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102-701: Goražde was mentioned in 1379 as a trade center and city settlement, with a connection to the Dubrovnik caravan trade, and as an open city in 1444. The medieval fortress Samobor built by Stjepan Vukčić Kosača located in the municipality. Duke of Saint Sava Stjepan Vukčić built the Church of St. George located in Donja Sopotnica. In the period from 1519 to 1521, the Goražde printing house functioned in Novo Goražde, making it

204-460: A krstjanka (adherent of the Bosnian Church), had converted to Roman Catholicism. The peace between the king and Duke Stjepan lasted for the next two years until 1448 but relations again deteriorated. In late 1446, King Thomas recaptured Srebrenica but agreed with Despot Đurađ Branković to share a profit from taxes and the town's rich silver mines. Peace between Stjepan and the king displeased

306-434: A Bosnian King Tvrtko II's man, maintained his side of the bargain, although a civil war broke out between Duke Stjepan and his eldest son, Vladislav, and the king. Throughout his reign, Stjepan, to strengthen and centralize his rule locally, was forced to suppress the aspirations of local nobility subordinate to him, who sought to be as independent as possible from Stjepan supremacy or escape it altogether. The same thing that

408-561: A devastation of Serb realm. At the same time in the west, Albert II of Germany , who acceded to the Hungarian throne after Sigismund died in late 1437, also died two years later. A lengthy succession crisis broke out in Hungary, which prompted Bosnian Duke Stjepan Vukčić and King Tvrtko II to conquer the lands of Croatian lord Matija Talovac . Stjepan immediately besieged Omiš , which fell to him after eight months, and probably took Poljica from

510-411: A large red cap of gilded linen - the gift of Matthias Corvinus , a red and scarlet a cap with gilding, a red cloak made of damask with gold cords, dishes with several bowls, spoons and cups, and two ibriks , one of which belonged to Sandalj. Everything else, dishes, crockery, belts, cloths and other valuables, he divided equally among his three sons, and each of them was to receive one third of what

612-546: A new, separate Sanjak of Herzegovina with its seat in Foča . Attempts to restore the Bosnian kingdom, mostly under the auspices of external powers, primarily Hungarians whom historiography sees as major culprit for its fall, lasted until the beginning of the 16th century. As early as 1465, the Ottomans installed Matija Šabančić , son of Radivoj , as the titular king of Bosnia, while

714-468: A palace and a refuge in case of need in Dubrovnik. The City Council granted Stjepan, and his sons Vladislav and Vlatko , citizenship by the charter dated 30 October 1435, a palace and a refuge by the same charter. In 1435, a few days after Sandalj's death, legitimate Bosnian king Tvrtko II was forced to flee when the Ottomans put forward Radivoj and assured him support from important Bosnian noblemen Sandalj Hranić and Radislav Pavlović , as well as

816-517: A result of their own discord. Neither the fall of Serbia nor increasing Ottoman pressure made the Bosnian lords any less reckless. Stjepan and Radislav continued their quarrel while litigating before the Porte through envoys. At the beginning of July 1439, Murad II set out to conquer Bosnia's eastern neighbor the Serbian despotate, and was joined by his Bosnian vassal Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, who participated in

918-515: A short-lived peace was concluded at the beginning of 1451. In 1451, Stjepan Vukčić attacked the Republic of Ragusa in Konavle and laid siege to Dubrovnik starting Second Konavle War . He wanted to take Konavle back from Dubrovnik on justification that Ragusans had swindled his, at the time, too young uncle Sandalj into selling Konavle to Dubrovnik. Because Stjepan had earlier been made a Ragusan nobleman,

1020-731: A significant territory with equally significant fortresses such as the capital Blagaj, Tođevac , Vratar on the Sutjeska , two cities at the Neretva bridge, Vjenačac in Nevesinje , Imotski , Kruševac and Novi in Luka, and a little later Ljubuški . Already in April, it was expected that King Tomas will come to Hum to help the efforts. King came with his vassal Petar Vojsalić and a military contingent in mid-April, when allied forces including Vladislav, Vlatkovićs and all

1122-608: A son of the Knez of Drina, Vukac Hranić , and Katarina, whose ancestry is unknown, was probably born in 1404. Stjepan's father held hereditary lands in the Upper Drina region. Stjepan was a member of the Kosača noble family and became its chieftain in 1435 when he succeeded his uncle, Duke Sandalj , as Duke of Humska zemlja and the Grand Duke of Bosnia . Stjepan influenced the development of

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1224-775: A truce with Stjepan and also recaptured Srebrenica , the mining town in Middle Podrinje, which was defended by the Ottomans and the fortress of Srebrenica , and was preparing another attack on Stjepan in August. Ottoman retaliation against the king allowed Stjepan to take back the lost possessions in the Neretva Valley, and place Thomas' allies the Radivojević noble family under his authority again. Also in 1444, Stjepan established an alliance with despot Đurađ Branković , against Thomas and Venice. In April 1445, Thomas lost Srebrenica, which

1326-571: A writing by the Italian chronicler Gaspare Broglio Tartaglia da Lavello, who says that Herzeg's envoys brought from Florence a young Sienese girl, intending to present her to his son, Vladislav. This was probably Jelisaveta, a young concubine to which Herceg fell in love and even imprisoned his son for a short time to have her for himself. Herceg 's wife Jelena was also looking to take revenge on her husband for this. Vladislav, certainly under her influence, decided to rebel against his father. The alliance

