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46-473: In the past, Ntungamo District was part of the Ankole Kingdom , a traditional monarchy that dates back to the 18th century. The kingdom was abolished by Milton Obote in 1967. The current President of Uganda , Yoweri Museveni , and his wife, Janet Museveni , were born in the district. The Ankole Kingdom is coterminous with Ankole sub-region , home to an estimated 2.2 million inhabitants in 2002, according to

92-460: A 1964 referendum . It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others, Buganda , Busoga , Tooro , remained banned during the regime of dictator Idi Amin (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985) and remained banned until 1993. In 1993 the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing

138-558: A number of ways to redress grievances against Hima overlords, despite their legal inferiority. Iru men could petition the king to end unfair treatment by a Hima patron. Bantu people could not be subjugated to Hima cattle-owners without entering into a patron-client contract. A number of social pressures worked to destroy Hima domination of Ankole. Miscegenation took place despite prohibitions on intermarriage, and children of these unions (abambari) often demanded their rights as cattle owners, leading to feuding and cattle-raiding. From what

184-410: A period of political instability where two kings ruled in a volatile political environment. In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire Buganda region north of Lake Victoria was given to Great Britain . In 1894 Great Britain declared the region its protectorate . In alliance with Buganda , King Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro resisted the efforts of Great Britain, aiming to take control of

230-455: A regular basis with the avoidance of haemorrhage and sepsis using antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron. The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing. From the well-developed nature of the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time. Bunyoro surgeons treated lung inflammations , Pneumonia and pleurisy by punching holes in

276-474: A sharp sword. Banyoro surgeons had a good knowledge of anatomy, in part obtained by carrying out autopsies. Inoculation against smallpox was carried out in Bunyoro and its neighbouring kingdoms. Over 200 plants are used medicinally in eastern Bunyoro alone and recent tests have shown that traditional cures for eczema and post-measles bloody diarrhoea were more effective than western medications. Bunyoro's Medical elite,

322-566: A spy on the Banyoro north of Katonga . Murogo and her female descendants were allegedly able to turn themselves into cows and mingle with the cattle herds of the enemy and they worked for the kings for several generation in the Ibanda area Names and Dates taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989). Nkole people are a Bantu ethnic group native to Uganda . They primarily inhabit Ankole. They are closely related to other Bantu peoples of

368-623: Is estimated that in 2012, the population of the district was approximately 480,100. Based on the Uganda Bureau of Statistics 2020 population projections, the current population now stands at 540,800. Tourism in Ntungamo District is not well developed but there are several potential tourism sites, including: 1. Karegyeya Rock 2. Lake Nyabihoko 3. Uganda-Rwanda Border 4. Bird-watching in the wetlands and 5. Agricultural development projects. 6.Kyafola Hot Springs. Ankole Kingdom Ankole

414-577: Is present-day Rwanda groups launched repeated attacks against the Hima during the nineteenth century. To counteract these pressures, several Hima warlords recruited Bantu men into their armies to protect the southern borders of Ankole. Banyankore trace their ancestors back to the Bantu and the Bahima subgroup. Aili M. Tripp describes the role of women in the kingdom of Ankole: In Ankole, female chiefs were common at

460-406: Is said to have provided his soldiers were anti-malarial herbs, and even to have organized medical research. A Munyoro healer reported in 1902 that when an outbreak of what he termed sleeping sickness occurred in Bunyoro around 1886–87, causing many deaths, Kabaleega ordered him "to make experiments in the interest of science", which were "eventually successful in procuring a cure". Barkcloth , which

506-521: The Great Lakes region of Africa during the 19th century reported cases of surgery in Bunyoro. Medical historians, such as Jack Davies argued in 1959 that Bunyoro's traditional healers were perhaps the most highly skilled in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, possessing a remarkable level of medical knowledge. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard". Caesarean sections and other abdominal and thoracic operations were performed on

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552-403: The "Bafumu", had a system of apprenticeship and even "met at periods for conferences". In Bunyoro, there was a close relationship between the state and traditional healers. Kings gave healers "land spread in the different areas so that their services would reach more people". Moreover, "in the case of a disease hitting a given area", the king would order healers into the affected district. Kabaleega

