74-610: The Norwich Northern Distributor Road , now officially named the Broadland Northway (but also known as the NDR ) is a 12.4 miles (20.0 km) dual-carriageway linking the A47 to the south east of the city to the proposed Rackheath Eco-town and Norwich International Airport to the north of Norwich before finishing at the A1067 Fakenham Road to the north west of the city. The road
148-407: A divided highway ( AmE ) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (BrE) or median (AmE). Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways , freeways, etc., rather than dual carriageways. A road without a central reservation is known as
222-428: A single carriageway regardless of how many lanes there are. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over the years and over single carriageways and typically have higher speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local or collector lanes are used within a local-express-lane system to provide more capacity and to smooth out traffic flows for longer-distance travel. A very early (perhaps
296-573: A 'moderate adverse' impact on landscape. The road was the focus of a long running UK road protest from a local campaign group and was also opposed by the Campaign for Better Transport , a public transport advocacy group. Campaign for Better Transport executive director Stephen Joseph criticised the scheme as poor use of funding when the DfT revealed the Norwich Northern Distributor Road
370-468: A 'motorway/freeway' standard divided road. Most states only declare a divided road as a 'motorway' or 'freeway' if access is completely controlled . Speed limits are usually 100 km/h or 110 km/h. English Nature English Nature was the United Kingdom government agency that promoted the conservation of wildlife , geology and wild places throughout England between 1990 and 2006. It
444-414: A broken line indicating passing zones and a solid line indicating no passing zones and solid white baseline shoulder stripes. On undivided roads with more than one lane in each direction, the center is normally marked with a double solid line. The double solid stripe denotes that it is illegal to pass on the other side of the center line. Multilane one-way carriageways use broken white lines between lanes;
518-473: A built up area is indicated by the presence of street lights; on lit dual carriageways that are not considered to be in a built-up area, the speed limit will be clarified with intermittent signs. Although in Ireland the term dual carriageway technically applies to any road with physically separated lanes, it is usually used only to refer to those route sections that do not have a motorway designation. Most often it
592-567: A central median, usually fitted with guardrails. The most heavily used expressways in Croatia is the D10 road , connecting capital Zagreb to Vrbovec and Križevci . In the United States, this type of road may be called a divided highway, boulevard, parkway, expressway, freeway, or interstate, and has a grassy median or Jersey barrier separating the traffic directions. With few exceptions, all roads in
666-473: A freeway from the 1950s to 1970s. Opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long (260 km) Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes and in 1957 the Interstate Highway System began. Completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In
740-467: A lack of funding elsewhere, partial controlled-access "expressways" and limited-mobility divided arterial roads are more common in the western provinces where there are no specially numbered systems of freeways. On some portions of Ontario 's 400-series highway network, the median may be either steel guardrail or an Ontario tall-wall barrier rather than an unpaved strip, particularly in urban areas. Some partial limited-access divided highways such as
814-498: A median barrier preventing left turns (motorists have to use a "turnabout" overpass to access exits on the opposing direction). Speed limits in Canada are usually 80 to 90 km/h on signalized divided highways and 100 to 120 km/h on freeways. In Australia, dual carriageways are referred to in some regions as divided roads, though there is no official terminology. Each state's road agency has its own definition of what constitutes
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#1733093909662888-490: A narrow strip of trees down the middle. In 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design. However the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In the year of 1924 the first Italian autostrada
962-593: A new standard was set to designate certain high-quality routes formally as "Expressways". Many roads such as the A1 , the A14 , the A19 and the A42 are built to a high quality, with grade-separated junctions, full barriers at roadside and central reservations and, in some cases, three lanes of traffic. They may still fall short of motorway standard in terms of hard shoulders, the height of overpasses or
1036-567: A potential route. The road has three distinct sections outlined below: The £21 million Postwick Hub scheme at the start of the NDR road is in the district of Broadland to the east of Norwich and includes development of the A47 / A1042 junction and also a further 500 parking places at the Postwick Park and ride (one of six Norwich park and ride sites). This is a dual carriageway road approximately 8.7 miles long. At its western end it starts at
