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54-601: The governorate was formed on June 13, 1921 mainly from Kainsky and Novo-Nikolayevsky districts, previously part of the Tomsk province , and included some part of the territory of the Altai and Omsk provinces. The structure of the counties and volosts in the new province was reorganized — new counties and volosts were created. In particular, in June 1921, the Kargatsky Uyezd was created on

108-663: A higher proportion of anti-semitic attacks were committed by the White military, which accounted for 17% of the anti-Jewish atrocities during the Russian Civil War. Suny stated that the casualties of the White Terror would have exceeded the Red terror with the inclusion of anti-Soviet violence and Jewish pogroms into the death toll. According to historian Marcel Liebman , the Red Terror

162-807: A single Russian Army on 23 September 1918. On 4 November Kolchak became part of the Russian Government . As the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak is recognized by all the commanders of the White Armies both in the south and west of Russia, as well as in Siberia and the Far East; generals Anton Denikin , Yevgeny Miller , Nikolai Yudenich voluntarily submit to Alexander Kolchak and recognize his Supreme High Command over all armies in Russia. The supreme commander at

216-786: A village. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1925 approved the formation of the Siberian Territory with its division into districts and regions. The counties were transformed into Omsk , Slavgorod , Tarsky Okrug and Siberian Territory . Kalachinsky and Tyukalinsky counties were included in the Omsk Okrug. Part of the Tatarsky Uyezd was included in the Barabinsky and Slavgorodsky Okrugs. The first Soviet general population census

270-607: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Omsk Governorate Omsk Governorate ( Russian : Омская губерния ) is an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR , which existed in 1920 – 1925 . The provincial center is the city of Omsk . Omsk Governorate became the successor of the Omsk Region (called Akmola until 1918) as part of the Akmola , Atbasar , Kalachin , Kokchetav , Omsk , Petropavlovsk , Tatar County. At

324-708: The Kirghiz ASSR . By January 1, 1922, the area of the province was 250,553 km . By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 12, 1922, the Isil-Kul station (along the border between Siberia and the Kirghiz ASSR along Omsk district) was left within the borders of Siberia. By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 15, 1922, the Cherlak and Basstandyk-Tuus volosts were transferred to

378-594: The People's Army again entered Syzran, occupied by the Bolsheviks, and threw them back to Simbirsk . A few days later, Kappel 's detachments occupied Simbirsk and from there they advanced in several directions: from Syzran to Volsk and Penza , from Simbirsk to Inza and Alatyr and along the banks of the Volga to the mouth of the Kama. After the capture of Kazan , the People's Army

432-788: The Supreme Administration of the Northern Region in Arkhangelsk created troops of the Northern Region, sometimes referred to as the Northern Army (not to be confused with General Rodzyanko 's Northern Army). In January 1919, the Don and Volunteer Armies were combined into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia . In June 1919, the Northern Army was created from Russian officers and soldiers of

486-807: The Whites or White Guardsmen ( бѣлогвардейцы/белогвардейцы , belogvardeytsi ), was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War . They fought against the Red Army of Soviet Russia . When it was created, the structure of the Russian Army of the Provisional Government period was used, while almost every individual formation had its own characteristics. The military art of

540-812: The "pocket of Russia". However, the command and the Czechs abandoned these plans, citing a lack of reserves . At the same time, in June 1918, the Provisional Siberian Government in Novo-Nikolaevsk created the Siberian Army . Initially, it was called the West Siberian Volunteer Army. From June to December 1918, the headquarters of the Siberian Army was the general headquarters for the entire White Movement of Siberia . In August 1918,

594-652: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the division of the Russian Omsk Governorate and the transfer of four Russian-populated districts to the Autonomous Kirghiz SSR: Akmola, Atbasar, Kokchetav, and Petropavlovsk. From the districts severed from the Omsk Governorate, a new Akmola Governorate was created with its center in the city of Petropavlovsk as part of

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648-536: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee to grant Siberian provinces the right to introduce a new volost division, with the approval of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee and the subsequent submission of projects to the administrative commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. By the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 31, 1924, the center of the Omsk district

