes in sixth-century France, promised his Christian wife Clotilda that he would be baptised if he was victorious over the Alemanni . He credited the intervention of St Martin with his success, and with several following triumphs, including the defeat of Alaric II . The popular devotion to St Martin continued to be closely identified with the Merovingian monarchy: in
3500-625: The United States and the United Kingdom , they often consist of single family detached , semi-detached ("duplex") or terraced homes, with separate ownership of each dwelling unit . Building density depends on local planning norms. In major Asian cities, such as Hong Kong , Kuala Lumpur , Shanghai , Shenzhen , Singapore , Seoul , Taipei , and Tokyo , an estate may range from detached houses to high-density tower blocks with or without commercial facilities; in Europe and America, these may take
3625-412: The communist era because the construction of large housing estates was an important part of building plans in communist countries in Europe. They can be located in suburban and urban areas . Accordingly, a housing estate is usually built by a single contractor, with only a few styles of house or building design, so they tend to be uniform in appearance. A housing development is "often erected on
3750-421: The 1870s, the procession to St. Martin's tomb at Tours became a display of ecclesiastical and military cooperation. Army officers in full uniform acted as military escorts, symbolically protecting the clergy and clearing the path for them. Anti-clerics viewed the staging of public religious processions as a violation of civic space. In 1878, M. Rivière, the provisional mayor of Tours, with anticlerical support banned
3875-563: The Action Group staged local productions of Abbamania and Dancemania at the Grimsby Auditorium , both involving local children from North East Lincolnshire. Housing estate A housing estate (or sometimes housing complex , housing development , subdivision or community ) is a group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development. The exact form may vary from country to country. Popular throughout
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4000-656: The Alps, and from Milan went over to Pannonia. There he converted his mother and some other persons; his father he could not win over. While in Illyricum he took sides against the Arians with so much zeal that he was publicly whipped and forced to leave. Returning from Illyria , he was confronted by Auxentius , the Arian Archbishop of Milan , who expelled him from the city. According to the early sources, Martin decided to seek shelter on
4125-644: The Bradley Recreation Ground. This land had once been part of Bradley parish. Some place names in Bradley Park, such as Bremerhaven Way, reflect Grimsby's links with its twin town, although Wymark View was named after the actor who was born in nearby Cleethorpes. Dolby Vale took its name from Sidney Vere Dolby, a long-serving radiologist at Grimsby General Hospital. The development also included Crosby School (now called Woodlands). In 1992, for purposes of resident consultation, Grimsby borough council, then
4250-542: The Empire. Martin's biographer, Sulpicius Severus , provided no dates in his chronology, so although he indicated that Martin served in the military "for nearly two years after his baptism," it is difficult for the historian to pin down the exact date of Martin's exit from military service. Still, historian Andre Mertens has provided this guidance: "He [Martin] served under the Roman emperor Constantine II (ruled 337-61) and afterwards under Julian (ruled 355-60)." Regardless of
4375-456: The English word chaplain is derived. A similar linguistic development took place for the term referring to the small temporary churches built for the relic. People called them a "capella", the word for a little cloak. Eventually, such small churches lost their association with the cloak, and all small churches began to be referred to as "chapels". The veneration of Martin was widely popular in
4500-472: The Grange Estate, is composed of residents and representatives from various agencies, working to improve conditions on the estates. Membership of the partnership is open to all residents of the ward aged 16 and over. Non-residents with an interest in the area may attend meetings without voting rights. It meets at various venues within the ward area. The Hands Together Youth Group, based on the estate, put together shoe boxes full of essential items and sent them to
4625-548: The Imperial court of Trier to remove them from the secular jurisdiction of the emperor. With Ambrose, Martin rejected Bishop Ithacius's principle of putting heretics to death—as well as the intrusion of the emperor into such matters. He prevailed upon the emperor to spare the life of the heretic Priscillian. At first, Maximus acceded to his entreaty, but, when Martin had departed, yielded to Ithacius and ordered Priscillian and his followers to be beheaded (in 385). Martin then pleaded for
4750-510: The Italian bishops in the spring of 2021. Beyond his patronage of the French Third Republic , Saint Martin more recently has also been described in terms of "a spiritual bridge across Europe" due to his "international" background, being a native of Pannonia who spent his adult life in Gaul . Martin is most generally portrayed on horseback dividing his cloak with the beggar. His emblem in English art