1110-494: A precedent for future highways. Although it, like the first autostrada , did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km (2,000 mi) of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km (810 mi), and
1184-487: A railway line, delayed work on the eastern section. The scheme objectives, as laid out in the Major Scheme Business Case, are to: The Greater Norwich Development Partnership, a non-departmental public body which includes Norfolk County Council and Norwich City Council , has described the dual carriageway as "an integral part of our plans to improve the local public transport network and reduce reliance on
1258-416: A result of their misjudging the speed of approaching traffic on the other carriageway when doing so. The majority of dual carriageway roads now have barriers. Some are heavy concrete obstructions which can bounce a vehicle back into the path of other traffic; others are made from steel ropes mounted on moderately weak posts, where the rope cuts into the vehicle body to slow the vehicle while keeping it against
1332-510: Is autovía (literally autoway ). All of them are government-owned and not tolled. First-generation autovías, built in the 1980s and early 1990s, were just duplications in parallel of existing roads, as shown in the photograph. Modern autovías are two carriageways built from scratch, leaving the old road they replace as an alternative route for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized vehicles. Private properties may have direct access to an autovía, as well as bus stops and gas stations in
1406-399: Is national roads (roads with a route number prefix of N ; e.g. N8 ) that are built as or upgraded to dual carriageway. A number of non-national roads (for example, regional roads ) are dual carriageway, for example in urban areas near or in cities, or where the road was part of a national route. Dual carriageways of this class differ from motorways in a number of ways. The hard shoulder
1480-450: Is demarcated with a dashed yellow line (as opposed to an unbroken yellow line on motorways). The standard speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) for national routes usually applies (by default the limit is 80 km/h (50 mph) for non-national roads, even if dual carriageway). Local authorities have the power to apply a limit of up to 120 km/h (75 mph) as used on most motorways (The High Quality Dual Carriageway section of
1554-673: Is designated the A1270 , and in Spring 2018 was named the Broadland Northway. It was given 'Programme Entry' status by the Department for Transport in December 2009. On 2 June 2015 the scheme was given the final go ahead, the road was completed on 17 April 2018, the western section having opened in late 2017. The project was initially for a road from the A47 to the west of Norwich at Easton passing to
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#17330939096621628-594: The A140 Cromer Road at a new grade separated junction, close to Norwich Airport . The route heads eastwards to pass to the south of communities of Horsham St Faith , Spixworth and Rackheath before joining the A47 Trunk Road at the existing Postwick Interchange. New at-grade roundabouts have been constructed where the NDR crosses the main radial roads linking the north and north east of Norfolk to Norwich city centre. This section of dual carriageway east of
1702-561: The Autobahn network programme but still have the blue signs (e. g. the B 59 , formerly A 540 near Grevenbroich ); and on the other hand some former non- Autobahn (yellow) motorways have been added to Autobahn budgeting but the signs have not been changed either (e. g. parts of the B 6 , now A 36 in the north of the Harz highland area in Saxony-Anhalt). Motorways that are neither in
1776-721: The Countryside Commission went to the newly formed Countryside Agency . English Nature worked closely with the JNCC and the equivalent bodies for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Environment Agency ) to bring a consistent approach to nature conservation throughout the United Kingdom and towards fulfilling its international obligations. The agency ceased to exist in October 2006 following
1850-493: The Hanlon Parkway and Black Creek Drive have stop-controlled at-grade intersections and private entrances, but have sufficient right-of-way to convert them to full freeways with interchanges if traffic warrants. There are also RIRO expressways , such as Highway 11 and a portion of Highway 35 , which are not full freeways since they allow access to existing properties, but traffic speeds are faster than regular roads due to
1924-676: The Mediterranean world . This influx of road activity necessitated the construction of a dual thoroughfare as the road approached the Porta Portese , the corresponding gate in the Aurelian Walls of Rome for the Via Portuensis . One claim for the first divided highway in the United States was Savery Avenue in Carver, Massachusetts , first built in 1860, where the two roadways were separated by
1998-686: The N1 between the end of the M1 and the border with Northern Ireland and the N25/N22 Ballincollig Bypass in Cork are the only route sections with such special limits). Traffic lights and junctions are permitted at grade on dual carriageways. For older sections of dual carriageway, this has resulted in fewer flyover junctions. Newer dual carriageway sections are usually near motorway standard, with grade-separated junctions, but may not be designated as motorways due to
