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48-691: According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census , the raion's population was 87,241. The ethnical composition by self-identification was as follows: Among the 50,329 self-identified Moldovans (57.54%), 47,585 (54.54%) self-identified their language as Moldovan and 2,264 as Romanian (2.6%) according to the Ukrainian census of 2001; there were also 29,703 self-identified Ukrainians (35.05%), 5,904 Romanians (6.77%), 1,235 Russians (1.42%), and 290 others (0.29%).. Novoselytsia raion, within its boundaries at that time, had 87,241 inhabitants in 2001, including 34.08% Ukrainian-speakers, 64% Romanian-speakers, and 1.78% Russian-speakers. In

96-617: A highly cultivated society, and for ethnic tolerance. Small ethnic disputes were, however, present on occasion. In 1918, many Ukrainians in Bukovina wanted to join an independent Ukrainian state. After an initial period of free education in Ukrainian language , in late 1920s Romanian authorities attempted to switch all education to the Romanian language . In 1940–1941, the Soviet reprisals were more massive in

144-568: A professor at the Pomeranian University of Slutsk in Poland who did field research among 15 self-identified Romanians and self-identified Moldovans in the Chernivtsi region of Ukraine, 'Some Moldovans use both names of the mother tongue (Moldovan or Romanian) and accordingly declare two ethnic affiliations.' Opinion polling from the Chernivtsi oblast, as well as the discussions of the delegates of

192-518: A total of 730,000. Most of Ukrainians settled in the northern parts of Bukovina. Their number was especially large in the area between the Dniester and Prut rivers, where they became a majority. A similar process occurred in Northern Bessarabia . Throughout the history of the region, there were no inter-ethnic clashes, while the city of Chernivtsi was known for its German-style architecture, for

240-467: Is an oblast (province) in western Ukraine , consisting of the northern parts of the historical regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia . It has an international border with Romania and Moldova . The region spans 8,100 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi). The oblast is the smallest in Ukraine both by area and population. It has a population of 890,457 (2022 estimate), and its administrative center

288-463: Is bordered by Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , Ternopil Oblast , Khmelnytskyi Oblast , Vinnytsia Oblast , Romania , and Moldova . Within the oblast the national border of Ukraine with Romania extends 226 km, and with Moldova 198 km (123 mi). Chernivtsi oblast was created on August 7, 1940, in the wake of the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina . The oblast was organized out of

336-448: Is negligible, while the number of Romanians has decreased substantially. Ruthenian communities in Bukovina date back to at least 16th century. In 1775, Ukrainians ( Ruthenians ) represented some 8,000 out of a 75,000 population of Bukovina . By 1918, as a result of immigration of Ukrainian peasants from nearby villages in Galicia and Podolia , there were over 200,000 Ukrainians, out of

384-524: Is the Reni Raion in the Odesa Oblast ) in which those having a Moldovan identity are the largest group. In the early years of the 21st century, there was a higher birth rate in the localities with a Romanian identity population, and out-migration from most of the localities with a Moldovan identity majority, and also from the predominantly Ukrainian villages. In 2001, this was one of two raions in Ukraine that

432-678: Is the city of Chernivtsi . In 1408, Chernivtsi was a town in Moldavia and the chief centre of the area known as Bukovina. Chernivtsi later passed to the Turks and then in 1774 to the Habsburg monarchy . After World War I , it was ceded to Romania, and in 1940, the town was acquired by the Ukrainian SSR . The oblast has a large variety of landforms: the Carpathian Mountains and picturesque hills at

480-473: Is to date the only census of the population of independent Ukraine . It was conducted by the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine on 5 December 2001, twelve years after the last Soviet Union census in 1989. The next Ukrainian census was planned to be held in 2011 but has been repeatedly postponed. The total population recorded in 2001 was 48,457,100 persons, of which the urban population

528-502: The Dniester (290 km, in the Oblast), Prut (128 km, in the Oblast) and Siret (113 km, in the Oblast). The oblast covers three geographic zones: a forest steppe region between Prut and Dnister rivers, a foothill region between the Carpathian Mountains and Prut river, and a mountain region known as the Bukovinian part of the Carpathian Mountains . Chernivtsi Oblast