702-688: The Autonomous Kirghiz SSR. On April 26, 1921, a resolution of the Extraordinary Plenipotentiary Commission of the Central Executive Committee of the Autonomous Kirghiz SSR was issued on the admission of the new Akmola province with Petropavlovsk and Kokchetav to the AKSSR. A resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 10, 1921 established the border between the Kirghiz ASSR and Siberia along

756-758: The Baklushevskaya, Volchanskaya, and Lyalikskaya volosts were transferred to the Kargatsky Uyezd of the Novo-Nikolaevskaya Governorate . In the summer of 1921, as a result of drought, a fifth of the country's crops perished. Famine affected 30 governorates, including the Omsk Governorate. The Tatarsky Uyezd included 9 volosts of the Kainsky (Barabinsky) Uyezd of the Tomsk Governorate . On October 1, 1921, Akmola, Atbasar, Kokchetav, Petropavlovsk districts, as well as 15 volosts of Omsk district went to

810-1042: The Council of Defense of the Don Host formed the Don Army . In May 1918, the Drozdov brigade joined the Volunteer Army from the Romanian Front. Among those who came to the Don were public figures. Boris Savinkov , the former head of the Socialist Revolutionary Combat Organization , who organized the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom under the Volunteer Army, was also there. Military leaders and Cossacks reacted extremely negatively to his presence. One of

864-739: The Kirghiz ASSR. By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 28, 1922, the Isil-Kul and Gorodishchenskaya volosts were returned from the Petropavlovsk district of the Akmola province. By the Decree of the NKVD of July 31, 1922, the Bazhenovskaya , Bolshe-Mogilskaya, and Lyubinskaya volosts of the Tyukalinsky district were annexed to the Omsky district . The following Kirghiz volosts were formed in

918-698: The Northern Corps, who left the Estonian army. A month later, the army was renamed the Northwest. On 14 October 1918, Minister of War Alexander Kolchak arrived in Omsk . On 18 November 1918 he was proclaimed the Supreme Ruler of Russia , who also assumed the supreme command of all the land and naval forces of Russia. He made a substantial reorganization of the forces of the White movement and carried out its integration into

972-538: The Novinsky district, there were 29 village councils. On September 24, 1924, the Sibrevkom approved the formation of enlarged volosts in the Omsk province. New Soviet volosts were formed. A volost included from 3 to 19 village councils. The new tasks were beyond the old volost, it was weak, insufficiently organized, and had few people capable of carrying out Soviet construction in the village. The volost executive committees of

1026-799: The Omsk Governorate. Only by November 14, 1919, Omsk was occupied by the Reds during the Omsk Offensive Operation . On November 15, 1919, by the decree of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee and the Revolutionary Military Council of the 5th Army of the Red Army, the Omsk Revolutionary Committee was formed in the city of Chelyabinsk. On November 24, 1919, the Omsk Provincial Revolutionary Committee

1080-485: The Omsk Provincial Executive Committee of the Council of Workers, Peasants, and Red Army Deputies" began to be published in Omsk. On the consolidation of volosts. Considering the readiness of the majority of Siberian provinces to switch to a system of consolidated volosts and the need for the fastest possible implementation of this measure, the Siberian Revolutionary Committee filed a petition with

1134-784: The Omsk district (the Isilkul station was left on the territory of the Kirghiz ASSR). The border line passed east of the Isil-Kul station along the border with the Petropavlovsk district, then north of the Kichi-Karoy and Ulkun-Karoy lakes, the Kara-Terek tract, adhering to the southern borders of the Russian volosts and reaching the Cherlakovskaya village on the Irtysh (which was left in the Kirghiz ASSR), with

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1188-416: The Omsk province and included in the Autonomous Kirghiz SSR, created by decree of V. I. Lenin on August 26, 1920. The opinion of the local Russian population was not taken into account. According to the first Soviet census of 1920: Petropavlovsk district included 27 Russian volosts and 12 Russian stanitsas (278,224 people), Kokchetav district included 68 Russian volosts (350,145 people). On January 17, 1921,