1428-563: A year. In the 1530s, the Kingdom of Hungary had remained in control of the forts on the south bank of the Sava and Jajce . Jajce Fortress was finally taken by the Ottomans in 1527. The House of Berislavić controlled the region of Usora in the north until it in turn succumbed in the 1530s. Parts of southwestern Bosnia were sectioned into the Sanjak of Klis , which was formed in 1537 subordinated to

1530-478: Is no doubt that he loved and cared for him the most. Stjepan was succeeded as Herceg by his second-youngest son Vlatko Hercegović, who struggled to retain as much of the territory as he could. Blagaj , which was in Vladislav's hands in 1452, during the war between him and his father, was Kosača's capital during Sandalj's and Stjepan's reign. The city fell in 1466 while Ključ Castle between Nevesinje and Gacko

1632-518: The Crown of Aragon , and again the Ottoman Empire. The marriage of King Thomas and Stjepan's daughter Katarina temporarily restored peace but with the death of King Thomas and the ascension of his son and heir Stephen Tomašević to the Bosnian throne, peace was finally restored and reconciliation was achieved. This ensured the nobility's, including Herceg Stjepan's, full support of the king and loyalty for

1734-501: The Despotate of Serbia . Tvrtko II returned from a two-year exile in Hungary to assume the throne for the second time. Stjepan's takeover from his uncle was met with hope among his neighbors, who anticipated Stjepan would be weak and opportunistically diverted their attention toward his inheritance. The Holy Emperor King Sigismund wanted to take Hum. He relied on Tvrtko II, who

1836-556: The Holy See to be cleared of the "stain of illegitimacy" and to receive an annulment of his union with commoner and krstjanka , Vojača . Negotiations between Thomas and Stjepan intensified in early 1446. Tommaso Tommasini , Bishop of Lesina , converted the King from the Bosnian Church to Roman Catholicism, but only by 1457 Cardinal Juan Carvajal performed the baptism. In mid 1446,

1938-573: The Kingdom of Bosnia . It was centered around the village which bears the family name, Kosače , to this day, and is located near Ilovača in the župa of Osanica , some 12 km southwest of Goražde . Stjepan was the fraternal nephew of one of the powerful Bosnian magnates, Sandalj Hranić , who was the Bosnian Grand Duke and chieftain of the Kosača family. In 1419, Stjepan's uncle Sandalj, who

2040-538: The Krstjani or Kristjani , followers of the Bosnian Church. Between 2,000 and 12,000 were converted to Catholicism; according to the apostolic legate Nikola Modruški , who resided in Bosnia between 1461 and 1463, the "Manichean heretics were baptized forcefully". At least 40 high-ranking members of the church hierarchy fled to Duke Stjepan, who welcomed them despite the papal request. In early 1461, to prove his commitment to

2142-460: The Lower Neretva valley with success. Pavlović acted three days after Sandalj's death on 18 March, and on March 29, he was expected to enter Dračevica . Pavlović took some of Stjepan's lands but was unable to inflict significant damage, though Stjepan had extant problems with the Hungarian king and his Croatian vassals and Bosnian allies in the west of the Neretva river. Radislav then asked

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2244-579: The Radivojevićs and Vojsalićs , and tried to persuade Dubrovnik to join this coalition. Sigismund also ordered his own vassals, primarily Matko Talovac and other Croatian noblemen of the Frankopan family , to attack and retain the land of Hum for him. The first of all major Bosnian nobility to act was Radislav Pavlović who engaged Stjepan in the eastern Hum, while the Vojsalićs and Radivojevićs attacked in

2346-732: The knez attempted to thwart Stjepan's actions. The Venetians too adopted the same strategy because they anticipated danger Kotor would be trapped between Stjepan's territories and that, as the Ottoman vassal, he could endanger all of the other cities in Lower Zeta and further along the Albanian coast. The Republic of Venice did not intend to allow further Bosnian expansion in this direction. The Venetians tried to influence Stjepan's actions via their knez in Skadar and by invoking Stjepan's obligations as an ally of

2448-465: The "two main eyes of the Bosnian kingdom", as the Ragusans used to say pandering to Stjepan's vanity, while trying to mediate between the two noblemen. While Bosnians were fighting for personal and petty-proprietary reasons, events around them hinted at problems with far-reaching consequences that would shake the country in the years to come. The Ragusans, guided by logic and observing Ottoman policy, which

2550-469: The 1450s with many armistices agreed and broken, treaties and peace agreements signed. As Stjepan Vukčić was a staunch supporter of and adherent to the Bosnian Church , Thomas's conversion to Roman Catholicism , probably by the time of negotiations to marry the duke's daughter Catherine between 1445 and 1446, were another obstacle in their relations. The cause of the series of conflicts is unknown, but

2652-551: The Bosnian Kingdom went into decline. In the 1410s, local noblemen Hrvoje Vukčić of the House of Hrvatinić , Sandalj Hranić of the House of Kosača and Pavle Radenović of the House of Pavlović controlled large swaths of territory once controlled by Tvrtko, and effectively controlled the Kingdom by aligning themselves with competing branches of the House of Kotromanić . In 1413, a conflict escalated between Hrvoje and Sandalj while

