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116-556: The company was founded as Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen A/S in 1933, after Fred. Olsen & Co. took over the assets of a failed airline with the same name from 1927. After taking over the incumbent Widerøe the following year, allowing five other shipping companies a partial ownership and changing the company's name to Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen & Bergenske A/S , DNL started domestic seaplane routes based at Oslo Airport, Gressholmen , and later Oslo Airport, Fornebu , using Junkers Ju 52 aircraft. In 1935, DNL

232-616: A hub . The Swedish government did not want to participate with less than a 50% share, and preferably as a majority owner. It was stated that this was because they had half the population and the only organization capable of operating intercontinental routes. On 1 August, Overseas Scandinavian Airlines System was established, where DNL received a 2/7 ownership. The consortium received its head office in Stockholm, but would also serve Copenhagen and Oslo with intercontinental flights. The agreement meant that DNL had to transfer employees to Stockholm and

348-598: A board member. They came with their recommendation on 28 November 1945, which favored a single, privately owned Norwegian flag carrier, with a broad ownership, who would receive a concession for the operation of all domestic and international routes. Following the 1945 Norwegian parliamentary election on 8 October, the Labor Party received a majority, with 76 of 150 seats. Also the Norwegian Communist Party did its best election ever, receiving 11 seats. A proposition

464-559: A church on site. Archaeological investigations in the current downtown and in the crypt of the Cathedral show that the great fire of 1272 probably left large parts of the city and the cathedral in ruins, including the Romanesque chancel of the cathedral. The reconstruction after the fire led to the cathedral's Western Front being replaced with a vestibule, as well as to the construction (or reconstruction) of St. Mary 's Church, Bishop's Chapel,

580-430: A defined geographical area for a given period at an annual fee. Esso was the first oil company to start drilling for oil off the coast of Norway. The semi-submersible drilling vessel Ocean Traveler was towed from New Orleans to Norway, and the vessel began drilling on 19 July 1966, at block 8/3, about 180 km (110 mi) southwest of Stavanger. Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), a leading specialist in heraldry,

696-574: A delegation was sent to the United States, where it negotiated the necessary permissions from the American authorities and purchase rights for aircraft. After the break-out of World War II, the United States had become more interested in a northern transatlantic route, so it could reach the neutral Scandinavian countries. Oslo Airport, Fornebu opened on 1 June 1939, and later the same month so did Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik. DNL had made arrangements to pool

812-518: A desirable foothold for the monarchy and the church, as both needed a strong foothold in the South West coast area. In North Jæren , rich archaeological material suggests that the chiefs held considerable power from the early Iron Age . Stavanger had a natural harbor and was, with Jæren in the south, strategically important to the county of the East as well as to the shipping route along the western coast and

928-610: A final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861). The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions. For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping , shipbuilding ,

1044-529: A five-year concession to operate a route from Oslo to various cities in Asia. This forced OSAS to plan its Asia-routes using only Swedish and Danish crew and planes, and not operate from Oslo. This was followed by SAS on 26 October, when they opened a DC-6 route to Bangkok with seven intermediate stops. At first there were two round trips per month, but from 1950 this was increased to two per week. The SAS cooperation initially only considered intercontinental traffic, and

1160-537: A member of the schedule planning committee. The company received a share capital of NOK 1.6 million. DNL bought 51% of Widerøe, and the airline continued without scheduled services, operating air taxi, school and general aviation , plus a limited number of post routes in Northern Norway. On 16 March 1935, Mowinckel's Third Cabinet was replaced by the Labor Nygaardsvold's Cabinet . They wanted to stimulate

1276-473: A national airline. The foundation of the company was made on 16 October 1933, with Thomas Olsen, Rudolf Olsen, Johan L. Müller, Ganger Rolf and Bonheur —all within the Fred. Olsen sphere—as owners. The airline was established with a share capital of NOK 750,000 and took over the former DNL. The new company was named Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen A/S and hired Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen —since 1921 director of

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1392-621: A new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea . After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed. In March 1965 an agreement was signed between Norway and the United Kingdom on the sharing of the continental shelf by the median line principle. That same year

1508-423: A new, larger municipality. Stavanger is one of Norway 's oldest cities . It emerged in the 12th century during a period of population growth and increasing urbanisation throughout northern Europe . The archaeological and historical sources about the first city development are sparse. Therefore, there is much we do not know about the first city development. It stands out as an important area from early times, as