4875-535: The November procession in honor of St. Martin. President Patrice de Mac-Mahon was succeeded by the Republican Jules Grévy , who created a new national anticlerical offensive. Bishop Louis-Édouard-François-Desiré Pie of Poitiers united conservatives and devised a massive demonstration for the November 1879 procession. Pie's ultimate hope was that St Martin would stop the "chariot" of modern society, and lead to
5000-572: The Nunsthorpe Central Association, established the short-lived Nunsthorpe South Association. In 2004 tenants in North East Lincolnshire were balloted on whether the council housing stock should be transferred to a housing association. Transfer would release money that was unavailable to the council for improvements to properties. After a "yes" vote the remaining council houses on the two estates (around 1,600), together with
5125-589: The Scartho Road Institution (now part of the Diana, Princess of Wales Hospital ) to what is the present-day rear gate of the hospital grounds at the end of Second Avenue, next to the resource centre. From there it continued westward through fields that would eventually become part of the New Nunsthorpe council housing development. It ran south of what is now Redbourne Road, crossed Winchester Avenue, ran to
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5250-473: The United States include tract housing , apartment complexes , and public housing . Saint Martin of Tours The contemporary hagiographer Sulpicius Severus wrote a Life of St. Martin . Some of the accounts of his travels may have been interpolated into this book to validate early sites of his cult . He is best known for the account of his using his sword to cut his cloak in two, to give half to
5375-577: The age of 10 he attended the Christian church against the wishes of his parents and became a catechumen . Christianity had been made a legal religion (in 313) in the Roman Empire . It had many more adherents in the Eastern Empire, whence it had sprung, and was concentrated in cities, brought along the trade routes by converted Jews and Greeks (the term 'pagan' literally means 'country-dweller'). Christianity
5500-558: The age of 18 (around 334 or 354), he was stationed at Ambianensium civitas or Samarobriva in Gaul (now Amiens , France). It is likely that he joined the Equites catafractarii Ambianenses , a heavy cavalry unit listed in the Notitia Dignitatum . As the unit was stationed at Milan and is also recorded at Trier , it is likely to have been part of the elite cavalry bodyguard of the Emperor, which accompanied him on his travels around
5625-470: The authority of the former now, telling him, "I am the soldier of Christ: it is not lawful for me to fight." He was charged with cowardice and jailed, but in response to the charge, he volunteered to go unarmed to the front of the troops. His superiors planned to take him up on the offer, but before they could, the invaders sued for peace, the battle never occurred, and Martin was released from military service. Martin declared his vocation, and made his way to
5750-612: The branch library in Wootton Road was established. In 1963 the Viking Superstore, which had been converted from three smaller shops into one self-service supermarket, was opened in Second Avenue. Coronation Street stars Pat Phoenix and Philip Lowrie addressed an estimated crowd of 5,000 people in the open air before the official opening During the late 1970s the Bradley Park Estate was built on land between Stainton Drive and
5875-429: The centre relocated and reopened under a new name: Centre4. Centre4 is the largest community organisation in North East Lincolnshire, with over 1,100 people visiting each week. It is described as a 'vibrant community hub' and its management board includes residents of the estate. The centre's services include social prescribing support via its inhouse health and wellbeing team, a specialist advice team who help residents of
6000-544: The centre's ceiling, repairs to the heating system and the installation of safety glass in the doors and windows. In 2012 the centre was the scene of a disturbance involving local youths. Nunsthorpe Together was composed of representatives from the church, police and North East Lincolnshire Council. In 2008 it took over control of the Respect Funhouse from the Saint Martins Action Group . During its existence
6125-520: The children of Romania for Christmas 2010. In 2011 they decided to do something for the men and women serving in the armed forces. They handed over 20 shoeboxes full of items such as toothpaste, shampoo and aftershave, to the Pink Berets fundraising group, for the troops in Afghanistan . In 2011 a street party was held on the estate to celebrate the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton . At
6250-456: The church decided to build a basilica to St. Martin. They selected Victor Laloux as architect. He eschewed Gothic for a mix of Romanesque and Byzantine, sometimes defined as neo-Byzantine. The new Basilique Saint-Martin was erected on a portion of its former site, which was purchased from the owners. Started in 1886, the church was consecrated 4 July 1925. Martin's renewed popularity in France
6375-486: The church in great numbers. As Martin was a man's saint, the devotion to him was an exception to this trend. For men serving in the military, Martin of Tours was presented by the Catholic Right as the masculine model of principled behavior. He was a brave fighter, knew his obligation to the poor, shared his goods, performed his required military service, followed legitimate orders, and respected secular authority. During