2754-670: The Bosnian sanjak. In 1480, the Sanjak of Zvornik was formed but subordinated to the Beglerbey of Budim . Even though the Bosnian Kingdom fell, there were several fortresses that resisted much longer – the last fortress in Herzegovina fell in 1481. The House of Kosača maintained the Duchy of Saint Sava as an Ottoman vassal state until 1482. In 1481, after the death of Mehmed II , Matthias Corvinus invaded Bosnia again and reached Vrhbosna ( Sarajevo ), but all of those gains were undone within

2856-463: The Bosnian throne. The first trace of secret negotiations with Knez Vladislav is found in a letter from Dubrovnik to their negotiator dated July 23. In the last days of July or the first days of August, Vladislav expressed desire to make an alliance with Dubrovnik against his father, expecting the city to help him with money and troops. Moreover, Vladislav advocated that Dubrovnik make an alliance with King Thomas and that he also be given help, since there

2958-482: The Catholic Church, King Thomas sent three bound Krstjani to Rome, where Cardinal Juan de Torquemada interrogated them. The king demanded all of his vassals convert. Stjepan Vukčić Kosača may have been the kingdom's most powerful nobleman, and the constant conflicts with King Thomas were due to be resolved by the king's son and heir Stephen or Stjepan Tomašević . Stephen, a determined new king who acceded to

3060-560: The Croatian ban. Bosnians continued their offensive against the Croatian ban and his family until June 1441, when the Talovac brothers sought a truce. After the Ottomans' conquest of the Despotate of Serbia , and Stjepan's participation in the ravaging of it, the Principality of Zeta was vulnerable, tempting Stjepan to conquer it. He exploited the Ottoman successes and directed his attention to

3162-448: The Hungarian king, Matthias Corvinus , installed Nicholas of Ilok on the Hungarian side as early as 1471. The Ottomans responded by appointing Hrvoje 's great grandnephew Matija Vojsalić as the new titular king. But all these external interests and pretensions, which intertwined around the Bosnian crown and state territory, had nothing to do with real Bosnian independence—the independent Bosnian state tradition played no role in whatever

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3264-585: The King Thomas moved resolutely against his opponents in the regions of Lower Neretva and Middle Drina around Srebrenica (Middle Podrinje). With Duke Ivaniš Pavlović and Duke Sladoje Semković , he entered the Lower Neretva valley in January 1444, where the Radivojevićs joined them, and in early February they captured Drijeva , a medieval market town ( trgovište ). In March, the king appears to have brokered

3366-423: The Kingdom fell to the Ottomans, and this territory came under its firm control. Herzegovina gradually fell to the Ottomans by 1482. It took another century for the western parts of today's Bosnia to succumb to Ottoman attacks, ending with the capture of Bihać in 1592. The entire territory that is today known as Bosnia and Herzegovina was not conquered by the Ottoman Empire at once in a single battle, but it took

3468-399: The Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, Mahmud Pasha also invaded Herzegovina and besieged Blagaj after which Herceg Stjepan conceded a truce that required ceding all of his lands north of Blagaj to the Ottomans. The Ottoman territory in Bosnia continued to be expanded into newly-established sanjaks: the Sanjak of Herzegovina was formed in the 1470, subordinated to the beglerbey of Rumelia like

3570-427: The Ottoman Empire several decades to conquer it. Military units of the Ottoman Empire made many raids into feudal principalities in the western Balkans at the end of the 14th century, some of them into territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, long before the conquest of the Bosnian Kingdom. The first Ottoman raids led by Timurtash-Pasha happened in the eastern parts of Bosnia in 1384. The Battle of Bileća in 1388

3672-494: The Ottomans because their interest lay in dividing Bosnia. Stjepan's relations with the Serbian despot Đurađ also deteriorated, mostly because of the Srebrenica issue. While the king enjoyed a period of stability in relations with the despot, in late 1447, Stjepan attempted to re-negotiate a reconciliation with Đurađ by dispatching envoys to offer him "peace and alliance". In March 1448, the Ottomans sent an expedition to plunder

3774-525: The Ottomans. On 21 May 1466 in Novi, in front of his closest courtiers summoned as witnesses, a court chaplains gost Radin and monk David, and a chamberlain Knez Pribislav Vukotić , Stjepan, old and terminally ill, dictated his last words recorded in a testament , and leaving Vladislav out of it he blamed fall of Bosnia on him, stating that Vladislav had "brought the great Turk to Bosnia to

3876-522: The Ottomans. In April 1441, after failing to get amnesty from the Porte, Đurađ hurriedly departed Zeta, taking refuge in Ragusa. The Sultan ordered Stjepan to attack Ragusa because the city gave refuge to Đurađ, but this threat prompted despot to leave the city-state. Stjepan also attracted support from knez Stefan Crnojević , and after the departure of Đurad, Stjepan engaged and by September 1441, he had occupied Upper Zeta ( Serbo-Croatian : Gornja Zeta ) to