598-657: The 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King ( Omukama ) of Bunyoro-Kitara. The current ruler is Solomon Iguru I , the 27th Omukama . The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of the Empire of Kitara . The founders of Bunyoro-Kitara were known as the Babiito, a people who succeeded the Bachwezi. In the Acholi language ,

644-410: The 1830s, the large province of Tooro separated, claiming much of the lucrative salt works. To the south Rwanda and Ankole were both growing rapidly, taking over some of the smaller kingdoms that had been Bunyoro's vassals. Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known as Unyoro at the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still wealthy due to the income generated from controlling

690-410: The Bunyoro to get back the regalia), killing Wamara and most of the people living there. When Ruhinda returned, he found that only his mother and older brother were alive. He took them and escaped to what was to become Nkore. When he came to the area, he found that it was already ruled and forced the leader to flee and declared himself king, establishing the Kingdom of Karo-Karungi. The original area of

736-807: The Kingdom of Nkore was incorporated into the British Protectorate of Uganda by the signing of the Ankole agreement. The kingdom was formally abolished in 1967 by the government of President Milton Obote , and since then, the kingdom has not been restored officially. Because of the reorganisation of the country by Idi Amin , Ankole no longer exists as an administrative unit. It is divided into ten districts, namely: Bushenyi District , Buhweju District , Mitooma District , Rubirizi District , Sheema District , Ntungamo District , Mbarara District , Kiruhura District , Ibanda District , and Isingiro District . The kingdom of Ankole expanded by annexing territory to

782-489: The Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts of Buliisa District , Hoima district , Kibaale District , Kakumiro District , Kagadi District , Kiryandongo District and Masindi District . According to 1997 projections, the total population of the Kingdom is between 800,000 but there may be 1,400,000 (depending on sources) living in 250,000-350,000 households. 96% of the population lives in rural areas, and only 1% of

828-513: The army, however, and the prohibition on Iru military training almost eliminated the threat of Iru rebellion. Iru legal inferiority was also symbolized in the legal prohibition against Bantu owning cattle. And, because marriages were legitimized through the exchange of cattle, this prohibition helped reinforce the ban on Hima-Bantu intermarriage. The Iru were also denied highlevel political appointments, although they were often appointed to assist local administrators in Bantu villages. The Bantu had

874-422: The chest until the air passed freely. Trephining was carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. Amputations were done by tying a tight ligature just above the line of amputation and neatly cutting off the limb, stretched out on a smooth log, with one stroke of

920-486: The form of writing that developed in Bunyoro was based on a floral code, as the absence of both writing and flowers in African culture have been used by Jack Goody as evidence of African culture's separateness from that of "Eurasia." Goody has written that African peoples generally did not make significant use of flowers in worship, gift-giving or decoration. He does "not know of any indigenous use of odours", nor of plants playing

966-469: The greatest in east africa. Bunyoro’s historical ties with Luo speakers to the north, many of whom considered Bunyoro as “home,” and with Buganda to the south secured the stability of trade in Bunyoro. The ties also ensured that “Bunyoro’s ironsmiths had a guaranteed market among the Iteso and Langi [to the northeast], peoples who did not smelt”. Having the highest quality of metallurgy in the region made it one of

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1012-507: The keeper of the royal drum. After a while, Ruhinda fled the capital with some regalia and joined his father in Ntusi. Eventually, Ruhinda left with a group of followers on an expedition to Buzinza and Karagwe , where he, according to some sources, conquered pre-existing agricultural authorities, establishing the Kingdom of Karagwe . While he was gone, Ntusi was raided by invaders (most likely

1058-557: The king (mugabe) to demonstrate their loyalty and to mark life-cycle changes or victories in cattle raiding . This loyalty was often tested by the king's demands for cattle or for military service. In return for homage and military service, a man received protection from the king, both from external enemies and from factional disputes with other cattle owners. The mugabe authorized his most powerful chiefs to recruit and lead armies on his behalf, and these warrior bands were charged with protecting Ankole borders. Only Hima men could serve in

1104-424: The kingdom was a little larger than the modern-day Isingiro District . He then built his capital at Mweruka but later moved it to Rurama where his first son would be born. Eventually, he would entrust the kingdom to his son Nkuba, leaving with a group of followers to return to Karagwe. However, other sources say this was when he actually conquered the area now known as the Kingdom of Karagwe. On 25 October 1901,