2072-674: The autobahn network nor in the Bundesstraße network are given black on white signs, following the same sign code as high-speed dual carriageways—this is mostly seen on urban trunk roads. Italian Highway Code ( Codice della strada ) divides dual carriageways into three different classifications: Italian type-B and type-C roads do not follow a specific numbering criterion. They may be numbered as Strade Statali (SS; "state roads"), Strade Regionali (SR; "regional roads"), Strade Provinciali (SP; "provincial roads") or Strade Comunali (SC; "municipal roads"). The Spanish word for dual carriageway
2146-466: The Local Government Act 2001. Accordingly, hard shoulders are included wherever feasible to provide for the resulting pedestrian and cyclist traffic, and are present on much of the national route network. These hard shoulders may also be used as running lanes by motorised traffic under certain conditions. Until 2005, many motorways and dual carriageways in Ireland did not have crash barriers in
2220-653: The NNDR". In June 2009, the site was given the go-ahead from the Government, after receiving an A-grade listing, meaning the location would be generally suitable for an eco-town Local campaigners said that relying on the NDR would make it unsustainable. In August 2009 the longer scheme to the A1067 was expected to cost £117m. £69m (60% of the estimated cost) was expected to come from the Regional Funding Allocation (RFA) and
2294-455: The Postwick Hub development. In May 2010 Local Transport Today revealed that, as part of the Government's drive to cut spending, all major transport schemes are being reviewed with an eye to reduce spending. This includes the Norwich Northern Distributor Road. In October 2010 Philip Hammond revealed that the scheme would be one of those competing for funding at the end of 2011 to be part of
Norwich Northern Distributor Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
2368-548: The Postwick Hub, which did not include the NDR. £21 million had been allocated to the Postwick Hub through the Community Infrastructure Fund , conditional on the distributor road also receiving funding. John Dowie, director of regional and local transport delivery for the DfT, said that "It would be open to Norfolk to review the Postwick Junction design and prepare an alternative option that is less dependent on
2442-537: The Soviet Union had 400 km (250 mi). What may have been the world's first long-distance intercity dual carriageway/freeway was the Queen Elizabeth Way in Southern Ontario in Canada, initially linking the large cities of Toronto and Hamilton together by 1939, with construction on this stretch of the present-day Queen Elizabeth Way beginning in 1936 as "Middle Road". It was gradually upgraded to
2516-656: The UK, although the term "dual carriageway" applies to any road with physically separated lanes, it is frequently used as a descriptive term for major routes built in this style. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking. Occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way (sometimes to permit easier overtaking of slower uphill traffic). Different speed limits apply on dual carriageway sections from those that apply on single carriageway sections of
2590-460: The Wensum Valley. In August 2005 the council published their preferred route for the section from the A1067 to the A47 road in the east, but left open the possibility that the section from the A1067 to the A47 to the west of Norwich would not be included due to the objections relating to the Wensum Valley. In September 2005 the council dropped the section to the west of the A1067 from
2664-599: The above section runs to the A1067. When the Department for Transport (DfT) decision on the shorter NDR was announced in December 2009, Adrian Gunson, cabinet member for planning and transportation, said that the council would seek planning permission for its preferred route from the A140 to the A1067 in the hope that funding could be secured at a later date. No other funding being found, Norfolk County Council elected to fund this section of
2738-492: The airport and development to the north of the city'. They also indicated that they would need to perform an environmental impact assessment, the realism of the cost estimates but had not decided on a route. In March 2006 Norfolk CC then deferred the decision to consult on the route due to environmental concerns by English Nature and the Environment Agency regarding the western end of the route where it would pass through
2812-571: The arguments for and against the NDR and the Postwick Hub. But I am well aware there are people who that doesn’t affect at all living in the rural hinterland, who need a bus service." On 2 June 2015 the Norwich Northern Distributor Road was given the go ahead with work started in December 2015. On 20 July 2017 the Holt Road/Reepham Road link road near the A140 was opened, allowing the Holly Lane road to be closed and major work carried out on
2886-428: The barrier until it has stopped. Often on urban dual carriageways where the road has been converted from a four-lane single carriageway the central reservation will not be substantial: often just a small steel divider to save space. Turning right (that is, across the line of traffic heading in the opposite direction) is usually permitted only at specific locations. Often the driver will be required to turn left (away from
2960-455: The basis of their structure these roads have, comparable to the German autobahn , the legal foundation that no default speed limit exists (design speed 130 km/h), although the standard advisory speed limit ( German : Richtgeschwindigkeit ) still exists. Nevertheless, expressways are often given speed limit signs. Exit signs. At the moment some (blue) motorways have been taken out of