3978-543: The Ottomans. King Stephen and Herceg Stjepan knew the Ottomans would soon attack, so throughout 1462 and early 1463, they sought help from anyone, friend or foe, who would offer assistance. On 8 and 20 March 1463, Stjepan asked Venice to allow Skanderbeg 's forces to cross their territory to help him, which they did but the decision to inform their outpost in Skadar was issued on 26 April. Possibly due to this belated Venetian reaction, Skanderbeg failed to carry out his promises before Venice withdrew their permission. After

4080-484: The Ragusan government proclaimed him a traitor. A reward of 15,000 ducats , a palace in Dubrovnik worth 2,000 ducats, and an annual income of 300 ducats was offered to anyone who would kill Stjepan, along with the promise of hereditary Ragusan noble status. The threat seemed to have worked because Stjepan abandoned the siege and moved to Kotor to help destroying an Albanian marauder who were reported had come to operate around

4182-453: The Ragusans to mediate and help him achieve peace. Reluctant to take up the undertaking, they responded by saying Bosnia had many noblemen better suited for the task. Later, the Ragusans led the negotiations and pleaded with both men that a war would bring many "dangers and misfortunes" to them and their subjects, and to Bosnia as a whole. Stjepan demanded Pavlović cede lands he had taken earlier but after many missions to both noblemen's' courts,

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4284-506: The Republic of Venice. In the same treaty, Stjepan promised to pay Alfonso regular tribute instead of paying the Ottoman sultan, as he had done until then. However, the senior-vassal relationship between King Alfonso and Stjepan did not have any meaningful effects and remained in theory. For the next seventeen years of Thomas's rule, events provoked by this dynamism between the two men were changing in rapid succession in terms of historical scale. Civil war broke out in 1444 and continued into

4386-516: The Serbian Empire or Despotate to designate border regions where the emperor or despot had not established solid and firm control due to raids from hostile neighboring provinces. The militarized territories that would later receive the name Bosansko Krajište (lit. Bosnian Frontierland ) were thus governed by the same Ottoman administration, based in Skopje. After the death of King Tvrtko I in 1391,

4488-481: The Venetians' advice to reconcile with his step-grandfather seriously. Upon strengthening his own position, peace was restored and reconciliation achieved, ensuring the nobility's absolute support of the king and loyalty to the kingdom. For King Stephen, it was important to get Stjepan's full support. Stjepan had sent his son and chosen heir Vlatko to Stephen's coronation, and the king was proud to announce he assumed

4590-505: The balance of power in Bosnia. Although hostilities between Duke Stjepan and his sister, Radislav's widow, and her sons Duke Ivaniš , Knez Petar II and Knez Nikola , lasted for several months after her husband's death, Stjepan captured the last of Pavlović's southern strongholds, the Klobuk fortress , before peace was brokered between them in May 1442. Radislav's successor Duke Ivaniš Pavlović, as

4692-512: The ban. Venice was also interested in securing Klis and Ostrovica , two key fortresses on the Bosnian-Croatian border—Klis was held by the ban and Ostrovica was in Bosnian hands. Ban Pavao promised to relinquish Klis to them in case of a Bosnian attack. In the Christian world, reconciliation of the two most-powerful men in Bosnia was greeted with relief. Venice appreciated the stability that

4794-500: The beginning Herceg Stjepan could count on Pavlović's troops, because they were too weak after Radisav 's death and had signed peace agreement with him, but being loyal king's men Ivaniš and Petar II Pavlović restrained themselves from participating actively. So, the alliance could have defeated Stjepan if quarrel had noted broke out over the city of Blagaj, which King Tomas demanded from Vladislav, but which he did not agree to relinquish. After several unsuccessful negotiations this led

4896-497: The beginning of 1462, resulted in the capture of one Bosnian border town. Stjepan prepared to counter-attack with the support of Venice but Stjepan and King Stephen agreed to an alliance with a knezs of Krbava, the Kurjaković noble family , which made Venice to suddenly relent, fearing a strong alliance could threaten its own interests in the area. To avoid a direct confrontation between both sides, they campaigned for negotiations with

4998-438: The city. After King Thomas and Despot Đurađ reconciled, Dubrovnik proposed a league against Stjepan. Apart from the theoretical ceding of some of Stjepan's family territories to the Republic of Ragusa, Thomas' charter from 18 December 1451 obliged him to attack Stjepan. In July 1451, Dubrovnik entered into secret relations with Herceg 's son Knez Vladislav and Duke of Hum, Ivaniš Vlatković , both of whom were loyal to

5100-492: The conduct of their political and economic affairs, and influenced the political life of the kingdom to the point at which they had an important role in the accession and succession of the kings, including steering foreign policy. During this period, between 1392 and 1420, several rulers acceded to the Bosnian throne: Stephen Dabiša (1391–1395), Helen (1395–1398), Stephen Ostoja (1398–1404; 1409–1418), Tvrtko II (1404–1409), Stephen Ostojić (1418–1420). Still, Bosnian unity

5202-450: The country"; if he does, it will bring him "glory throughout the world". In 1443, the Papacy sent envoys to Thomas and Stjepan about a counter-offensive against the Ottomans but Thomas and Stjepan were at war. Duke Ivaniš Pavlović, who was the second-most-powerful nobleman in Bosnia after Stjepan, and who was passive when the conflict broke out during the final year in the reign of Tvrtko II,