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#17328849142266500-586: The city of Caesarodunum (now Tours ), where he became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers ' Christian orthodoxy. He opposed the Arianism of the Imperial Court. When Hilary was forced into exile from Pictavium (now Poitiers ), Martin returned to Italy. According to Sulpicius, he converted an Alpine brigand on the way, and confronted the Devil himself. Having heard in a dream a summons to revisit his home, Martin crossed
6625-465: The city of Amiens, he met a scantily clad beggar. He impulsively cut his military cloak in half to share with the man. That night, Martin dreamed of Jesus wearing the half of the cloak he had given away. He heard Jesus say to some of the angels, "Martin, who is still but a catechumen , clothed me with this robe." ( Sulpicius, ch 2 ). In another version, when Martin woke, he found his cloak restored to wholeness. The dream confirmed Martin in his piety, and he
6750-541: The college, first as a cleaner and later as a social area supervisor. The estate's residents put their own mark on the 2012 Olympic celebrations. Local schoolchildren designed a paper version of the Olympic Torch , which was carried through the estate, culminating in a ceremony at Nunsthorpe Community School. ITV screened a programme in its Exposure series. A TV crew rented a house in Nunsthorpe for three months and spent
6875-531: The context in which the Life of St Martin was brought from Gaul to Ireland at an early date, and could explain how Columbanus was familiar with it before he ever left Ireland. Founded by Martin of Tours in 360, Ligugé Abbey is one of the earliest monastic foundations in France. The reputation of the founder attracted a large number of disciples to the new monastery; the disciples initially living in locaciacum or small huts, this name later evolved to Ligugé. Its reputation
7000-423: The copying of manuscripts by monastic scribes ) developed Caroline minuscule , the clear round hand that made manuscripts far more legible. In later times the abbey was destroyed by fire on several occasions and ransacked by Norman Vikings in 853 and in 903. It burned again in 994, and was rebuilt by Hervé de Buzançais, treasurer of Saint Martin, an effort that took 20 years to complete. Expanded to accommodate
7125-407: The creation of a France where the religious and secular sectors merged. The struggle between the two men was reflective of that between conservatives and anti-clerics over the church's power in the army. From 1874, military chaplains were allowed in the army in times of peace, but anti-clerics viewed the chaplains as sinister monarchists and counter-revolutionaries. Conservatives responded by creating
7250-597: The crowds of pilgrims and to attract them, the shrine of St. Martin of Tours became a major stopping-point on pilgrimages . In 1453 the remains of Saint Martin were transferred to a magnificent new reliquary donated by Charles VII of France and Agnes Sorel . During the French Wars of Religion , the basilica was sacked by the Protestant Huguenots in 1562. It was disestablished during the French Revolution . It
7375-610: The delegates elected from 13 areas (later reduced to six), ward councillors and council officers also attended meetings of the main committee and sub-committees. The forum was dissolved in 2004. The forum had three sub-committees, one being the Economic, Social and Cultural Development sub-committee (ESCD). Another sub-committee dealt with council tenant issues only, while the third concerned itself with wider estate action improvements, which affected tenants and homeowners. As circumstances changed, these sub-committees were gradually merged with
7500-478: The destruction of pagan temples, altars and sculptures: [W]hen in a certain village he had demolished a very ancient temple, and had set about cutting down a pine-tree, which stood close to the temple, the chief priest of that place, and a crowd of other heathens began to oppose him; and these people, though, under the influence of the Lord, they had been quiet while the temple was being overthrown, could not patiently allow
7625-440: The different housing types will have their distinctive characteristics, density ranges, number of units, and floors. Due to dense population and government control of land use, Hong Kong 's most common residential housing form is the highrise housing estate, which may be publicly owned, privately owned, or semi-private. Due to the real-estate developers oligopoly (sometimes called real estate hegemony, Chinese : 地產霸權 ) in
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#17328849142267750-448: The difficulties in chronology, Sulpicius reports that just before a battle in the Gallic provinces at Borbetomagus (now Worms, Germany) , Martin determined that his switch of allegiance to a new commanding officer (away from antichristian Julian and to Christ), along with reluctance to receive Julian's pay just as Martin was retiring, prohibited his taking the money and continuing to submit to
7875-581: The early seventh century Dagobert I commissioned the goldsmith Saint Eligius to make a work in gold and gems for the tomb-shrine. The bishop Gregory of Tours wrote and distributed an influential Life filled with miraculous events of St. Martin's career. Martin's cultus survived the passage of power to the Merovingians' successors, the Carolingian dynasty. Martin is honored in the Church of England and in