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576-614: The Habsburg monarchy as part of the Austrian Empire and its final iteration Austria-Hungary . In 1812, one half of Moldavia, since then known as Bessarabia , was annexed by the Russian Empire . Hertsa region remained in Moldavia until its union with Wallachia in 1859, a union which in 1881 became the Kingdom of Romania . In 1918 both provinces of Bukovina and Bessarabia united with

624-448: The Kingdom of Romania took control of the region during the war (1941–1944), the Jewish community of the area was largely destroyed by the deportations to ghettos and concentration camps . The languages of the population closely reflect the ethnic composition with over 90% within each of the major ethnic groups declaring their national language as the mother tongue. On the territory of

672-515: The Kingdom of Romania . The Soviet occupation began on June 28, 1940. In addition to Bessarabia, the USSR demanded Northern Bukovina as compensation for the occupation of Bessarabia by Romania from 1918 to 1940. Hertsa region was not included in the demands that the Soviet Union addressed to Romania, but was occupied at the same time. Most of the occupied territories were organized on August 2, 1940, as

720-778: The Middle Paleolithic . The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture flourished in the area. In the Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi . From the end of the 10th century, it became a part of the Kievan Rus' , then Principality of Halych , and in the mid-14th century of the Principality of Moldavia (which in the 16th century became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire ). In 1775, two counties of Moldavia, since then known as Bukovina , were annexed by

768-692: The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic , while the remainder, including the Chenivtsi Oblast, which was formed on August 7, 1940, were included in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . Throughout 1940-1941 several tens of thousands of Bukovinians were deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan , some 13,000 of them on June 13, 1941, alone. This and later deportations were primarily based on social class difference, it targeted intellectuals, people employed previously by

816-671: The Orthodox church while 2% ascribed to Greek Catholic . Another 5% was "unspecified Christian." The use of separate categories for the Moldovans and Romanians, as well as for the Moldovan and Romanian languages in the Ukrainian census has been criticized by various Romanian organizations in Ukraine, including the Romanian Community of Ukraine Interregional Union. Furthermore, it was alleged that individuals, especially, but not exclusively, in

864-511: The Righteous Among the Nations , saved approximately 20,000 Jews. In 1944, when the Soviet troops returned to Bukovina , many inhabitants fled to Romania , and Soviet persecutions resumed, with the result that the region was seriously depopulated. In demographic terms, these war-time and post-war-time factors changed the region's ethnic composition. Today the number of Jews, Germans and Poles

912-522: The Soviet Union collapsed, Chernivtsi Oblast, then part of the Ukrainian SSR, became part of the newly independent (August 24, 1991) Ukraine . It has a Ukrainian ethnic majority. In the referendum on December 1, 1991, 92% of Chernivtsi Oblast residents supported the independence of Ukraine , a wide support from both Ukrainians and Romanians. Since July 2020, Chernivtsi Oblast is administratively subdivided into 3 raions ( districts ). These are At

960-468: The 2001 census, the majority of the population of the Chernivtsi region was Ukrainian-speaking (75.57%), and there were also Romanian (18.64%) and Russian (5.27%) speakers. In the last Soviet census of 1989, out of 940,801 inhabitants, 666,095 declared themselves Ukrainians (70.8%), 100,317 Romanians (10.66%), 84,519 Moldovans (8.98%), and 63,066 Russians (6.7%). The decline in the number (from 84,519 to 67,225) and proportion of Moldovans (from 8.98% to 7.31%)

1008-427: The 2001 census. By contrast, the number of self-identified ethnic Romanians has increased (from 585 to 5,904),and so has their proportion of the population of the former raion (from 0.67% to 6.77%), and the process has continued after the 2001 census. In 2001, this was Ukraine's only raion in which an absolute majority of the population was recorded by the census as having a Moldovan identity, and one of two (the other one