3034-682: The central reservation, the policy being to use a wider median instead. Crash barriers are now mandatory for such routes, and wire cabling or full crash barriers (depending on whether or not the route is a motorway, and median width) have been fitted to existing routes. Between 2000 and 2010, three major types of dual carriageway were built on national road schemes in Ireland: In Germany the term Autobahnähnliche Straße (motorway-like road) refers to roads that are similar to German autobahn in grade-separation and signage. Most of them are designated as Kraftfahrstraßen (expressways), which means that
Norwich Northern Distributor Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
3108-573: The costs of borrowing have been factored in. In August 2024, a consultation on the controversial proposal concluded, with government advisers lodging a formal objection which appears to have finally ended hopes for the extension. In 2005 Norfolk County Council persuaded the East of England regional assembly to add the road to the Regional Spatial Strategy as a late inclusion describing it as 'Norwich Northern Distributor road to improve access to
3182-435: The dual carriageway) in order to loop around to an access road that permits crossing the major road. Roundabouts on dual carriageways are relatively common, especially in cities or where the cost of a grade-separated junction would be prohibitive. Where space is even more limited, intersections may be controlled by traffic lights. Smaller residential roads adjoining urban dual carriageways may be blocked off at one end to limit
3256-597: The entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s, it was extended southward all the way to Naples and northward to Florence. Most of the original routing was destroyed by the Allies in World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, mostly to control traffic jams and/or to provide bypass routes for traffic. In 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km (13 mi) and became
3330-679: The examination of the East of England Spatial Strategy recommended that the road should be dropped, citing the lack of consultation as the main reason and in March 2007 the Secretary of State accepted the decision and published her intended changes to the East of England Plan without the NDR. During 2007, The Department of Communities and Local Government (CLG) announced a competition to build up to 10 eco-towns. September 2007: The government intervenes to block Norfolk Council's proposal to award any contract to build
3404-663: The federally funded Interstate Highway System are fully controlled access divided highways known as freeways . A broader definition, expressways , includes both freeways and partial limited-access divided highways, and "expressway" is often used specifically to refer to the latter. United States Numbered Highways , state highways and other locally maintained highways may also be divided. Speed limits on rural divided highways range from 65 to 75 miles per hour (105 to 121 km/h), with some portions as high as 80 miles per hour (130 km/h). One privately run toll road in Texas, SH 130, has
3478-594: The first) example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis , built in the first century by the Roman emperor Claudius between Rome and its harbor of Portus . The route between the city and the port experienced a great deal of commercial and pedestrian traffic, as Portus served as the primary avenue for the grain shipments of the Cura Annonae into Rome, as well as transporting the majority of goods imported from across
3552-668: The generic speed limit is 120 km/h (75 mph), minimum speed is 60 km/h (37 mph), driving backwards is strictly prohibited, and they shall not have at-grade junctions. Dual carriageways or expressways in Croatia (Croatian: brza cesta ) are non- tolled roads with 2 or more lanes in each direction, but without emergency lanes . The main motorways in Croatia are also dual carriageways, but they have emergency lanes and tolls. Many bypasses and beltways of smaller cities in Croatia have been recently constructed or planned as dual carriageways. All dual carriageways in Croatia house
3626-533: The hard shoulders. A controlled-access highway (motorway) in Spain is referred to as autopista (literally autotrack ). They may be operated by private companies and be tolled. The two major accesses to Spain from France, AP-7 into Catalonia and AP-8 into the Basque Country , are autopistas. In comparison, the prime road between Spain and Portugal is the photographed autovía A-5 . In both autopistas and autovías,
3700-478: The highest speed limit in the United States at 85 miles per hour (137 km/h). Urban divided highways which are at grade and typically have much lower speed limits are sometimes called boulevards . In keeping with the U.S. Department of Transportation 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), since the early 1970s all divided highways are striped by color to show the direction of traffic flow. Two-way undivided roads have an amber center line, with
3774-663: The introduction the Irish Planning system in 1964. Today Irish planning policy prohibits such development on National Primary or National Secondary roads where the speed limit exceeds 60 km/h (37 mph). This policy results from concerns expressed by the National Roads Authority. A local authority is not obliged to implement this policy and can disregard this policy at its own discretion. This would usually only occur in exceptional circumstances or where planners are overruled by elected councillors using section 140 of