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5304-447: The customs tolls to him and dispatched some of his men to Drijeva to set up the new regimen. The Republic of Venice also tried to take advantage during the transfer of power from Sandalj to Stjepan. Venice unsuccessfully tried to take over the fortress of Novi via neighboring Kotor and its knez 's maneuvering. Venice thought it could take the town by exerting pressure and influence on the fortress' castellan (governor). Despite

5406-590: The death and destruction of us all". The duke died the following day. For the salvation of his soul, he left a bequest of 10,000 ducats. He distributed the rest of the money to his sons Vlatko and Stjepan- Ahmed Pasha Hercegović , 30,000 gold ducats each, while to Vladislav, with whom he remained on bad terms for the rest of his life, Herceg did not leave any money. To his third wife Cecilia, he left 1000 ducats, and rich silverware and silver dishes, two silver belts and some gilded brocade for clothes, and everything he had given her since she came to his home. He left

5508-585: The death of King Stjepan Tomašević . The Siege of Jajce ensued shortly thereafter in which the Kingdom of Hungary retook the Jajce Fortress . The victory was hailed at Matthias Corvinus 's court as a restoration of the Kingdom of Bosnia, then under Hungarian sovereignty. The Hungarians formed the Banate of Jajce after that. Isa-beg became the first sanjakbey of the Bosnian Sanjak in 1464. After taking

5610-554: The despot Đurađ, and themselves considered occupying the territories of Lower Zeta they did not already hold. Stjepan took Bar in March 1442, which turned Budva and Drivast against him. Stjepan's armies approached and besieged both cities, which resisted for two months but both eventually surrendered to Venice. Because of these engagements in Zeta, the Venetian Republic and Stjepan entered

5712-618: The exact date and place, Herceg Stjepan eventually forgave his eldest son, his wife, and Hum's nobility for rebelling against him, and everything was sealed with a treaty in a ceremony held in Pišče  [ sh ] on the Piva , on the road to the Sokol Fortress , between 1 and 5 June, with the confirmation and vouching by the djed of the Bosnian Church and its 12 clerics, called strojnik s, and led by gost Radin , who served as witnesses. It

5814-438: The fall of Bosnia in 1463, Herceg Stjepan Vukčić, lord of its southernmost province , lived for another three years, during which the kingdom was dismantled, all of which he blamed on his eldest son Vladislav Hercegović . Soon after taking the hearth of th Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, Mahmud Pasha turned to herceg 's lands and besieged Blagaj, after which Stjepan conceded a truce while ceding all of his lands north of Blagaj to

5916-423: The first Ottoman censuses in the western Balkans. By the end of this period, in the 1460s, the territory of the Kingdom of Bosnia was significantly reduced, with the Ottoman Empire controlling the entirety of today's eastern Bosnia, as far north as Šamac , and Herceg Stjepan under control of all of today's Herzegovina as far north as Glamoč . The Ottoman conquest of the Kingdom of Bosnia ended in 1463 with

6018-741: The king to leave the alliance, and the Ragusans, disappointed by the king's decision, withdrew their fleet from the Neretva and mercenaries too. Thus abandoned, Vladislav and the Vlatković brothers lost the upper hand on the battlefield. In summer 1452 preparations for negotiation to stop the war slowly started. In February 1453 negotiations began, most likely on Herceg 's initiative. But before its start, during preparations for negotiations in late summer and fall 1452, Ragusans tried to persuade young Vladislav, now duke, not to enter negotiations with his father and younger brother, claiming that Stjepan had promised to exact revenge on Vladislav and his brother "thinking

6120-648: The king's demesne . They also plundered Stjepan Vukčić's lands, burning Drijeva in the process. At this point, the king's position was seriously impaired by the Ottoman offensive and the rapprochement of his father-in-law Stjepan with the despot. In September 1448, the despot's brother-in-law Thomas Kantakouzenos attacked Thomas' troops while Stjepan helped the despot recapture Srebrenica. The king and Duke Ivaniš Pavlović successfully retaliated against Stjepan and his Serbian ally in late 1449. In February 1450, they re-took Srebrenica, and in April and May, they recaptured Drijeva. New peace negotiations began in late 1450 and

6222-477: The kingdom's throne with the full acceptance of the nobility. Herceg Stjepan refrained from claiming the Bosnian crown for his adolescent grandson Sigismund , Catherine's son and Stephen Tomašević's half-brother, probably realizing Bosnia needed a strong, mature monarch in a time of peril. The Ottomans threatened the territory of Bosnia while attacks against the kingdom's southern edges by Pavao Špirančić , Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia , between September 1461 and

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6324-404: The kingdom, which was facing the Ottomans' advancement. It was Stjepan's herceg title that gave rise to the name of Herzegovina , which was used as early as 1 February 1454 in a letter Ottoman commander Esebeg wrote from Skopje. In 1470, Herzegovina was separated from the Sanjak of Bosnia and re-organized into the Sanjak of Herzegovina , with a seat in Foča . The name remains in use for

6426-466: The late Bosnian medieval state more than any other person of his era. Stjepan supported Radivoj in the line of succession for the Bosnian throne and refused to recognize the ascension of King Thomas, leading to a series of civil wars in the kingdom. During this time, Stjepan added the title herzog to his intitulation. While searching for help, he aligned himself first with the Ottoman Empire then