8000-473: The eastern part of the Belgian province of East Flanders (Aalst) and the western part of West Flanders ( Ypres ), traditionally children receive presents from St. Martin on November 11, instead of from Saint Nicholas on December 6 or Santa Claus on December 25. They also have lantern processions, for which children make lanterns out of beets . In recent years, the lantern processions have become widespread as
8125-453: The entire borough over the phone and in-person, and a not-for-profit employment arm: Ethical Recruitment Agency (ERA). It also hosts dozens of other charities and community organisations, such as Climb4, Creating Positive Opportunity and the local branches of Alzheimers Society and the Red Cross. It is located adjacent to Nunnys Farm, a community farm and charity open to the general public. Inside
8250-538: The environmental campaign group Keep Britain Tidy . A quality mark was awarded after an independent assessment of improvement work undertaken on the estate by Shoreline and partners, Humberside Police and North East Lincolnshire Council, with the assistance of residents. Although built in the 20th century, Nunsthorpe takes its name from the nuns who once inhabited the priory of Saint Leonard . This stood at modern day Nuns Corner, where Scartho Road joins Laceby Road. "Thorpe"
8375-464: The established faith of "patriotic Republicanism". St. Martin has long been associated with France's royal heritage. Monsignor René François Renou (Archbishop of Tours, 1896–1913) worked to associate St. Martin as a specifically "republican" patron. Renou had served as a chaplain to the 88 Régiment des mobils d'Indre-et-Loire during the Franco-Prussian war and was known as the "army bishop". Renou
8500-591: The estate, mostly former council properties now owned by the Lincolnshire Housing Partnership. There is a small area belonging to the Havelok/Northern Counties housing associations and a small area of private sector housing. There are a number of privately owned former council houses purchased under the Right to Buy scheme . The pre-Second World War development in the eastern part of the estate
8625-419: The estate. It joined the campaign to restore the Nunsthorpe Recreation Ground following damage by vandals. Working with the Saint Martins Action Group (later Nunsthorpe Together) Nunsthorpe TARA provided a float for the 2006 Cleethorpes Carnival. During its existence the organisation arranged various outdoor activities for local children. It disbanded in 2013. The Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Community Partnership
8750-412: The estates. They may vary in scale, and are usually located in the remote or less accessible parts of the territory, but urban expansion has put some of them in the heart of the urban area. Although some units are destined exclusively for rental, some of the flats within each development are earmarked for sale at prices that are lower than for private developments. Private housing estates usually feature
8875-399: The event, held in Redbourne Road, youngsters became princes and princesses for a day. Dressed in costumes made by event organiser Mary Stuart, children from the estate recreated the royal wedding ceremony. Nunsthorpe resident, Doreen White, was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to education while working at Franklin College . She had dedicated her working life to
9000-471: The expense of rural and greenfield land . Recently, there has been some effort to address this problem by banning the development of out-of-town commercial developments and encouraging the reuse of brownfield or previously developed sites for residential building. Nevertheless, the demand for housing continues to rise, and in the UK at least has precipitated a significant housing crisis. Forms of housing estates in
9125-579: The feast day, people ate and drank very heartily for a last time before they started to fast. This fasting time was later called " Advent " by the Church and was considered a time for spiritual preparation for Christmas. On St. Martin's Day, children in Flanders , the southern and northern parts of the Netherlands , and the Catholic areas of Germany and Austria participate in paper lantern processions. Often,
9250-490: The form of town housing, high-rise housing projects, or the older-style rows of terraced houses associated with the Industrial Revolution , detached or semi-detached houses with small plots of land around them forming gardens, and are frequently without commercial facilities and such. In Central and Eastern Europe , living in housing estates is a common way of living. Most of these housing estates originated during
9375-643: The forum. These associations had replaced the steering committees for their respective neighbourhoods. They were also closely involved with the establishment of the resource centre. Previously operating from members' homes, when the centre opened in 1995 the associations were able to establish permanent headquarters there. Attempts to set up resident associations in Old Nunsthorpe and Nunsthorpe West were unsuccessful; however, from 1996 Old Nunsthorpe and Nunsthorpe Central residents began holding joint meetings. A Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Youth Association (now defunct)
9500-534: The gift of bishop Euphronius of Autun (472–475), rendered it visible to the faithful gathered behind the high altar. Werner Jacobsen suggests it may also have been visible to pilgrims encamped in the atrium of the basilica. Contrary to the usual arrangement, the atrium was situated behind the church, close to the tomb in the apse , which may have been visible through a fenestrella in the apse wall. St. Martin's popularity can be partially attributed to his adoption by successive royal houses of France. Clovis , King of
