This is an accepted version of this page
96-619: The Black Nazarene ( Spanish : El Nazareno Negro ; Filipino : Poóng Itím na Nazareno ) is a life-sized dark statue of Jesus Christ carrying the True Cross . The venerated image is enshrined in the Minor Basilica and National Shrine of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila , Philippines . The image was reputedly carved by an unknown Mexican artist in the 16th century and then brought to
192-461: A parure or other jewellery from earrings, to necklaces, rings, and bracelets. While there are cheap plastic crowns, haloes, and other metal accessories associated with santos , others are made of aluminum or, traditionally, tin ( tinwork remains a major folk art form in general in Mexico and New Mexico). These adornments are sometimes gold-plated for a richer effect. A more expensive type in
288-529: A rosary , wings, flowers, a weapon or implement used in a saint's martyrdom , or some other object associated with the figure (e.g. small animals with Saint Francis of Assisi ). Another costly item involved in the maintenance of a large santo is its carroza (carriage), used as the image's vehicle during religious processions in rural Mexico and the Philippines, such as those of a town fiesta , and Holy Week . These often have embossed metal decorations,
384-544: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Santo (art) A santo (' saint ')
480-543: A body that is otherwise carved from single block of wood. Nevertheless, the region also has a long tradition of larger, articulated, and often bloody Crucifixion bultos . A santero usually carves a bulto with a knife or other wood carving tools, and then covers it with gesso , a mixture of native gypsum and glue, to prepare it for painting. Some contemporary santeros still use paints from homemade pigments. Some santeros supplement their income by making bultos to sell to tourists, especially at
576-597: A braided wig made of dark, dyed abacá , along with a golden Crown of Thorns . Attached to the Crown are the traditional " Tres Potencias " ("three powers") halo , variously understood as symbolising the three powers of the Holy Trinity ; the faculties of will, memory, and understanding in Christ's soul; or his exousia (authority), dunamis (power), and kratos (strength). These three rayos ("rays"), likely an angular variant of
672-507: A cage-like lattice (thus the name) to hold and shape the vestments. Ivory was often cited as the best and most expensive material for carving santos . Elephant ivory , especially of African origin, has been restricted or banned from sale, distribution, or commercialization in Mexico, the Philippines, the United States, and many other countries. While exact laws vary by jurisdiction (from total bans to legal sale of antiques only), ivory
768-588: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to
864-517: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of
960-476: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after
1056-695: A living tradition of religious iconography and folk art in Mexico , the Philippines , Puerto Rico and some other Caribbean islands, South and Central America , and the Southwestern United States , especially New Mexico . Icons and other religious images were crucial for the conversions of indigenous peoples to the Catholic Church , which was itself an integral part of the Spanish colonisation of
SECTION 10
#17330853871281152-415: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of
1248-498: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as
1344-455: A reflective effect when placed in the light. Other wooden, metallic, or composite accessories, which depend on the iconographic attributes of the subject, range from a long marshal's baton for some Marian images (signifying her military patronage as the ceremonial commander of a unit), a scepter or staff for various saints, a globus cruciger (usually for images of the Christ Child ),
1440-423: A religious perspective, the practice of owning and maintaining santo images are often regarded as a mild Catechism for people, especially with regards to the iconographic attributes attached to specific images. A custodian or family of custodians of a santo is a camarero (female: camarera , plural camareros , which in modern Spanish means ' waiting staff '). The most well-known santos in
1536-523: A sculptor of religious images), to sculpt a replica of the head and body. The Augustinian Recollects head of 1787 now sits atop the 1990s body, which remains enshrined behind the church's main altar. The 1990s head was placed atop the Augustinian Recollects body. It is this composite combination which is used during major processions. The image celebrated its quadricentennial (that is, 400th) anniversary on 9 January 2006. The Black Nazarene wears
1632-550: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of
1728-465: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as
1824-409: A type of French gold bullion thread to make high-relief, embroidered floral and plant patterns on the statue's clothing. Headdresses are also an integral part of a santos , often encrusted with costume jewelry (such as paste and rhinestones ) or real precious stones, to symbolize the spiritual wealth of the saint. The most common headdress for images is the aureola ( halo ) behind or above
1920-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent
2016-640: Is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of
SECTION 20
#17330853871282112-599: Is a religious statue in the Catholic traditions of Spain and the former Spanish Empire . They are usually made of wood or sometimes ivory and may be fitted with textile clothing. They depict the Virgin Mary , Jesus , saints , or angels . A santero (female: santera ) is a craftsperson who makes the image. Some santos which have gained greater public devotion among the faithful have also merited papal approval through canonical coronations . Santos remain