1150-608: The kingdom. However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the Seychelles , and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the British Empire . Because of Bunyoro's resistance to the British, a portion of the Bunyoro kingdom's territory was given to Buganda and Tooro . The country was put under the governance of Buganda administrators. The Banyoro revolted in 1907; the revolt was put down, and relations improved somewhat. After

1196-559: The largest city in Ankole sub-region . The general coordinates of the district are: 00 53S, 30 16E. The district covers 2,051.4 square kilometres (792.0 sq mi) of which approximately 0.2% is open water, 3.4% is wetland and about 0.01% is forest. In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at about 305,200. The national census of 2002 estimated the population of Ntungamo District at about 380,000, with an estimated annual population growth rate of 2.4%. It

1242-524: The lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of the Indian Ocean . In particular, Bunyoro benefited from the trade in ivory . Due to the volatile nature of the ivory trade , an armed struggle developed between the Baganda and the Banyoro . As a result, the capital was moved from Masindi to the less vulnerable Mparo . Following the death of Omakuma Kyebambe III, the region experienced

1288-501: The national census conducted that year. Ntungamo District is bordered to the north by Mitooma District , Sheema District and Rwampara District , going from west to east. Isingiro District lies to the east, the Republic of Rwanda to the south, Rukiga District to the southwest and Rukungiri District to the northwest. The district headquarters at Ntungamo , are located about 66 kilometres (41 mi), by road, southwest of Mbarara ,

1334-458: The objects which make up the regalia of the Nyoro kings can be identified with artefacts of Nilotic origin. The early Bito kings surpassed the feats of their Chwezi forefathers and achieved regional pre-eminence. Recent historical studies by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Henri Médard and Christopher Wrigley have concluded that Bunyoro during the first one or two centuries of Bito rule was the greatest power in

1380-568: The original ten counties of Nkore include: The Nkore calendar was divided into 12 months. They were named according to weather conditions and activities done in that period. They include: Bunyoro in Uganda  (pink) Bunyoro , also called Bunyoro-Kitara , is a traditional Bantu kingdom in Western Uganda . It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central and East Africa from

1426-815: The population uses electricity for lighting and cooking. More than 92% of the population is poor, and earned less than half that of the Ugandan national average, and about 50% of the population is illiterate. In describing the Kingdom of Bunyoro, Samuel Baker states that the people of Bunyoro "have become the most advanced nation in Central Africa; they are well clothed and clean in their persons, courteous and dignified in demeanour, and susceptible of enlarged political organization.” Bunyoro consists of 3 classes of people, Iru, Huma and Bito. Iru are commoners who engage in farming and some cattle rearing. The Huma are those engaged only in pastoralism. The name "Bahuma" comes from

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1472-469: The region remained loyal to Great Britain in World War I a new agreement was made in 1933 giving the region more autonomy. Bunyoro remains as one of the five constituent kingdoms of Uganda , along with Buganda , Busoga , Rwenzururu , and Tooro . During the first regime of Milton Obote , the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two "lost counties" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following

1518-416: The region, namely the Nyoro, Kiga, Tooro and Hema peoples. Their population is 4,187,445 (9.8% of Uganda ).People from Ankole region are referred to as “Banyankore”. The Banyankore speak Orunyankore, a Great Lakes Bantu language. There were an estimated 12.3 million native speakers in 2014. Nkore Kingdom was divided into ten counties. These counties are now divided into various political constituencies. But

1564-501: The region. Bito princes established themselves in the kingdom of Kiziba (in northern kagera), the northern Busoga kingdoms and west of the Rwenzoris. As far away as Buzinza, kings claimed to have their origins in Bunyoro. Bunyoro began to decline in the late eighteenth century due to internal divisions. Buganda seized the Kooki and Buddu regions from Bunyoro at the end of the century. In

1610-496: The richness of their homeland among so many arid or semi-arid areas of primitive pastoralism in the world. In those areas reliance on cattle as a single source of subsistence is impossible; people have to turn, in addition, to other sources of food. In contrast, Himaland, called Kaaro Karungi (the good land) by both its inhabitants and their neighbours, is known for the fertility of its soil, the abundance of its pastures, and its rainfall well spread out both seasonally and perennially. It

1656-470: The south and east. In many cases, conquered herders were incorporated into the dominant Hima stratum of society, and Bantu agricultural populations were adopted slaves and treated as legal inferiors. Neither group could own cattle, and slaves could not herd cattle owned by the Hima. Ankole society evolved into a system of ranked statuses, where even among the cattle-owning elite, patron-client ties were important in maintaining social order. Men gave cattle to