1624-518: A prelude to the invasion, on 8 April, the German freighter Roda (6,780 grt.) anchored by Ulsnes. Roda was reportedly loaded with coke , but customs officials and police authorities became suspicious about other cargo when they observed that the ship was not riding deep in the water. The ship was boarded and was ordered to move to Riska. However, Roda did not move, and the captain of the Æger , Niels Larsen Bruun , decided on his own initiative to sink

1740-411: A result, winter usually remains above freezing whereas heat waves are rare and seldom long. Rainfall is common, although less so than in areas further north on the coastline. Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola , which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, as well as a limited number of intercontinental charter flights. The airport was rated as one of

1856-682: A route from Tromsø to Kirkenes on 13 October. In October, several new routes opened, including the reopening of the Stockholm route via Örebro and Karlstad in Sweden, to Kristiansand via Amsterdam and Brussels to Paris , from Bergen via Haugesund and Stavanger to Kristiansand, an extension of the Copenhagen route to Prague , and finally from Oslo to Stavanger. In 1946, DNL transported 47,112 passengers. The initial postwar fleet consisted of six Douglas DC-3, all converted from military C-47 . Five Junkers Ju 52 seaplanes were used, based on ten aircraft left by

1972-522: A similar agreement was signed between Norway and Denmark . It was designed as a legal regime for oil exploration. The first licensing round on the Norwegian shelf was announced on 13 April 1965, and in August of that same year the government granted 22 licenses for 78 blocks for oil companies or groups of companies. The production license gave oil companies exclusive rights to exploration, drilling and production in

2088-408: A single land airport, no routes were started by DNL. In cooperation with DDL, Lufthansa and ABA, DNL entered the pool that flew the route from Oslo via Gothenburg to Copenhagen. On 2 March 1938, the board of DNL decided to sell Valkyrien to Chargeurs Reunis and abandon plans for intercontinental traffic. Instead, negotiations started with Aer Rianta of Ireland, who were cooperating with Pan Am on

2204-403: A small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953,

2320-482: A three-engine Junkers W 34 . It was registered as LN-DAB on 1 June 1935 and named Ternen . Riiser-Larsen and Bernt Balchen were hired to manage the company, while marketing and sales were done by Fred. Olsen. Terje Rabben was employed to run the DNL operations from the base at Gressholmen. To start the route from Oslo to Bergen immediately, a Ju 52 was wet leased from Lufthansa. It was delivered on 7 June and initially kept

2436-430: Is February 1963 with mean −5 °C (23 °F) and average daily low −9.6 °C (14.7 °F). The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 20 and average date for first freeze in autumn is October 31 giving a frost-free season of 193 days (Stavanger Airport Sola 1981–2010 average). Stavanger is officially partitioned into 22 parts and 218 subparts. Stavanger

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2552-486: Is also divided into seven boroughs . Neighborhoods include: In the early 20th century, Stavanger's industry was mainly related to fisheries and shipping. In the first half of the century it was known for canning , and in the 1950s there were over 50 canneries in town. The town was even called Norway's "canned capital", and included Christian Bjelland , who founded Chr Bjelland & Co. A/S. The last of these factories were closed down in 2002. Around 1950, over half of

2668-511: Is available for an additional fee. Fred. Olsen %26 Co. Fred. Olsen & Co. is a holding company based in Oslo , Norway . The company was founded as a shipping firm by Petter Olsen in 1848. Today the company manages the Olsen family's interests in a variety of sectors including logistics, energy and consumer goods. The company was founded by Petter Olsen (1821–1899) in 1848 and, by his death,

2784-539: Is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Sør-Rogaland District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal . The municipal council ( Kommunestyre ) of Stavanger is made up of 67 representatives who are elected to four year terms. The tables below show

2900-603: Is mostly related to the offshore petroleum industry, and production of oil platforms alone account for 40 percent. Other important industries are publishing – especially high printing and the major daily newspapers in town, Stavanger and Rogaland Avis Aftenblad – and food and beverage, which includes the processing of local agricultural products from Jæren, including Gilde Vest with one of the largest slaughterhouses. Employment by place of work and industry in 2007 to 0.6% in primary, 27.4% in secondary and tertiary industries 71.7%. Employment by place of work by sector in 2007 to 24.4% in

3016-429: Is now part of Fred. Olsen Energy . Fred. Olsen also had a major share in the construction and engineering company Aker and currently owns Timex Corporation . The company has also periodically entered the tanking business, operating a total of 40 ships since 1920. In 1973, it sold its tanking interests but reentered the industry again in 1986, creating the publicly listed company First Olsen Tankers in 1993 that