9625-466: The incident the Roman poet Horace recalls in several Odes of his own narrow escape from a falling tree. The churches of other parts of Gaul and in Spain were being disturbed by the Priscillianists, an ascetic sect, named after its leader, Priscillian . The First Council of Saragossa had forbidden several of Priscillian's practices (albeit without mentioning Priscillian by name), but Priscillian
9750-411: The influence of his episcopate from Touraine to such distant points as Chartres, Paris, Autun, and Vienne. In one instance, the pagans agreed to fell their sacred pine tree, if Martin would stand directly in its path. He did so, and it miraculously missed him. Sulpicius, a classically educated aristocrat, related this anecdote with dramatic details, as a set piece. Sulpicius could not have failed to know
9875-463: The installation of traffic calming measures. All the prefabs of aluminium construction were renovated and are still in use. However, most of the prefabs containing asbestos were demolished between 1994 and 1997. Of the original 181 such prefabs only three owner-occupied ones now remain. Local housing association , Havelok and the Northern Counties housing association, were allocated part of
10000-455: The island then called Gallinaria, now Isola d'Albenga , in the Ligurian Sea , where he lived the solitary life of a hermit. Not entirely alone, since the chronicles indicate that he would have been in the company of a priest, a man of great virtues , and for a period with Hilary of Poitiers , on this island, where the wild hens lived. Martin lived on a diet of herbs and wild roots . With
10125-516: The local council at a nominal rent. Resident volunteers helped to clean and decorate the building, transforming it into the new Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Resource Centre. The project was funded initially from the Single Regeneration Budget, although the aim was for the centre eventually to become self-financing. Two residents associations , Bradley Park and Nunsthorpe Central, which existed between 1993 and 1999, sent voting delegates to
10250-528: The main committee. Representatives from local churches, schools, the police and other bodies were invited to attend ESCD meetings as observers. Along with various local agencies, the ESCD had delegates on the project team charged with establishing a resource centre on the estate. When the Sutcliffe Special School moved to a new site at Humberston , the empty building in Second Avenue was acquired from
10375-516: The mid-7th century contains the text of a mass for St Martin. In the Life of Columba , Adamnan mentions in passing that St Martin was commemorated during Mass at Iona . In his Ireland and Her Neighbours in the Seventh Century , Michael Richter attributes this to the mission of Palladius seen within the wider context of the mission of Germanus of Auxerre to Britain around 429. Thus, this could be
10500-423: The most widespread variation of the cloak story, Saint Martin cut off half of his cloak in order to offer it to a beggar and along the way, he gave the remaining part to a second beggar. As he faced a long ride in a freezing weather, the dark clouds cleared away and the sun shone so intensely that the frost melted away. Such weather was rare for early November, so was credited to God's intervention. The phenomenon of
10625-416: The north of Kirkstead Crescent, along Scawby Road until it reached Stainton Drive. The amalgamation made this boundary obsolete. In this post-Second World War New Nunsthorpe development the streets were mostly named after Lincolnshire villages, with the exception of Winchester Avenue and a few streets in an area of private housing, which were named after historic English towns. The development included
10750-557: The path of a felled sacred pine ; the healing power of a letter written by Martin. Martin was born in AD 316 or 336 in Savaria in the Diocese of Pannonia (now Szombathely, Hungary). His father was a senior officer ( tribune ) in the Roman military. His father was then allowed veteran status and was given land on which to retire at Ticinum (now Pavia ), in northern Italy, where Martin grew up. At
10875-677: The prosperous face of Pakistan. Gated communities in Pakistan are targeted towards upper middle class and upper class, and are mostly immune from problems of law enforcement. Forms of housing estates may vary in the Czech Republic and Slovakia . During the communist era of Czechoslovakia , a construction of large housing estates ( Czech : sídliště , Slovak : sídlisko ) was an important part of building plans. The government wanted to provide large quantities of fast and affordable housing and to slash costs by employing uniform designs over
11000-419: The resource centre newsletter, Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Matters, which had been regularly distributed to houses in the area since 1995. The magazine relied on funding and this eventually came to an end. The last edition appeared in 2008. The Second Avenue Resource Centre (formerly the Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Resource Centre) opened in 1995 to provide services and support to the estate's residents. In 2014,