2208-439: Is a revised idolatry of pre-colonial times, and suggests its link with social disparities among Filipinos. According to Mariano Barbato, the debate over the icon comes down to personal interpretations of what constitutes idolatry. 14°35′56″N 120°59′1″E / 14.59889°N 120.98361°E / 14.59889; 120.98361 Spanish language Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano )
2304-493: Is another popular devotion, as is the decades-old, reverential custom of creeping on one's knees down the main aisle towards the altar and image. The Friday of each week in the year (except Good Friday, the image's liturgical commemoration) is colloquially known in Metro Manila as "Quiapo Day", since the novena for the image is held on this day nationwide. As with Wednesday (which is comparably called " Baclaran Day "), this day
2400-529: Is associated with heavy traffic around the basilica due to the influx of devotees and pilgrims. The attached Nazarene Catholic School (formerly the Quiapo Parochial School ) reflects the devotion of school authorities; its official newsletter is likewise named "The Nazarene", with pupils called "Nazareñans." The largest annual procession for the Black Nazarene is the January 9 Traslación procession on
2496-449: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also
2592-740: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law
2688-496: Is no singular complete image of the Black Nazarene as there are several images and replicas in different combinations. Aside from the original image on the high altar and the Vicário main replica, the basilica also owns three external replicas of the image, called Callejeros . These sanctioned replicated statues are sent to visit various shrines in across the different dioceses in the country according to popular demand. The image
2784-457: Is now rarely used. While the most economical modern type of santos are made of resin or fiberglass , and mass-produced, traditional examples are still made primarily of wood, sometimes with metal accessories. The santero culture in the Philippines is widely prevalent among Filipino Catholics , having been influenced by centuries of Spain colonial rule and various forms of folk Catholicism . The earliest recorded vested santo in
2880-411: Is of black wood tipped with flat, pyramidal brass caps. The image is dressed in a heavy velvet tunic of maroon , embroidered with floral and plant designs using gold thread , and trimmed with a matching set of white lace collar and cuffs . Around the waist is a gold-plated metal belt embossed with the word "NAZARENO", while a golden chain ending in spheres is looped around the neck and held in
2976-721: Is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for
Black Nazarene - Misplaced Pages Continue
3072-806: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off
3168-471: Is the 1555 statue of Infant Jesus of Prague , already vested during the time of Saint Teresa of Avila . Customarily, jewels are various accessories were also added onto larger santos , a tradition still carried on today. While larger pieces are typically used in churches, many smaller ones are personal or family items of reverence, or kept as decorations. Santos are also common throughout Latin America ,
3264-804: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in
3360-649: The Tres Potencias ('Three Powers') halo, a set of three rays protruding from Christ's head at acute angles. These are never used for any other subject, and are interpreted to mean various things, such as Christ's three faculties of will, memory, and understanding. Triangular haloes are exclusive to very rare set images of the Blessed Trinity , and some saints occasionally bear a luna or moon-shaped headband. Some female saints, particularly virgin martyrs , don diadems or tiaras ; female saints are also usually given
3456-688: The Archdiocese of Manila feared that the image might be damaged during the Traslación, fire, or natural disaster. The most notable case was when during the 1998 Traslación, a fanatical member of the Iglesia ni Cristo religion shot the image's left cheek using a gun. It caused a hysterical commotion that led to the shooter's death. To date, the gunshot wound on the cheek has remained unrestored and not remedied by pious popular demand. The archdiocese later commissioned Mr. Gener Maglaqui, Filipino santero (English:
3552-505: The Chicano art movement (for more information, see Retablo ) . Among bultos , two distinct types are often noted, the bastidor ('frame', 'structure') style, a mannequin intended to be dressed with clothing and accessories, and the detallado ('detailed') style, with adornments painted on permanently (though sometimes also featuring added items). Bastidores often have interchangeable or posable arms, and sometimes feature
3648-513: The Feast of the Black Nazarene , attracting millions of Catholic devotees, who try to touch or get their towel wiped by the image carriers on the image to attain its blessings and power. Along with Santo Niño (Child Jesus), it is the most popular object of devotion in the Philippines. In 2011, over six million Catholic devotees flocked to the Feast of the Black Nazarene. The hymn Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno
3744-485: The Museum of International Folk Art , along with those of other santeros from various parts of the world. Entire nativity scenes in bulto style are also popular tourist items. The wardrobe items of more elaborate santos , especially bastidor mannequins, are often expensive, such as pieces woven with gold thread. The most expensive kind is known in the Philippines as inuod (Tagalog, 'wormed'), which uses
3840-531: The Passion of Christ . Some believers practice walking in barefoot as a form of piety while others make an effort to ride on the carriage in the belief of obtaining graces from the devotional image. Prior to the Second Vatican Council , procession of the image was relatively solemn and peaceful. The rowdy and massive nature of the procession began in the 1960s as the population grew and greater hype surrounded