3132-554: Is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall , and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honour of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbour, and forms the entrance from the south towards the Old Town. Canon park forms the border between Stavanger and the exit from the E39 . Northward go Løkkeveien against Bjergsted westward go Madlaveien

3248-579: Is the third largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway (through conurbation with neighboring Sandnes ) and the administrative center of Rogaland county. The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway. Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in southwest Norway, Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125, the year the Stavanger Cathedral was completed. Stavanger's core

3364-420: Is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city's cultural heritage. This has caused the town center and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses, and has contributed significantly to spreading the city's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger . The city's population rapidly grew in

3480-664: The Havørn Accident eleven days later, the airline purchased another Ju 52, LN-DAH Falken , used from Lufthansa. In 1936, DNL and Balchen—who had a wide range of contacts in the US—started negotiations with Pan American Airways (Pan Am) about cooperation on a transatlantic route between Norway and the United States. DNL argued that Norway's location made it an ideal base for the European flights to North America. Pan Am would operate from New York to Reykjavík , while DNL would operate

3596-472: The Azores in the winter. Valkyrien was instead used on domestic routes. During the second season, DNL increased the routes to also include Bergen– Tromsø and Tromsø– Honningsvåg . A night post route was flown from Oslo to Gothenburg. During the five months of operation, the airline flew 339,116 kilometres (210,717 mi) and transported 2,300 passengers. From 1937, the state received the right to appoint two of

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3712-570: The Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300. Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester , England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral ( Stavanger domkirke ) around 1100. It

3828-573: The NATO Joint Warfare Centre . Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, contribute further to a significant foreign population in the city. The city has a strong international profile and 22.1% of the population has an immigrant background. In 2020, it was rated as the most liveable city for European expatriates in Norway as well as 5th in Europe by ECA International . Stavanger has, since

3944-619: The Norwegian Ministry of Defence appointed a committee with the goal of building a civilian airport near Oslo. It concluded in June, and recommended that the airport be built at Fornebu . By 1934, construction had started, although the airport would not open until 1 June 1939. On 1 September 1933, the Oslo-based shipping company Fred. Olsen & Co., owned by the brothers Thomas Fredrik Olsen and Rudolf Olsen , announced their plans to establish

4060-586: The Bergen-based company as a partner in DNL. On 7 November 1934, Bergenske became a partner in DNL, and the company renamed Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen og Bergenske A/S. Johan Wulfsberg from BDS became a board member of DNL. As a reply to DNL's new concession application to make short-term sea plane routes using a Junkers Ju 52 , the government urged DNL to make an alliance or merger with Widerøe. By then, four regional shipping companies— Vesterålske , Nordenfjeldske , Stavangerske and Arendalske —had bought

4176-511: The Civil Aviation Council—as managing director. The Olsen brothers and Müller were all elected to the board. The company's initial plans were to gain the operating rights for the airports which were under construction, including Fornebu; Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik ; and Stavanger Airport, Sola . The other was receive a state grant to start a service from Oslo, via Kristiansand , to Amsterdam in cooperation with KLM . Domestically,

4292-498: The ESAS head office in Copenhagen and the OSAS head office in Stockholm, without any similar build-up of competence in Norway. Because of the way the costs were divided between the pool partners, DNL was also receiving smaller margins that the others. Since 2019, the airline has provided complimentary Wi-Fi access in its aircraft cabins for all passengers. Furthermore, a premium connection option

4408-479: The German armed forces in Norway, General Franz Böhme , orders that "Reichskommissar" in Norway, Josef Terboven, was deposed and that all his duties were transferred to Böhme. To Böhme, in turn, he gave the task of how the capitulation of Festung Norwegen was to be implemented. There were around 15,000 German soldiers in Rogaland in 1945, and it was there where the commander of 274 Infantry Division, General Weckman, gave

4524-470: The German forces and sent to Germany. A limited service was kept in Northern Norway during the resistance, but also these were terminated after the German forces took control of the whole country. From 26 September, three weekly services were operated from Trondheim to Tromsø, with two of these continuing to Kirkenes , using Najaden . This was terminated on 20 March, after most of DNL's pilots had fled to

4640-543: The German forces. There was also an uncertainty as to whether the national airline of Norway should continue to be private, or if a state-owned airline should be established. To look at the issue, the Norwegian authorities-in-exile established the Norwegian Civil Aviation Board to look at all matters regarding civil aviation. It was this board which was permitted to negotiate traffic rights with other countries, make purchase rights of aircraft and participated in