1242-415: The Omsk province. Instead of 252 volosts, 52 districts were formed, but they existed unofficially, since they were not approved by either the SRK or the VTsIK (the districts would receive a legal basis only in May 1925 by the Resolution of the VTsIK). It is worth noting the enormous size of the "Omsk districts". Thus, in the Achairsky district, the distance to the district center was from 8 to 70 versts. In

1296-408: The Omsky district: In November 1922, the Omsk provincial executive committee transformed the Isil-Kul station into a village. The settlement by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of February 14, 1923, the Pleso-Kurinskaya volost of the Kamensky district of the Novo-Nikolaevskaya province was transferred to the Slavgorod district of the Omsk province. In 1923, the "Bulletin of

1350-492: The Red Army, according to intelligence estimates, by June 1919 was about 683,000. However, together with auxiliary and staff units, it could exceed 1,023,000 people. A significant part of the White forces was on contentment. Combat units amounted to only half of this figure. After that, the number of White Armies began to decline steadily. The White Army consisted of all kinds of troops for that period: All of them had their own uniforms and formation patch , often copied from

1404-404: The Reds, as well as the Makhnovtsi , carried out the White Terror , while taking part in mass executions, including assisting allied foreign interventionists (for example, 257 civilians were killed in 1919 in the course of the struggle in the village of Ivanovka of the Japanese Army and the White Guards against the pro-Bolshevik detachments of partisans). The overall number of people killed in

1458-404: The Russian volosts — Orekhovskaya, Dobrovolskaya, Moiseyevskaya, Russko-Polyanskaya, Novo-Sanzharovskaya, Chernousovskaya, Stepanovskaya, Kotelnikovskaya — being added to the territory of the Kirghiz ASSR. The Isil-Kulskaya and Gorodishchenskaya volosts were transferred to the Petropavlovsk district of the Akmola province. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 13, 1921,

1512-412: The Siberian Revolutionary Committee in 1920. Thus, finally destroying the elements of the old government. Until the liquidation of the province in 1925, it did not have a new coat of arms. White Army The White Army ( Russian : Бѣлая армія /Белая армия , romanized :  Belaya armiya ) or White Guard ( Бѣлая гвардія/Белая гвардия , Belaya gvardiya ), also referred to as

1566-407: The White Army was based on the experience of the First World War , which, however, left a strong imprint on the specifics of the Russian Civil War. The name "White" is associated with white symbols of the supporters of the pre-revolutionary order , dating back to the time of the French Revolution , in contrast to the name of the Red Guard detachments, and then the Red Army. For the first time,

1620-430: The White Terror is significantly less than that in the Bolshevik Red Terror , which drastically differed from its counterpart due to being deliberately organized and run by Bolshevik leaders. However, the total estimates for the White Terror are difficult to ascertain due to the role of multiple administrations and violence perpetrated by undisciplined, independent anti-Bolshevik forces. Historian Ronald Suny noted that

1674-399: The administrative commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the following cities in the province: Omsk, Novo-Omsk, Leninsk-Omsky, Tara, Tyukalinsk, Slavgorod, Tatarsk. To distinguish the cities of Leninsk (near Omsk and Kuznetsk ), the cities were given the names " Leninsk-Omsky " and " Leninsk-Kuznetsky ". The city of Kalachinsk was transformed into

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1728-467: The adoption of the rules for changing the Russian language (including in terms of names) in 1934, when the use of unhyphenated names was enshrined in the USSR. That is, outside the historical period of the existence of a real subject of the RSFSR and the USSR. By analogy with the practice of the second half of the 1920s and early 1930s: replace the official name of the city Novo-Sibirsk with Novosibirsk . This Russian history –related article

1782-412: The arrival of Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Kappel in the army, the following were formed: 1st Volunteer Samara Squadron, Cavalry Squadron of Staff Captain Stafievsky, Volzhskaya Equestrian Battery of Captain Vyrypayev, horse reconnaissance, subversive command and economic unit. After the formation of the units, Kappel 's troops occupy Syzran and Stavropol on June 11 and 12, respectively. On 10 July,