11125-519: The rest of the authority's housing stock, were transferred to the new locally based Shoreline Housing Partnership in March 2005. Shoreline tenants on the estates sent two delegates to the Boroughwide Tenant Assembly. One delegate represented Nunsthorpe East and Nunsthorpe Central while the other represented Nunsthorpe West and Bradley Park. The Assembly was later disbanded. Shoreline undertook
11250-407: The return of Hilary to his see in 361, Martin joined him and established a hermitage at what is now the town of Ligugé south of Poitiers , and soon attracted converts and followers. The crypt under the parish church (not the current Abbey Chapel) reveals traces of a Roman villa, probably part of the bath complex, which had been abandoned before Martin established himself there. The monastery became
11375-626: The returning servicemen. House building was started by Grimsby County Borough Council in 1920, on land bought from Lord Yarborough. Originally called the Laceby Road Site until 1923 the new Nunsthorpe housing estate, with its modern conveniences and large gardens was, as previously mentioned, also known as Garden City. Most of the streets in this early development, built during the 1920s and 1930s, were named after notable people – Burns , Byron , Kingsley , Leighton , Newton , Walton groves; Milton Road and Shelley Avenue. Dame Kendal Grove
11500-558: The reverse side Carmelite nuns of Tours embroidered "Saint Martin Protect France". As the French army was victorious in Patay, many among the faithful took the victory to be the result of divine favor. Popular hymns of the 1870s developed the theme of national protection under the cover of Martin's cloak, the "first flag of France". During the nineteenth-century Frenchmen, influenced by secularism, agnosticism, and anti-clericalism , deserted
11625-609: The senior children had been transferred to a new school in Chelmsford Avenue. During the late 1920s a maternity hospital was established in Second Avenue using converted council houses. This was incorporated into a new building which opened in 1933. In 1943 a number of people were killed and houses were damaged when butterfly bombs were dropped on the estate during a German air raid on Grimsby. The absorption of Scartho into Grimsby made available more land for house building. The pre-1928 boundary between Grimsby and Scartho ran past
11750-402: The short-lived Legion de Saint Maurice in 1878 and the society, Notre Dame de Soldats, to provide unpaid voluntary chaplains with financial support. The legislature passed the anticlerical Duvaux Bill of 1880, which reduced the number of chaplains in the French army. Anticlerical legislators wanted commanders, not chaplains, to provide troops with moral support and to supervise their formation in
11875-525: The single-storey prefabricated buildings (prefabs), which were built in 1946 to help alleviate the housing shortage. In 1947 a large wooden hut was purchased and erected in Burwell Drive. This became the estate's earliest community centre , opened in 1949, at the same time the Nunsthorpe's first community association was formed. In 1951 saw the Nunsthorpe Nursery School opened, and in 1952
12000-586: The summer of 2012 filming the positive and negative aspects of life on the estate Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Community Association is based at a purpose-built community centre in Wootton Road. Activities include bingo and auctions . The centre was opened in 1985 by local snooker celebrity Ray Edmonds . In 2007 the association received £14,320 from the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund and Millennium Inorganic Chemicals. The money paid for alterations to
12125-496: The term may have arisen from an area of housing being built on what had been a country estate as towns and cities expanded in and after the 19th century. It was in use by 1901. Reduction of the phrase to mere "estate" is common in the United Kingdom and Ireland (especially when preceded by the specific estate name), but not in the United States. There are several different housing types utilized by housing developers. Each of
12250-416: The territory, and the economies of scale of mass developments, there is the tendency of new private tower block developments with 10 to over 100 towers, ranging from 30 to 70 stories high. Public housing provides affordable homes for those on low incomes, with rents which are heavily subsidised , financed by financial activities such as rents and charges collected from car parks and shops within or near
12375-511: The tree to be cut down. Sulpicius writes that Martin withdrew from the city to live in Marmoutier ( Majus Monasterium ), a rural monastery which he founded a short distance upstream from Tours on the opposite shore of the river Loire . Martin introduced a rudimentary parish system in his diocese. Once a year, the bishop visited each of his parishes, traveling on foot, or by donkey or boat. He continued to set up monastic communities, and extended
12500-542: The vacant prefab land for the construction of properties. Some of the land remained empty, part of it forming the open grassed area situated between Burwell Drive and Winchester Avenue. The Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Consultative Forum, established in 1992 to co-ordinate the neighbourhood steering groups, was reorganised and became directly elected by a postal ballot of residents at two yearly periods. The reconstituted forum held its inaugural meeting in 1995, with annual general meetings being held thereafter. In addition to