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#17330939096623848-774: The junction between the Cromer Road and the NDR. On 11 November 2017, the first stretch between the A1067 Fakenham Road and A140 Cromer Road was opened. The central section from the A140 to the A1151 Wroxham Road opened on 21 December 2017. The final section linking the A1151 with the A47 at Postwick opened on 17 April 2018. Problems around the Rackheath section, mainly to do with a bridge over
3922-704: The lanes of an existing road (for example US Highway 33 between Elkhart and Goshen in northern Indiana). Like other countries, there are several types of divided highways; fully controlled-access divided routes with interchanges (commonly known as "freeways" in the United States, Australia, and regionally within Canada), expressways that often include a mix of interchanges and traffic signals, and divided arterial roads that are almost entirely stop-controlled. Unlike some other countries, divided dual carriageways in Canada are seldom equipped with traffic circles , roundabouts, or rotaries as alternatives to stoplights. In Canada,
3996-535: The median-side baseline is solid amber, and the right sideline is solid white. Frequently in the U.S. the two carriageways are separated by some distance (wide medians with small forests or even hills in them), but drivers can always tell whether the roadway is two-way or one-way—and, if one-way, the direction in which the traffic flows—by looking at the striping coloration. For an example, see inset showing U.S. Route 52 near Lafayette, Indiana . Some divided highways have been turned into undivided highways by widening
4070-678: The need to preserve access to adjoining property or to the absence of a non-motorway alternative route. Also, dual carriageways that are not motorway classified do not need to be equipped with emergency phones. Motorway restrictions only apply to motorway sections, rather than all dual carriageway sections of national roads (these are signposted with the N prefix on the route number, rather than M ). Some national secondary roads , and regional roads in particular often have houses, schools and other developments fronting on to them. Less important national primary roads , and older sections not yet upgraded may also feature such developments built before
4144-594: The north of the city and linking to the A47 to the east near Postwick . The project was later scaled back to start at the A1067 road. Norfolk County Council has announced that it is committed to providing the final section from the A1067 to the A47 at Easton to the west of Norwich, with the project being called the Norwich Western Link , and has made its delivery one of its three main Highways Objectives (2017) committing £400,000 for further investigation of
4218-517: The number of junctions on the dual carriageway; often other roads will pass over or under the dual carriageway without an intersection. A dual carriageway with grade-separated junctions and which meets other requirements may be upgraded to motorway standard, denoted by an (M) added after the road number (e.g. " A1(M) " or " A38(M) "). Unlike in Ireland, there was no official terminology for 'high-quality dual carriageways' until April 2015, when in England
4292-440: The private car." The road was rated priority 'A1' by the East of England Regional Assembly and strongly supported by Norfolk County Council . The local Green Party candidate highlighted that the road would generate an addition 25,000 tonnes of CO 2 emissions in the first year. Norfolk County Council have described the scheme as having 'large adverse' impacts on several protected species, including barn owls and bats and
4366-572: The proposal. In November 2005 the application by Norfolk County Council for funding from the Transport Innovation Fund was turned down. In December 2005 the road the East of England plan was examined in public with representations against the NDR from the Norwich & Norfolk Transport Action Group, Friends of the Earth and the Campaign to Protect Rural England . In June 2006 the report from
4440-453: The quality of intersecting junctions. The national speed limit applies on dual carriageways (unless it is in a ' built-up area ', or a lower limit is posted), which is as follows: A dual carriageway in a built up area will have a statutory speed limit of 30 mph (48 km/h) unless otherwise sign-posted. It is common for such urban dual carriageways to have an increased speed limit of 40 mph (64 km/h). A road deemed to be in
4514-464: The remaining £47.5m to be sought from Norwich Growth Point infrastructure funding, the Community Infrastructure Fund and developer contributions. In December 2009 the Department for Transport approved the project giving it 'Program Entry' status, but only for the section of road from the A140 by Norwich Airport and the A47 to the east of Norwich and suggested dates of early 2013 for a start to construction with completion in 2015. They also approved
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#17330939096624588-619: The road in February 2009, the Department for Transport warned in July 2009 that "given the fiscal uncertainty, increasing carbon constraints and DaSTS work in hand, a 10-year programme [of funding] must necessarily remain provisional at this stage." Local Transport Today reported in April 2009 that the Department for Transport had "voiced concerns" about the scheme and suggested that the council might like to submit an alternative layout for an associated project,