6528-505: The latter was helping Stefan Lazarević fight the Ottomans in Serbia ; subsequently, Hrvoje allied himself with the Ottomans, who invaded Bosnia in May 1414, which prompted a subsequent invasion by the troops of the Kingdom of Hungary . In a major battle in August 1415 that took place either near Doboj or in the Lašva Valley , the Ottomans won a major victory, upsetting the balance of power in

6630-670: The left bank of the Morača river. He had help from Stefan, Crnojević's oldest brother, who represented the Crnojević family and was awarded with control over the five large katuns in Upper Zeta. In his conquest of Lower Zeta ( Serbo-Croatian : Donja Zeta ), Stjepan faced much-tougher foe, the Republic of Venice. During the expansion into Upper Zeta, the Venetian government criticized Kotor's knez in 1439 for refusing to help Stjepan and because

6732-399: The most valuable personal belongings to his youngest son Stjepan-Ahmed Pasha. Apparently his father's favorite, Stjepan-Ahmed Pasha also received his father's biggest special silver dish, four necklaces made of precious stones, his mother Barbara's relics and icons, a crown decorated with pearls, rings with precious stones and a necklace, belts, her clothes and four pairs of ceremonial robes,

6834-445: The most-powerful Bosnian magnate of his time and had the most influence of any nobleman upon the development of the late-medieval Kingdom of Bosnia. In the first two decades of the 15th century, following the death of its first king Tvrtko I , the Kingdom of Bosnia began developing into a less-centralized state with three powerful noble families Pavlović , Vukčić , and Hranić . These families had significant independence in

6936-1002: The municipality was created by dividing of the pre-existing municipality of Goražde between Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Dayton Agreement . The original name of the municipality was Srpsko Goražde ("Serbian Goražde"), but in 2004 the name was declared unconstitutional and was temporarily changed to Ustiprača . The current name was adopted one year later, in 2005. (2013 census) (1991 census) (2013 census) (1991 census) [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 Stjepan Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87 Kosa%C4%8Da Stjepan Vukčić Kosača (1404–1466)

7038-420: The negotiations failed. Other involved Bosnians were Vojsalić's and Radivojević's. Đurađ Vojsalić 's attack had produced some results, and he took the medieval market town ( transl.  trg, trgovište ) Drijeva , which also favored Radivojević so the coalition between Vojsalić and Radivojević, including Sigismund who also wanted Drijeva, had conflicting interests. Sigismund asked Dubrovnik to pay all of

7140-411: The other petty Hum's nobility came together against Herceg and his younger son Vlatko. The alliance was very successful, especially because Hum's general population was extremely dissatisfied with Stjepan's rule, the king and despot were in agreement and the Porte, on huge Herceg disadvantage, was neutral; only Venice remained friend with him during the war, and he had his local vassals. Though, at

7242-459: The problems, and with some critical moments, Stjepan firmly retained the town. During these initial struggles, Stjepan had help from the Ottomans, who supported him, and he had Bosnian anti-king Radivoj at his court. Stjepan's situation was difficult but not critical. He invited the Ottomans to Bosnia, and they helped him to overcome all of his adversities. During the initial conflicts for his inheritance, Stjepan Vukčić's most persistent adversary

7344-508: The region. The first permanent presence of Ottoman armies in Bosnia was established in 1414, after the region near Donji Vakuf (known as Bosnian Skoplje in medieval times) was captured. In period between 1414 and 1418, the Ottoman Empire conquered Foča , Pljevlja , Čajniče and Nevesinje . During the same year Višegrad and Sokol were captured too. In 1415, Sandalj Hranić, who controlled today's eastern Herzegovina, became an Ottoman vassal. Isa-Beg Isaković organized in 1455 one of

7446-402: The same", citing Herceg 's letters to Venice as evidence. However, since they could not completely prevent the negotiations between Vladislav and Herceg , the Dubrovnik government wanted to at least find a way to influence them. In January 1453, Ragusans expressed to Papal legat their commitment to peace but rejected possibility of separate peace between any party involved. With some doubt over

7548-558: The second oldest in the Balkans. The East Bosnian railway from Sarajevo to Uvac and Vardište was built through Ustiprača during Austro-Hungarian rule . The name of the railway station was Ustiprača-Goražde at that time. Construction of the line started in 1903. It was completed in 1906, using the 760 mm ( 2 ft  5 + 15 ⁄ 16  in ) track gauge . With the cost of 75 million gold crowns, which approximately translates to 450 thousand gold crowns per kilometer, it

7650-459: The southernmost region of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The town of Herceg Novi in present-day Montenegro , which was founded by Tvrtko I of Bosnia as Sveti Stefan —the name that from the beginning gave way to a name Novi (literally "New"; also known as Castelnuovo in Italian, New Castle in English)—later came to Kosača possession and become their winter seat. During this era, the town

7752-443: The throne after Thomas' death, set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family to strengthen his own position. Strained relations with his stepmother Stjepan's daughter Queen Catherine were relaxed as he guaranteed she would retain her title and privileges. This was noted by her father Stjepan, who wrote to Venetian officials saying the King had "taken her as his mother". The new king, who also wanted reconciliation, took