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1056-594: The Chernivtsi oblast, and including detailed statistical data, may be found in the articles Romanians in Ukraine , Moldovans in Ukraine and Moldovenism . According to the Romanian census of 1930, the territory of the future Chernivtsi Oblast had 805,642 inhabitants in that year, out of which 47.6% were Ukrainians , and 28.2% were Romanians. The rest of the population was 88,772 Jews , 46,946 Russians (among them an important community of Lipovans ), around 35,000 Germans , 10,000 Poles , and 10,000 Hungarians . During

1104-688: The Mahala rural hromada (rural community) created in 2020, and which included not only the Romanian-speaking villages Mahala, Ostrytsia, Buda, and Prut, and also the overwhelmingly Ukrainian village of Ridkivtsi, with a population of 10,946, 4,467 of the inhabitants (40.81%, or 4,467 people) spoke Ukrainian as their native language, while 6,346 (57.98%, or 6,346) spoke Romanian (including 36.1%, or 3,592, who called it Moldovan, and 25.16%, or 2,754, who called it Romanian), and 121 (1.11% or 121) spoke Russian. 2001 Ukrainian Census The 2001 Ukrainian census

1152-640: The Meeting of the Leaders of the Romanophone Organizations from Ukraine of December 6, 1996, indicated that many of the self-identified Moldovans believed that the Moldovan and Romanian languages were identical. Shestakova suggests that those self-identified Moldovans who see differences between Moldovan and Romanian tend to be from "the older generation". More information on the Romanian identity population and Moldovan identity population in Ukraine, including in

1200-540: The Noua Suliță/ Novoselytsia Raion of the Chernivtsi region of independent Ukraine. According to the 1989 census, the number of inhabitants of Mahala who declared themselves Romanians plus Moldovans was 2,231 (16 + 2,215), representing 90.40% of the population. In 2001, 92.52% of the inhabitants spoke Romanian (59.91% self-identified Moldovan and 32.60% self-identified Romanian) as their native language, with Ukrainian (5.96%) and Russian (1.45%) speakers in

1248-598: The Odessa region were threatened with dismissal from their jobs if they declared that they were “Romanians” rather than "Moldovans", and it was also claimed that the ethnicity of some individuals was listed arbitrarily by census-takers who did not even ask those individuals what their ethnicity was. Nevertheless, all census respondents had to write in their ethnicity (no predetermined set of choices existed), and could respond or not to any particular census question, or not answer any questions at all. According to Kateryna Sheshtakova,

1296-570: The Romanian-speaking population of this Bessarabian area. In a minority of the localities in the Bessarabian part of the Novoselytsia Raion of the Chernivtsi Oblast , which formed a large majority of the population of the raion, there was an increase from less than 1% self-identified ethnic Romanians, and an even lower percentage who stated that their language was Romanian (see the data for

1344-403: The Romanian-speaking population of this Bukovinian area, while 57.15% called their language Moldovan. In most of the formerly Bukovinian villages of the raion, while there was typically a significant switch from a Moldovan linguistic and ethnic to a Romanian linguistic and ethnic identity from 1989 to 2001, there were still more people who claimed in 2001 that their native language was Moldovan than

1392-602: The border into Romania (for more, see: Lunca massacre and Fântâna Albă massacre ). Between September 17 and November 17, 1940, by a mutual agreement between USSR and Germany, 43,641 "ethnic Germans" from the Chernivtsi region were moved to Germany, although the total ethnic German population was only 34,500, and of these some 3,500 did not go to Germany. Upon their arrival in Germany, the Nazi government sent most of non-ethnic Germans to concentration camps. Only some of them were freed after

1440-514: The entire raion below) in 1989 to 26-29% self-identified Romanian-speakers (as distinct from self-identified Moldovan-speakers) in 2001, and a smaller increase in the proportion of self-identified Romanians. These include, for example, Cherlenivka and Dynivtsi . The singer Sofia Rotaru was born in Marshyntsi , one of the Romanian speaking villages of the Raion. The village of Tarasivtsi , located in