4662-472: The road itself from its own funds. When the DfT decision on the shorter NDR was announced in December 2009 there were calls from councillors for the section between the A1067 at Attlebridge and the A47 at Easton to also be built, known as the Norwich Western Link . This project remains in the public eye because its delivery is contested. In early 2017 Norfolk County Council voted to make this project one of its three top highway priorities and £400,000
4736-410: The road without going through a competitive tendering process. In August 2008 Norfolk county council propose Rackheath Eco-town as the site for one of the new 'eco-towns'. During the autumn of 2008 the council suggested that there would be a public inquiry in September 2009 with construction starting early in 2011 and completion by the end of 2012. While the East of England allocated RFA revenue to
4810-454: The roads allow higher speed traffic than is common on other roads. This in turn requires them to have dual carriageways in most cases. An exception is the 2+1 road system in some rural areas; these roads are also referred to as expressways. Autobahnähnliche Straßen mostly are colloquially referred to as gelbe Autobahn (yellow motorway) because they have the same technical standard as the Autobahn but have black on yellow signs instead of
4884-403: The same class of road, except in cities and built-up areas where the dual carriageway is more of a safety measure. When first constructed, many dual carriageways—including the first motorways—had no crash- or other barriers in the central reservation. In the event of congestion, or if a driver missed their exit, some drivers made U-turns onto the opposite carriageway; many accidents were caused as
4958-464: The second wave of transport projects given the go ahead by the coalition government . In late October 2010 Graham Plant, cabinet member for transport and travel at Norfolk County Council, told the Eastern Daily Press that the NDR was being reviewed because of budget cuts. He also explained that it was likely to lead to cuts to the core bus network and park and ride. "What we need to know is what are residents’ priorities," he said. "We have looked at all
5032-646: The term "divided highway" is used for this type of road, and the segment between the roadways is referred to as a "median". There may be gaps in the median strip of a partially controlled-access road to allow turning and crossing. More informally, a divided highway may be referred to as "twinned". This stems from the practice of "twinning" an existing two-lane highway and converting it into a divided highway. Such highways in southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and parts of Atlantic Canada usually feature full controlled-access with interchanges where robust federal and provincial funding has made such freeways possible. However, due to
5106-414: The white on blue signs used on the Autobahn motorway network. These are generally high-speed arterial roads in larger cities or important roads within a federal state that do not connect to major cities, so that they do not fall under the federal budget for the Autobahn network. The federal road Bundesstraße 27 is an example where about half of its length is upgraded to a high speed motorway standard. On
5180-403: Was a non-departmental public body funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and gave statutory advice, grants and issued licences. The Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) (formerly the Nature Conservancy) was established by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 to cover nature conservation issues across the whole of Great Britain . The NCC
5254-527: Was going ahead, while the Sustainable Travel Cities and Kickstart Bus programs were suspended. Despite the route having been changed so that it no longer crosses the River Wensum (a Site of Special Scientific Interest ), some opponents argue that there would be pressure to extend the road across the valley in the future, see Norwich Western Link . 52°40′30″N 1°21′38″E / 52.67513°N 1.36042°E / 52.67513; 1.36042 Dual-carriageway A dual carriageway ( BrE ) or
5328-498: Was made available to explore how the NDR could join the A47 to the west of Norwich. Consultants Mouchel have been brought in to progress the scheme and discussions have taken place with Natural England and the Environment Agency. In early 2021, the project was priced at £153 million however in 2023 the costs were reported to have escalated to £274 million; some estimates suggest that the costs could reach nearer £400 million when
5402-517: Was opened running 55 km (34 mi) from Milan to Varese . It featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britain's first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V . In 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km (57 mi) bypassing Rome to the east. Almost
5476-713: Was split into four by the Environmental Protection Act 1990 —its English duties being given to English Nature. In Scotland, its functions were merged with those of the Countryside Commission for Scotland to form Scottish Natural Heritage , and similarly in Wales there was a merger to form the Countryside Council for Wales . A much smaller body, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), supported all three agencies. The English functions of
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