12625-464: The venue, there is also the Community Cafe and Community Shop, which sell discounted meals and groceries respectively. On 18 May 2024, the centre reopened its ground floor welcome zone with a new coffee bar, alongside modernised decor, a public living room, contemporary furniture and soundproof booths for confidential conversations. South Ward Partnership, which includes Nunsthorpe, Bradley Park and
12750-541: The views of residents but nothing developed from this idea. In 1994 the Department for the Environment approved multimillion-pound funding for Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park. This Estate Action scheme allowed for internal improvements to council houses and general improvements, such as better street lighting , the provision of off-road parking facilities and dropped kerbs for the convenience of wheelchair users. It also included
12875-676: The wall effect. Given the security situation and power shortages in South Asia, 'gated communities' with self-generated energy and modern amenities (24-hour armed security, schools, hospitals, a fire department, retail shopping, restaurants and entertainment centres ) such as Bahria Town and DHA have been developed in all major Pakistani cities. Bahria Town is the largest private housing society in Asia . Bahria has been featured by international magazines and news agencies such as GlobalPost , Newsweek , Los Angeles Times and Emirates 24/7 , referred to as
13000-504: The whole country. They also sought to foster a "collectivist nature" in people. People living in these housing estates can either usually own their apartments or rent them, usually through a private landlord. There's usually a mix of social classes in these housing estates. Most buildings in Czech and Slovak housing estates are so called " paneláks ", a colloquial term in Czech and Slovak for
13125-572: Was a strong supporter of St. Martin and believed that the national destiny of France and all its victories were attributed to him. He linked the military to the cloak of St. Martin, which was the "first flag of France" to the French tricolor, "the symbol of the union of the old and new." This flag symbolism connected the devotion to St. Martin with the Third Republic. But, the tensions of the Dreyfus Affair renewed anti-clericalism in France and drove
13250-411: Was an old word for hamlet or village. The priory was dissolved by Henry VIII in 1539. In later years the land was occupied by Nuns Farm, until its demolition in 1935. In 1944 Grimsby College, now called The Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education , acquired the site. Situated at the southern edge of Grimsby (before the boundary extensions), for centuries the land where Nunsthorpe now stands
13375-560: Was an umbrella group that included the Nunsthorpe Community Centre, Nunsthorpe TARA, the Respect Funhouse and the Second Avenue Resource Centre. It entered three floats in the 2009 Cleethorpes Carnival, coming second in one section and joint first in another section. In 2003 a quarterly magazine called Livewire was introduced. Livewire gave news and views from around Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park. It incorporated
13500-506: Was baptised at the age of 18. The part kept by himself became the famous relic preserved in the oratory of the Merovingian kings of the Franks at the Marmoutier Abbey near Tours . During the Middle Ages , the supposed relic of St. Martin's miraculous cloak ( cappa Sancti Martini ) was carried by the king even into battle, and used as a holy relic upon which oaths were sworn. The cloak
13625-466: Was brought to the church, where he reluctantly allowed himself to be consecrated bishop. According to one version, he was so unwilling to be made bishop that he hid in a barn full of geese, but their cackling at his intrusion gave him away to the crowd; that may account for complaints by a few that his appearance was too disheveled to be commensurate with a bishopric, but the critics were hugely outnumbered. As bishop, Martin set to enthusiastically ordering
13750-525: Was buried and where his shrine was established. The shrine chapel at Tours developed into one of the most prominent and influential establishments in medieval France. Charlemagne awarded the position of Abbot to his friend and adviser Alcuin . At this time the abbot could travel between Tours and the court at Trier in Germany and always stay overnight at one of his own properties. It was at Tours that Alcuin's scriptorium (a room in monasteries devoted to
13875-450: Was deconsecrated, used as a stable, then utterly demolished. Its dressed stones were sold in 1802 after two streets were built across the site, to ensure the abbey would not be reconstructed. While Martin was a soldier in the Roman army and stationed in Gaul (modern-day France), he experienced a vision, which became the most-repeated story about his life. One day as he was approaching the gates of
14000-400: Was elected bishop of Avila shortly thereafter. Ithacius of Ossonoba appealed to the emperor Gratian , who issued a rescript against Priscillian and his followers. After failing to obtain the support of Ambrose of Milan and Pope Damasus I , Priscillian appealed to Magnus Maximus , who had usurped the throne from Gratian. Although greatly opposed to the Priscillianists, Martin traveled to
14125-418: Was established in 1996, supervised by the two adult associations. National Lottery funding enabled this organisation to employ a full-time youth worker based at the resource centre. During 1997, disillusionment among some residents on Bradley Park led to the brief formation of a second association there, in opposition to the existing resident group. Also in that year, some people, who were dissatisfied with