1836-425: The basis of mobilization. They drew from the population of controlled territories and from captured Red Army soldiers . On a voluntary basis, they were staffed not only from officers of the Imperial Russian Army and Navy , but also from all comers. It was both in the South – in the Volunteer Army , and in Siberia, for example – the division of the Labor Corps. The strength of the White Armies fighting against

1890-443: The basis of the reorganized (enlarged) Kargatskaya Volost . As of August 1921, the Novo-Nikolaevskaya province consists of 5 counties: In 1924–1925, the counties were divided into districts (from 6 to 13 districts per county). Since May 25, 1925, in accordance with the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR, all provinces, districts and volosts in Siberia were liquidated. In place of

1944-415: The commanders of the North and Northwest Armies Generals Yudenich and Miller. In April 1920, the Far Eastern Army was created in Transbaikalia from the remnants of the troops of the Eastern Front under the leadership of General Grigory Semenov . Out of the remnants of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia that left for Crimea in May 1920, General Wrangel formed the armed forces that inherited

1998-446: The enlarged volosts now received a large amount of economic, administrative and political rights and were freed from minor management functions, transferring them to the village councils. At the end of 1924, the Dobrovolskaya and Znamenskaya volosts of the Kamensky district of the Novo-Nikolaevsk province were included in the Slavgorod district. By January 1, 1925, the area of the province reached 250,114 km . On May 21, 1925,

2052-429: The first to join the Alekseyev Organization was Vasily Shulgin , who later became a member of the Special Meeting under Denikin . On 8 June 1918, the uprising White Czechs took Samara . On the same day, the People's Army was organized under the command of Colonel Nikolai Galkin. It was formed by the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly , which was repressed by the Bolsheviks in 1918. On 9 June, after

2106-543: The former districts and volosts, in accordance with the jurisdiction of the "district committees of the RCP(b)" that appeared in 1920–1923, "districts" appear, where district committees form bodies of territorial administration and power: district executive committee, district police department, district military registration and enlistment office, district prosecutor's office, district court and district newspaper. Instead of provinces, territories and regions are formed. The territory of Novo-Nikolaevskaya Governorate became part of

2160-520: The mob and went to Don to Ataman Alexey Kaledin . The Don region abandoned the power of the Soviets and proclaimed independence "before the formation of a nation-wide, popularly recognized government". The first White Army was created by Mikhail Alekseyev , calling it the "Alekseyev Organization". Officers were recruited there on a voluntary basis. A Volunteer Army was created from the members of this organization. Generals Alexey Kaledin and Lavr Kornilov joined him. Three months later, in April 1918,

2214-414: The name "Russian Army" from the single Russian army of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Admiral Kolchak of 1919 – as the last of its fronts. In 1921, from the remnants of the Far Eastern Army of General Semyonov in Primorye, the White Rebel Army was formed, later renamed the Zemsky Army , since the Amur Zemsky Government was created in Vladivostok in 1922. White Armies drew both from volunteers and on

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2268-809: The name "White Guard" was used in Russia for Finnish police detachments created in 1906 to fight the revolutionary movement . Their members wore white bandages on their sleeves; however, this did not have a direct connection with the White Army during the Russian Civil War. The White Armies comprised a number of different groups, who operated independently and did not share a single ideology or political goal. Their leaders were conservative or moderate generals and political leaders, each with different goals and plans to achieve them, and most of these armies did not coordinate their actions. The chain of command in each, as well as individual members, differed, from experienced veterans of World War I to fresh volunteers. The White Guards, in addition to directly fighting with

2322-415: The new Siberian Region , and the city of Novo-Nikolaevsk (Novo-Nikolaevsk), renamed in 1926 to Novosibirsk , becomes the capital of the region. The official name was adopted with the obligatory hyphen: Novo-Nikolaevskaya , by the name of the city and the base county: Novo-Nikolaevsk (city) and Novo-Nikolaevsky (county), respectively. This is the only official name used in official documents. In addition to