1488-423: The foot of the mountains gradually change to a broad partly forested plain situated between the Dniester and Prut rivers. Chernivtsi Oblast covers an area of 8,097 km (3,126 sq mi). It is the smallest oblast in Ukraine , representing 1.3% of Ukrainian territory, and is only larger than the city of Kyiv itself. In the oblast there are 75 rivers longer than 10 kilometers. The largest rivers are

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1536-550: The inter-war period, Cernăuți County had a population of 306,975, of which 136,380 were Ukrainians, and 78,589 were Romanians . Storojineţ County had 77,382 Ukrainians and 57,595 Romanians . (The three other counties of Bukovina , which remained in Romania , had a total of 22,368 Ukrainians). The northern part of the Hotin County had approximately 70% Ukrainians and 25% Romanians . The Hertsa region, smaller by area and population,

1584-429: The last Soviet census of 1989, out of 86,771 inhabitants, 28,207 declared themselves Ukrainians (32.51%), 585 Romanians (0.67%), 55,669 Moldovans (64.16%), and 1,639 Russians (1.89%). The decline in the number (from 55,669 to 50,329) and proportion of self-identified Moldovans (from 64.16% to 57.54%) was explained by a switch from a census Moldovan to a census Romanian ethnic and linguistic identity, and has continued after

1632-506: The locality level, the territory of the oblast is divided among 11 cities, 8 urban-type settlements , and 252 communes. According to the latest Ukrainian Census (2001) , Ukrainians represent 74.98% (689,056) of the population of Chernivtsi Oblast out of 919,028 inhabitants. Moreover, 12.46% (114,555) reported themselves as Romanians, 7.31% (67,225) as Moldovans , and 4.12% (37,881) as Russians . The other nationalities, such as Poles , Belarusians , and Jews sum up to 1.2%. According to

1680-579: The minority. In the formerly Bukovinian villages in the Boiany rural hromada and the Mahala rural hromada, made up of Bukovinian localities, where the inhabitants overwhelmingly declared their ethnic identity as Moldovan in 1989, there were 18,331 inhabitants in 2001, including 7,589 (41.4%) who declared their native language as Moldovan, 5,690 (31.04%) who declared it to be Romanian, 4,815 (26.27%) who declared it Ukrainian, and 198 (1.08%) who declared it be Russian. The self-declared Romanian speakers were thus 42.85% of

1728-475: The northeast part of Ținutul Suceava of Kingdom of Romania , joining parts of three historical regions: northern half of Bukovina , northern half of the Hotin County county of Bessarabia , and Hertsa region , which was part of the Dorohoi county (presently Botoșani County ) of proper Moldavia . Archaeological sites in the region date back to 43,000-45,000 BC, with finds including a mammoth bone dwelling from

1776-563: The number of those who called it Romanian. Most of the Bessarabian part of the former raion is made up of the Novoselytsia urban hromada and the Vanchykivtsi rural hromada, which had 48,642 inhabitants in 2001; out of these, 29,875 (61.42%) declared themselves as Moldovan-speakers, 15,431 as Ukrainian-speakers (31.72%), 2,114 as Romanian-speakers (4.35%) and 1,148 (2.36%) as Russian-speakers. The self-declared Romanian speakers were thus 6.61% of

1824-481: The parts of the Chernivtsi oblast were Romanians predominated; when, however, after 1944, Ukrainian anti-Soviet resistance rose up, Romanians and Ukrainians fought alongside against NKVD . Many Ukrainians in the south-western mountain area of the Chernivtsi region belong to the Hutsul ethnic sub-group, a sophisticated cultural community inhabiting an area in the Carpathian Mountains in both Ukraine and Romania . When

1872-407: The population of 4,249 inhabitants. A similar pattern could be found, for example, in the village of Ostrytsia of the Mahala urban hromada; see the article on the village of Mahala, Chernivtsi Oblast . However, in a number of other localities, such as the village of Mahala , only a large minority of the Romanian-speaking population did so by 2001. From 1991 to 2020, the village of Mahala was a part of