14250-504: Was established in 2005, later changing its name to the Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Community Trust. It opened a charity shop in Second Avenue, provided by the neighbouring Co-op shop at a nominal rent and staffed by volunteers from the estate. The shop closed in 2012, with the Trust blaming lack of support from funding organisations as the reason. During its time the premises hosted a single-parent club, photographic club, dancing and bingo. Money
14375-474: Was far from accepted among the higher echelons of society; among members of the army the worship of Mithras would have been stronger. Although the conversion of the Emperor Constantine and the subsequent programme of church-building gave a greater impetus to the spread of the religion, it was still a minority faith. As the son of a veteran officer, Martin at 15 was required to join a cavalry ala . At
14500-543: Was farmed using the open field system of agriculture. Lying mainly within the town of Grimsby it stretched westward from the priory, as far as the boundary with Bradley parish and southward, beyond the boundary with the parish of Scartho . Under enclosure awards of 1798 (in Scartho) and 1840 (in Grimsby), this land was acquired by successive Lords Yarborough . Following the end of the First World War decent homes were needed for
14625-599: Was further increased when, resulting from the Housing Act of 1930, slum clearance was carried out in the Grimsby town centre and the residents were moved to new houses on the estate. By 1939 around 700 houses had been built in Nunsthorpe. Nunsthorpe School was opened on Sutcliffe Avenue in 1931; previously children from the estate had been bussed to a school in another part of the town. It was two schools housed within one building, one for junior and one for senior pupils. By 1952 all
14750-503: Was named after a Grimsby-born actress while Sutcliffe Avenue was named after Jack Sutcliffe, a previous mayor of Grimsby. Saint Martin 's Mission Church, a wooden building, was built during 1922 in Sutcliffe Avenue; this was replaced by a new church in 1937. There is still a structure on this site which is currently the base for Grimsby Judo Club. The first shops , including a post office, were built in Second Avenue during 1927–28 and
14875-406: Was no longer sufficient for the crowd of pilgrims it was already drawing. Perpetuus built a larger basilica , 38 m (125 ft) long and 18 m (59 ft) wide, with 120 columns. Martin's body was taken from the simple chapel at his hermitage at Candes-St-Martin to Tours and his sarcophagus was reburied behind the high altar of the new basilica. A large block of marble above the tomb,
15000-526: Was proclaimed. Paris was evacuated due to the advancing enemy and for a brief time (September–December 1870), Tours became the effective capital of France. During the French Third Republic, he was seen as a patron saint of France. St Martin was promoted by the clerical right as the protector of the nation against the German threat. Conservatives associated the dramatic collapse of Napoleon III's regime as
15125-400: Was profoundly influenced by Martin. Ninian dedicated a new church to Martin. The Book of Armagh contains, among other texts, almost the complete body of writings on Saint Martin by Sulpicius Severus. In Jonas of Bobbio 's Vita Columbani , Jonas relates that Saint Columbanus , while travelling, requested to be allowed to pray at the tomb of St Martin. The Irish palimpsest sacramentary from
15250-546: Was raised to help fund the children's ward at the Diana, Princess of Wales Hospital, Nunsthorpe Community School, the Side Door Youth Club (based at Laceby Road Methodist Church), also the Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park Football Club. The Trust received a number of awards and commendations for its charity work. The Nunsthorpe Tenants and Residents Association was formed in 2006 and was involved in combating anti-social behaviour on
15375-551: Was related to his promotion as a military saint during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. During the military and political crisis of the Franco-Prussian war, Napoleon III 's Second Empire collapsed. After the surrender of Napoleon to the Prussians after the Battle of Sedan in September 1870, a provisional government of national defense was established, and France's Third Republic
15500-645: Was soon eclipsed by Martin's later foundation at Marmoutier. As of 2013, the Benedictine community at Ligugé numbered twenty-five. From the late 4th century to the late Middle Ages , much of Western Europe , including Great Britain , engaged in a period of fasting beginning on the day after St. Martin's Day , November 11. This fast period lasted 40 days (not including Saturdays and Sundays), and was, therefore, called Quadragesima Sancti Martini , which means in Latin "the forty days of St. Martin". At St. Martin's eve and on
15625-468: Was subsequently demolished. The Scartho Top private housing estate lies to the south. Nunsthorpe and Bradley Park are part of the Grimsby South ward of North East Lincolnshire unitary authority . The two estates are also within the area served by the South ward neighbourhood team of Humberside Police , based at the police station on Laceby Road. In 2010 improvements to Nunsthorpe were acknowledged by
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