3936-647: The Spanish Caribbean , and the Southwestern United States , as well as the Philippines , with distinct styles and traditions in each area. Santo statues and statuettes, carved in the round , are commonly known as revultos or informally as bultos . They are usually made of wood. Larger scenic pieces, including multiple statues or done in bas relief , or simply painted on wood panels, and which may include non-figural iconography, are called retablos , originally altar backboards or screens , though today often adapted to secular artistic purposes in
Black Nazarene - Misplaced Pages Continue
4032-557: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)
4128-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under
4224-534: The United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and the world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which
4320-464: The cruciform halo , are used exclusively for and proper to images of Jesus Christ in traditional Filipino and Hispanic iconography to signify his divinity . The original image has lost several fingers over the centuries. Jesus is shown barefoot and in a genuflecting posture, symbolising the agony and the weight of the Cross , along with the overall pain Christ endured during his Passion. The Cross itself
4416-475: The 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout
4512-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,
4608-574: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it
4704-603: The Americas . However, long distances, inefficient methods of transportation, and high demand for such artworks limited the ability of ecclesiastical authorities to supply parish churches, especially those in remote outposts, with works of religious art from the Kingdom of Spain. The practice of creating santos began in Spain, where mannequin -style religious images were commonly vested in ornate religious clothing, often expensive and funded by religious devotees. An early known example
4800-671: The Augustinian Recollect priests donated a copy of the image to the Church of the Camisa (later renamed Quiapo Church). This donation is celebrated by the faithful every January 9 by means of a procession (the Traslación ) from Quiapo Church to Rizal Park (where the aforementioned Church of San Juan Bautista, the image's first home once stood in Bagumbayan) and back to Quiapo. In the 1990s,
4896-556: The Augustinian Recollects in Bagumbayan, Luneta . In 1608, the image was transferred to the Church of San Nicolás de Tolentino (popularly known as the "Recoletos Church") inside Intramuros . It was enshrined in the retablo mayor or high altar of the church, leaving only for a procession on Palm Sunday . Both the church and the image were destroyed in the Allied bombardment of Manila during its liberation in 1945. On 9 January 1787,
SECTION 50
#17330853871284992-639: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish
5088-691: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed
5184-529: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to
5280-638: The Philippines are often Marian titles, such Our Lady of Manaoag and Our Lady of La Naval de Manila , while those of Jesus Christ are the Santo Niño de Cebu and the Black Nazarene . Santol (cottonfruit, Sandoricum koetjape ) is a favorite material for the figures in the Philippines, as is the wood of Elaeocarpus calomala , while batikulín ( Litsea leytensis ) wood is highly sought after and more expensive, given its resistance to termites . The santeros are venerated for their skill especially
5376-446: The Philippines in 1606. It depicts Jesus en route to his crucifixion . Pious believers claim that physically touching the image can grant miracles and cure diseases. The original image or its replica is given a religious procession three times a year: The image derives its official name from " Nazarene ", a title of Christ identifying him as a native of Nazareth , along with its dark complexion (unusual for depictions of Jesus, even in
5472-411: The Philippines is made of solid brass, and fashioned in the pukpók ( Tagalog for 'hammered') method by an artisan. The costliest of crowns are those made of solid sterling silver or gold , and are often reserved for images owned by wealthy clerics and cathedrals. Another style is estofado , referring to dented holes placed on gold or silver foiling on the halos or the body of a statue, creating
5568-414: The Philippines is the Santo Niño de Cebu , a baptismal gift given by Ferdinand Magellan to Rajah Humabon 's consort in 1521. In the Spanish period, only the nobility ( principalía ) and other wealthy could afford santos of elaborate ornamentation and craftsmanship. The procurement and maintenance of santos today is still considered costly, the most expensive types made of marfil (ivory). From
5664-459: The Philippines). The image's wooden base is referred to as the peana while its carriage or carroza used in processions is called the ándas (from the Spanish andar , "to move forward"). The term ándas commonly refers to the shoulder-borne palanquins of religious images, and was retained for the icon's carriage which replaced the silver palanquins used until the late 20th century. There
5760-532: The Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of
5856-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English
SECTION 60
#17330853871285952-451: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of
6048-555: The annual Santa Fe International Folk Art Market and Spanish Market , including whimsical items, such as bultos of Saint Patrick , who does not figure in Spanish Catholicism. One such San Patricio figurine, by Santa Fe santero Frank Brito Sr. (1922–2005) is in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Museum of American Art since 1997; many more traditional santos and other carvings by him are in
6144-672: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in
6240-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it
6336-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in
6432-450: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with
6528-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched
6624-454: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In