1920-440: The population of 4,425 inhabitants of Boyany spoke Romanian as their native language, 4,078 people (including 2,810 who declared it as Romanian or 63.50%, and 1,268 as Moldovan, or 28.66%), with a minority of Ukrainian speakers (6.33%). According to the 1989 Soviet census, the number of inhabitants who declared themselves Romanian plus Moldovan was 3,764 (40 Romanians, or 0.94% plus 3,724 Moldovans, or 87.64%), representing 88.59% of

1968-523: The protests of the Romanian government. During World War II, when the region returned under the control of the Romanian administration , the Jewish community of the area was largely destroyed by the deportations to ghettos and Nazi concentration camps , where about 60% died. Despite the anti-Semitic policies of the Ion Antonescu 's government of Romania, the mayor of Cernăuți , Traian Popovici , now honored by Israel 's Yad Vashem memorial as one of

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2016-522: The raion, is notable as the only place in Ukraine where the Moldovan (Romanian) language was designated as a regional language from 2012 to 2014. This occurred after Ukraine permitted regional languages to be designated in August 2012 . Novoselytsia Raion had 1 city and 30 communes: Of these, Boiany, Chornivka, Mahala, Sloboda, Pripruttia, Toporivtsi and Zelenyi Hai are in the historical region of Bukovina, while

2064-806: The remainder are in Bessarabia. At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of six hromadas : Toporyvtsi rural hromada also contained three villages, Kolinkivtsi , Hrozyntsi , and Bochkivtsi , which belonged to Khotyn Raion . In 2001, in the Boyany rural hromada (rural community) created in 2020, with a population of 7,385, 348 of the inhabitants (4.71%) spoke Ukrainian as their native language, while 6,933 (93.88%) spoke Romanian (including 3,997 who called it Moldovan, or 54.12%, and 2,936 who called it Romanian, or 39.76%), and 77 (1.04%) spoke Russian. The Boyany rural hromada includes Boyany village, Boyanivka village, Hai village and Prypruttya village. In 2001, in

2112-461: The state, businessmen, clergymen, students, railworkers. The majority of those targeted were ethnic Romanians , but there were many representatives of other ethnicities, as well. The protests of the Romanian population of Bukovina that found themselves under the Soviet rule brought about serious Soviet reprisals, including of ethnic character. In the winter and spring of 1941, the Soviet troops ( NKVD ) opened fire on many groups of locals trying to cross

2160-596: Was 32,574,500 (67.2%), rural: 15,882,600 (32.8%), male: 22,441,400 (46.3%), female: 26,015,700 (53.7%). The total permanent population recorded was 48,241,000 persons. There were 454 cities : Nine had a population over 500,000. The census recorded over 130 nationalities . Note: listed are those nationalities which comprise more than 0.1% of regional population. Numbers are given in thousands. Chernivtsi Oblast Chernivtsi Oblast ( Ukrainian : Чернівецька область , romanized :  Chernivetska oblast ), also referred to as Chernivechchyna ( Чернівеччина ),

2208-399: Was explained by a switch from a census Moldovan to a census Romanian ethnic identity, and has continued after the 2001 census. By contrast, the number of self-identified ethnic Romanians has increased and so has their proportion of the population of the oblast (from 10.66% to 12.46%), and the process has continued after the 2001 census. A 2015 survey found that 86% of respondents ascribed to

2256-446: Was mostly Romanian-speaking; the other one was the overwhelmingly ethnically Romanian neighboring Hertsa Raion . Some authors have argued that many of the inhabitants of the former Novoselytsia Raion in the smaller, former Bukovinian area of the raion, who had self-identified themselves as Moldovans in 1989 self-identified themselves as Romanians in 2001. This was the case in a number of localities such as Boiany . In 2001, 92.16% of

2304-525: Was virtually 100% Romanian . Major demographic changes occurred during the Second World War . Immediate after the Soviet takeover of the region in 1940 the Soviet government deported or killed about 41,000 Romanians ( see Fântâna Albă massacre ), while at the same time further encouraging an influx of Ukrainians from the Ukrainian SSR . Most Poles were deported by the Soviet authorities, while most Germans forcibly returned to Germany . After

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