2376-437: The population of the governorate was 1,716,123 (1,520,209 rural, 195,914 urban). By 1923, the population in the 3 largest cities of the governorate was distributed as follows: According to the Omsk Provincial Registry Office, the birth rate, death rate, marriages and divorces in the city of Omsk and its suburbs Leninsky and Novo-Omsky were expressed in the following figures for the three years 1922-1924: As of January 1, 1924,

2430-406: The population of the province was 1,608,559 people (1,413,100 rural, 195,458 urban). By December 1, 1924, there were 87,000 Germans in the province (156,000 in total in Siberia). As of January 1, 1925, the population of the province was 1,559,430 people (1,410,548 rural, 188,882 urban). Omsk province, as the successor of Omsk region, bore the old coat of arms, which was abolished by the decree of

2484-412: The same time confirms the authority of the commanders. From this moment, the Armed Forces of the South of Russia , the Northwestern Army , the Northern Army , and the Eastern Front have been operating on the fronts of this single army. The name "Russian Army" is approved as the union of all White fronts, the status of commanders of the fronts formally from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief is received by

2538-421: The same time, the Slavgorod County was transferred to the Altai County , Tar County to the Tyumen County . As the Civil War continued in the region, it reached the point of awkwardness: the Whites called the administrative-territorial unit — Omsk Oblast, and the Reds — Omsk Governorate. During this period, there were two names at the same time (the situation changed only in early 1920, when Soviet power

2592-519: Was conducted on August 28, 1920. It was combined with an agricultural census and a brief industrial census. The census was conducted during the unfinished Civil War and did not cover most of the outskirts of the country. 72% of the population was censused (58 out of 71 provinces). Omsk Governorate had a population of 2,450,752, including 2,218,616 in rural areas. Rural population: Russians 1,715,441 (822,055 m - 893,386 f), Kyrgyz 493,966 (267,597 m - 226,369 f). Total 2,209,407 people. As of January 1, 1922,

2646-419: Was finally established in the region). By the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Resolution of August 27, 1919, "On the Formation of Civil Administration in Siberia," the Siberian Revolutionary Committee was given control over the newly formed governorates, including those in the territory occupied by the Kolchakites . The Ishimsky , Tara, Tyukalinsky Uyezd of the Tyumen Governorate were annexed to

2700-423: Was formed. At the end of November 1919, the institutions of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee moved to Omsk. On December 5, 1919, the Kalachinsk District was restored again. By the Siberian Revolutionary Committee resolution of January 3, 1920, Omsk Oblast was officially transformed into Omsk Governorate consisting of 1 district: Semipalatinsk District. In June 1920, Ishim District consisting of 49 volosts

2754-409: Was initiated in response to several, planned assassinations of Bolshevik leaders and the initial massacres of Red prisoners in Moscow and during the Finnish Civil War by Finnish Whites . After the October Revolution , the arrested generals Lavr Kornilov , Anton Denikin , Sergey Markov and others were released by Commander-in-Chief Nikolay Dukhonin before his removal and subsequent murder by

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2808-412: Was moved from the city of Omsk to the city of Novo-Omsk . By May–June 1924, rural councils were formed in the province, which were distinguished by their extreme diversity, both in the rural societies united by the village council, and in the size of the village councils and their executive technical apparatus. By this time, the transition to large-district division had been implemented in Siberia only in

2862-468: Was reorganized. The Volga Front was created under the command of Stanislav Chechek . It was divided into several groups: Simbirsk, Kazan, Khvalynsk, Ufa, Nikolaev, Ural Cossack troops and the Orenburg Cossack troops. Kappel suggested the command to take Nizhny Novgorod . He suggested that the occupation of the city would break the Bolshevik plans to sign additional agreements with the Kaiser of Germany in Berlin , as he would deprive them of money from

2916-504: Was transferred to Tyumen Governorate . In January 1921, the Slavgorod district consisting of 52 volosts was transferred from the Altai province . In 1921, some of the districts of the province supported the West Siberian Uprising , especially the mass unrest was in the Tyukalinsky and Tarsky districts. As a punishment for the Russian people, who rose up in Southern Siberia against the communist dictatorship , in 1921 four counties with indigenous Russian populations were torn away from

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