7854-490: The throne. It is unclear if Thomas was chosen by Tvrtko II or elected by stanak , and if Stjepan participated in his election. Stjepan was the new king's opponent from the start and opted for Thomas's exiled brother Radivoj , a candidate put forward by the Ottoman Empire. Sensing problems, Ragusans dispatched envoys to Stjepan's court with instructions to appeal to him by arguing he is now "the most powerful and most wise Bosnian lord" who must preserve "the peace and unity in

7956-641: The two houses and the renewal of family ties; Radislav remarried Stjepan's sister. At the beginning of 1440, Radislav Pavlović's situation dramatically changed. Because he owed the Sultan a large sum of money, probably having indebted himself during the campaigns to regain his lands and Trebinje in 1439, the Sultan decided Stjepan Vukčić should repay that debt and in return regain Trebinje and its surroundings from Pavlović. In March, Stjepan recaptured Trebinje, which caused war to break out, and in April, new negotiations between

8058-567: The two rivals had made peace again. Stjepan Vukčić recognized Thomas as king and the pre-war borders between the royal demesne and the land of Hum were restored, but the king re-took Srebrenica later that year. The royal wedding which sealed this peace took place in mid-May 1446 in Milodraž . It was conducted through Catholic rite , marked by elaborate festivities, and followed by the couple's coronation in Mile . By this time, Catherine, who had also been

8160-541: The unprotected province. He asked the Kotor knez to assist him in capturing it, and presented himself as Balšić 's successor. Stjepan also contacted Stefan Maramonte , son of Konstantin Balšić and Helena Thopia , who was fighting as a condottiero in southern Italy. The postponement of the conquest of Zeta was caused by the Serbian despot Đurađ's prolonged stay there in mid 1440, when he unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile with

8262-636: The war, which resulted in expansion for the Venetians, who acquired additional lands on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. In his first years in power, Stjepan Vukčić consolidated his position as the family chieftain and preserved the inherited lands; he also gained important new territories of Omiš and Poljica, pushing the Pavlovićs out of their southern territories, the most important of which were Trebinje and Dračevica, and captured whole of Upper Zeta and Bar in Lower Zeta. Radislav Pavlović died in late 1441, changing

8364-700: Was Duke Radislav Pavlović, against whom the alliance between King Tvrtko II and Stjepan turned. By the end of 1437, Duke Radislav has also fallen out of favor with the Sublime Porte , while Stjepan received a signal from the Sultan to take Trebinje from him. At the beginning of 1438, Radislav Pavlović was in a difficult situation; Stjepan took Trebinje from him and recaptured the town of Jeleč in Upper Podrinje, which Radislav probably seized from Kosača immediately after Sandalj's death. Pavlović's other fortress Klobuk in Vrm

8466-402: Was a powerful Bosnian nobleman who was politically active from 1435 to 1465; the last three decades of Bosnian medieval history . During this period, three kings acceded to the Bosnian throne: Tvrtko II , Thomas (Tomaš) , Stephen Tomašević (Stjepan Tomašević) and anti-king Radivoj —the older brother of King Thomas—before the country was conquered by the Ottomans . Stjepan,

8568-528: Was admitted into the nobility of the Republic of Ragusa . The republic was an aristocratic maritime state centered on the city of Dubrovnik in South Dalmatia , surrounded since 1326 by the piece of medieval Bosnian state territory known as Primorje . It was customary for the republic to grant all the major Bosnian nobility a status of citizenry and republic's nobility. It was also customary to grant them

8670-503: Was already an alliance between him and the King. From another letter by Dubrovnik, written in 1459, it is clear that the initiative that despot and King Thomas strike together against the Herceg came from Herceg 's wife Jelena and Knez Vladislav. The relations in Herceg 's family greatly influenced the opening of the infighting and Vladislav's rebellion, but also whole conspiracy against Herceg . The reason behind infighting can be found in

8772-557: Was also stipulated that the Herceg must not take any action against dukes Ivaniš Vlatković and Sladoje Semković , and knez s Đurađ Ratković and Vukašin Sanković , nor any of the nobles who were not part of the family's immediate circle, until the suspicions were first checked by the djed of the Bosnian church, twelve strojnik s, among which a place was reserved for Radin Gost. In the second half of 1459, King Thomas decisively acted against

8874-409: Was attained after many years in Bosnia. There was an expectation Bosnia would lead the actions against Ottoman advancement. The Bosnians had earlier failed to lead the crusade, the role assigned to them in 1457, due to the dynamism between Stjepan Vukčić and the throne, which was personified at the time in King Thomas. After more than a decade of discord, unified Bosnia faced increasing pressure from

8976-438: Was besieged. At that point, the Ragusans told Stjepan he "took revenge on his enemies more than any one of his predecessors". Stjepan's triumph was short-lived, however, as Radislav soon regained the sultan's sympathy and Stjepan had to return Trebinje and other lands which he had recently taken from Radislav. Probably through Ottoman mediation, two magnates started negotiations, which lasted until June 1439, ending in peace between

9078-541: Was childless, decided to choose him as his heir. When his father died in 1432, Stjepan inherited his lands in the Upper Drina along with the title Knez of Drina that came with it. Sandalj died on 15 March 1435 and Stjepan succeeded him, becoming the most-powerful nobleman in Bosnia. Along with Sandalj's noble titles, Stjepan inherited his uncle's lands with all of the attendant obligations, alliances, antagonisms, and conflicting interests. Like his uncle, Stjepan became