6720-402: The head, while royal figures wear an additional corona ( crown or coronet ). A halo decorating the perimeter of the face, known as a resplendor or rostrillo , is almost always used, but not restricted to, images of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pointing to her traditional identification as the “ Woman clothed in the sun ” in the Apocalypse . Images of Jesus are readily identified by
6816-419: The home, or for the local church or morada . They are typically detallados , without many if any accessories (that is, with clothing and the like carved and painted on the statuettes, though often bearing a separate wooden staff or other bit of regalia). They are most often made of cottonwood , pine or aspen . Many are multi-piece, with hands, head, and other details carved separately and added to
6912-420: The image is not charred, but is in fact dark through to its core, being carved from mesquite wood. Vengco based this claim on personal research in Mexico, where he said mesquite wood was a popular medium in the period the image was carved. He also likened it to Our Lady of Antipolo , another popular image of similar provenance and appearance. The image was first enshrined in the Church of San Juan Bautista of
7008-432: The image's miraculous properties. The rite of vesting is officiated five times a year in preparation for major religious occasions; since 2022, a few of the vesting day rites are also livestreamed online. Veneration of the Black Nazarene is rooted among Filipinos who strongly identify with the passion and suffering of Christ the image depicts. Many devotees of the Black Nazarene relate their poverty and daily struggles to
7104-543: The image's procession and devotional practices reflect the "Filipino trait to want to wipe, touch, kiss, or embrace sacred objects if possible", and reflect an indigenous belief in "the presence of the Divine in sacred objects and places." According to Jaime Laya , these practices are a modernized form of indigenous idolatry , a continuation of the pre-Christian practice of revering sacred objects by pious touching (Filipino: Hipo / Himas ). Elizabeth Pisares also states that this
7200-598: The image. While the actual patron saint of the basilica is John the Baptist (making its feast day June 24, concurrent with the secular Manila Day ), the Black Nazarene and its Traslación are more popular. At the end of each Mass said in the basilica, devotees pay homage to the image by clapping their hands. In addition to the novena, Traslación , Pahalík , and the Pabihis , the Pasindí ("lighting") or lighting of votive candles
7296-527: The language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in
7392-535: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,
7488-534: The left hand, representing the Flagellation of Christ . The vestments of the image are changed in the rite of Pabihis (English: Vesting the image), which is presided over by a Catholic priest vested in an alb , red cope and stole . Devotees watching the ceremony either sit inside the basilica, or follow along outside in Plaza Miranda . The rite comprises with several hymns, the reading of scriptural lessons,
7584-686: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has
7680-711: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as
7776-792: The ones in the Cordillera Central , who for decades have perfected the skill of making religious icons. A fourth-generation artist, Celestino Avilés Meléndez, from Orocovis has created pieces for the Vatican in Rome and a Cathedral in Brooklyn, New York. In 1953, 171 wooden santos from Puerto Rico were exhibited at the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts in New York. The tradition of wooden santo carving
7872-636: The other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano
7968-529: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,
8064-404: The recitation of prayers, and then the blessing of the new vestments. As a sign of modesty and reverence, a curtain is raised to shield the statue from public view as the male attendants called Hijos change its vestments, and then it is dropped once the actual changing is complete. The old vestments are folded and presented to the faithful, who queue to kiss and touch these in the belief these bear
8160-528: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that
8256-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,
8352-623: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing
8448-581: The whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on
8544-633: The world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of
8640-407: Was composed by National Artist of the Philippines , Lucio San Pedro to honor the image. It is used by the basilica as the official anthem to the image and associated rites. The image is also prominently featured on the front cover of Pabasa books, a Lenten manual hymn commemorating the life and Passion of Jesus Christ. According to the rector of the basilica, Father José Clemente Ignacio,
8736-680: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in
8832-604: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language
8928-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")
9024-459: Was made by an anonymous Mexican sculptor and arrived in Manila via galleon from Acapulco , Mexico on 31 May 1606. Folk belief attributes the colour of the image to soot from votive candles burnt before it, although the most popular legend is that it was charred by a fire on the galleon that brought it from Mexico. Researcher of Catholic theology Monsignor Sabino Vengco , meanwhile, claims that
9120-688: Was preserved as a folk art in Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado , where isolated villages remain relatively secluded to this day. Of particular note is the village of Cordova, New Mexico which has produced several well-known santeros ; one was George López , who was awarded the National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts in 1982. In this region, traditional bultos , unless made for specific church needs, are usually small, and intended for
9216-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in
#127872