1702-456: The state as many have done so in historical times. Samuel Baker praised the manufactures of Bunyoro artisians, saying that the banyoro "make good earthenware, they sew with needles of their own make, the eye of the needles being simply a fine end overlapped; their smiths are clever and use hammers instead of stones as in neighbouring countries and they draw fine brass and copper wire for ornamenting belts, knife handles". European travelers in

1748-466: The strongest economic and military powers in the Great Lakes region. Bunyoro had a well mantained road system. Henry Colvile was able to move his army along well maintained roads and across carefully bridged streams. John Roscoe , a missionary, also picked up on Bunyoro’s network of roads. The people of Bunyoro developed a form of writing based on a floral code It is especially interesting that

1794-459: The term "Bito" is used "generally of the sons of an aristocratic lineage". The Empaako praise names that every Munyoro is given after birth are still found in Acholi, where they are called "Pak", meaning 'praise'. Many of the mpako names are also of Luo origin. Although many Bito personal names are Luo, Bunyoro’s political terminology features only two words of Luo origin, "ekikali" and "dyangi". Some of

1840-424: The turn of the century. In fact, the only female gombolola chief appointed by the British administration, Julia Kibubura, was from Ankole. Women leaders were sometimes credited with extraordinary powers. Ankole was renowned for its female diviners who included well-known women like Murogo, Nyatuzana, Kyishokye and Kibubwa. For example, the king (mugabe) Rwebishengye appointed the famous diviner Murogo to work for him as

1886-537: The verb "okuhuma" which literally means the cacophony of sound made by a herd of cattle on the move, lowing, thudding of hooves and cries of herdsmen. The Bito are The royal clan originally descended from the Bachwezi and the Luo. Unlike in other kingdoms to the south, intermarriage between the Iru and Huma (Hima) in Bunyoro was never prohibited. It has always been possible for Bunyoro of Iru (commoner) origin to rise to high position in

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1932-614: Was a traditional Bantu kingdom in Uganda and lasted from the 15th century until 1967. The kingdom was located in south-western Uganda, east of Lake Edward . The kingdom of Ankole is located in the South-Western region of Uganda bordering Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo . Ankole is Home to some of the most favorable grazing lands in Africa: The very fact that the Hima can live almost entirely on cattle bespeaks

1978-448: Was born as the illegitimate son of Wamara (or Ndahura), the last emperor of the Empire of Kitara . His mother was known as Njunaki and was a servant in the king's palace. During the collapse of the empire, the throne was usurped by the Bunyoro and Wamara was forced to flee to Ntusi where he formed his new capital with a group of Bahima followers. Ruhinda was left behind and disguised as

2024-427: Was pointed out many years ago that ‘Ankole might be called the ranchland of Uganda containing as it does mile after mile of richest pasture’.15 This bounty enables the Hima to feed their cattle well with grass during some eight months of the year, and to water them almost every day. Hence, Ankole cattle yield milk almost daily throughout the year, providing their owners’ families with a continuous food supply. The kingdom

2070-542: Was ruled by a monarch known as the Mugabe or Omugabe . The people of Ankole are called Banyankore (singular: Munyankore) in Runyankole language , a Bantu language . Before the collapse of the Empire of Kitara , Ankole, or as it was known back then, Kaaro-Karungi ‘the good village’, was a small and remote area on the edges of the empire. According to legend, the first (and semi-legendary) king of Ankole, Ruhinda Rwa Njunaki ,

2116-938: Was used to bandage wounds, has been proven to be antimicrobial. Bunyoro drew various communities together in trade. This trade heavily depended on Bunyoro's rich salt deposits in the lucrative Kibiro saltworks of Lake Mwitanzige and the saltworks located in Lake Katwe . Bunyoro’s markets fostered complex interactions between the Banyoro and regional groups such as the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Kumam Iteso, Basoga, Banyankore, Congolese, and Haya populations, and, further, witnessed brisk trade not only in iron implements, salt, and ivory, but also in items like cattle, foodstuffs, beer, tobacco, and coffee. Even despite their bitter rivalry, Bunyoro traded iron hoes and salt with Buganda in exchange for Barkcloth and Bananas Bunyoro blacksmiths were regarded as among

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