9180-434: Was cut off from the main part of his territory. Vlatko's actions against the Ottomans were mostly concentrated around this fort with limited success. Počitelj fell in 1471 but Herceg Vlatko had already in 1470 realized that only radical change in his politics could bring him some release, so he pursued and achieved a peace with the Ottomans. In the same year, the Ottomans excluded Hum from the Bosnian Sanjak and established

9282-472: Was dispatched by King Thomas to attack Stjepan. The Hungarian regent John Hunyadi had recognized Thomas. Stjepan turned to King Alfonso V of Aragon , who made him " Knight of the Virgin " but did not provide any troops. On 15 February 1444, Stjepan signed a treaty with the King of Aragon and Naples, becoming his vassal in exchange for Alfonso's help against his enemies—King Thomas, Duke Ivaniš Pavlović and

9384-495: Was forged in greatest secrecy, and sealed by charter of alliance, written, signed and issued by Vladislav in Drinaljevo župa near Tođevac fortress, on August 15. On March 29, 1452, Vladislav openly declared his hostility against his father. His mother and grandmother stood by him. He was joined by Duke Ivaniš Vlatković with his brothers. The rebellion was well organized, so that on the first day, Vladislav and his allies occupied

9486-471: Was happening in the Bosnian state between the throne and Stjepan happened within the local framework of his own reign—whenever the opportunity arose, Stjepan's vassals would deviate from his authority or join the king against him during the civil wars. King Tvrtko II died in September 1443, and on 5 December that year, stanak approved the accession of Thomas ( Tomaš ), his first cousin and heir, to

9588-448: Was in the palace in Dubrovnik. His love and special attituded for his youngest, Stjepan-Ahmed Pasha, is highlighted by the fact that Herceg left him most cherished personal belongings such as a golden icon and relics that he owned–medieval Christians believed that the spirits of certain saints were present in the relics, and that by possessing such relics they were guaranteed protection. Judging by what Herceg left for Stjepan-Ahmed, there

9690-655: Was intended by either the Hungarians or the Ottomans. Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a process that started roughly in 1386, when the first Ottoman attacks on the Kingdom of Bosnia took place. In 1451, more than 65 years after its initial attacks, the Ottoman Empire officially established the Bosansko Krajište (Bosnian Frontier), an interim borderland military administrative unit , an Ottoman frontier, in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1463,

9792-515: Was mostly inactive in his first year of his reign. The Bosnian king then approached Stjepan and assured good relations with him, contrary to Sigismund's expectations. This prompted Radislav Pavlović to seek support from the Ottomans and report on the harmonious relations between the king and Stjepan, whose relationship remained close until at least 1440. Sigismund then turned to Stjepan's other enemies within and outside Bosnia. He successfully sought help from Bosnian noblemen against Stjepan, most of all

9894-426: Was one of the most expensive railways in the world built by that time. The extensions were built from Uvac to Priboj , and from Vardište to Belgrade in 1928. In 1939, the railway station Ustiprača became a junction railway station to destinations of Sarajevo, Belgrade and Foča , after a branch line from Ustiprača to Foča had been built. The entire line was closed down in 1978, and dismantled afterwards. In 1994,

9996-471: Was quite transparent, advised King Tvrtko II, Duke Stjepan and Duke Radislav to jointly implore the Sultan to lower his impossible demands, and suggested it would be best and easiest if the three men together pay the Sultan thousands of ducats for Radislav's lands. They warned their Bosnian neighbors friendship bought for money is neither firm nor permanent, and indicated the fate of other regional lords, Serbs, Byzantines, Albanians, who had perished or suffered as

10098-400: Was renamed again by adding Stjepan's title herceg to the name Novi , which gave it the current name of Herceg Novi . Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, who was probably born in 1404, was the son of Knez of Drina Vukac Hranić Kosača and his wife Katarina, whose ancestry is unknown. Stjepan's father's modest hereditary lands were located in the Upper Drina region, situated in the eastern parts of

10200-526: Was symbolized in the Bosnian crown, with the royal authority having a place of honor in it, and the Bosnian Church , which was schismatic and independent from both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Toward the end of the second decade of the 15th century, however, only Stjepan's uncle Sandalj remained powerful. The state authority was becoming influential again, and the throne was more stable. Along with his father and uncles Sandalj and Vuk, Stjepan

10302-432: Was taken from him by Despot Đurađ, but he continued to prepare for war against Stjepan, and together with the Pavlovićs, he soon regained Drijeva. Having failed to strengthen his royal authority by force, King Thomas sought another way to pacify the kingdom. A rapprochement with Stjepan via marriage with his daughter Catherine of Bosnia ( Katarina ), was probably mooted by 1445, when Thomas sought improved relations with

10404-621: Was the first battle of the Ottoman army on the territory of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina . It soon won important victories against the regional feudal lords in the Battle of Marica (1371) and Battle of Kosovo (1389). In 1392, the Ottomans established the Skopsko Krajište after the capture of Skopje , the capital of the Serbian Empire between 1346-1371; the term krajište ( крајиште ) had originally served as an administrative unit of

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