4756-480: The German forces. Two of these, Najaden and Falken (renamed Veslefrikk and Askeladden , respectively), had been used by DNL before the war. On 16 July, the board decided to purchase three Sandringham Mark VI flying boats from Short Brothers . There were internal protests against the purchase of the Sandringhams, since they were regarded as unsuited for Norway. They incurred high operating costs and all three of

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4872-520: The Gothic cathedral and the expansion of the stone cellar at Kongsberg . Stavanger has a long history of education in Western Europe . It was the monastery here that first saw the need to train new employees through education. The first organized teaching in the city probably took place at a Benedictine monastery in the town, either Olav's Monastery or Monastery of people from the mid-12th century. One of

4988-645: The Norwegian Civil Aviation Board started to initiate operations of civilian airliners. For 1945, the task was given to the Royal Norwegian Air Force , who used surplus aircraft to operate a limited number of routes. At the same time, Thomas Olsen and Thomas Falck started mobilizing among shipowners and other businesspeople to raise capital for DNL, while at the same time trying to ensure the employment of military pilots, navigation officers and other people with aviation competence. Egil Gløersen

5104-614: The Norwegian defense of the airport, capitulated at 10:00, and the Germans immediately began landing troops, fuel and other supplies. In all, 200 to 300 transport aircraft arrived in Sola during invasion day, and by evening several hundred soldiers and large quantities of materiel had been moved from Germany to Sola. By around 12:30 on 9 April, the first German troops advanced into Stavanger without resistance. The police station, telephone office, telegraph center, post office, port office, customs house and

5220-524: The Tjora and Kvitsøy). On the overland approach to Stavanger, a memorial cross of HERS and lendmann Erling Skjalgsson was erected after his fall in 1028. Erling controlled power over the South West coast, and the location of the cross indicates that he had a special connection to Stavanger. The inscription on the cross shows a priest was responsible for the inscription, and he may have performed an early service at

5336-578: The United Kingdom to support the allied forces. The airline suffered from a general mistrust both from the German and Allied authorities. The Germans generally did not trust any shipowners, since these had their fleet organized in Nortraship and used in Allied convoys. The Norwegian authorities in exile were also distrustful of DNL, because the airline had taken initiative to operate a route, essentially helping

5452-508: The air base at Sola – Stavanger district, and the rest of the country . However, it was not until 29 April 1944, that the Southern Railway was completed to Stavanger. In 1940, the Germans had envisioned it to be completed no later than 1 November 1941. After Hitler 's death in 1945, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz took over leadership of the German forces, and on 9 May 1945, gave the head of

5568-411: The airline made its two DC-4 aircraft available for SAS. To begin with, Oslo received one of the two weekly services to Gander and New York, but all traffic from Norway had to transfer in Copenhagen for the service to South America. In 1946, Norwegian ship-owner Ludvig G. Braathen had establish Braathens SAFE , and started charter traffic, mainly to Asia. From 14 January 1949, Braathens SAFE received

5684-457: The airline wanted to operate the route from Oslo to Kristiansand and from Kristiansand to Stavanger , Bergen and Ålesund . An application was sent the government, at the time Mowinckel's Third Cabinet , with a proposal for a ten-year concessions using land planes. Routes were to start off with a five-month service, and gradually increase to a full-year service from 1940. The company stated that it needed NOK 500,000 annually in support from

5800-470: The airport was recorded August 1975. The warmest high recorded in Stavanger is 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at the weather station Stavanger-Våland (72 m) in July 2018. The warmest month on record at Stavanger Airport is August 2002 with mean 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) and average daily high 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The all-time low −19.8 °C (−3.6 °F) was recorded January 1987. The coldest month on record

5916-426: The airport were not yet complete. Fortifications consisted of a concrete bunker still under construction and several open shooting positions. Armament consisted of three heavy anti-aircraft machine guns, three heavy machine guns configured for ground targets, and some light machine guns at the disposal of the approximately 80 soldiers who defended the airport. The bomber wing was transferred to Sola Airport in 1939, but

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6032-560: The blue Lufthansa livery, including a swastika . The aircraft was registered as LN-DAE, christened Havørn and later received DNL's livery. Operations were scheduled to commence on 7 June, but fog forced a delay until 11 June. After that there were flown 180 trips with a 100% regularity. Training was done by German crew on board Havørn . Travel time from Oslo to Bergen was four and a half hours, with intermediate stops in Moss , Arendal , Kristiansand, Stavanger and Haugesund. It cost NOK 95 to fly

6148-415: The bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbour into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms. The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy , Buøy , Engøy , Grasholmen , Hellesøy , Hundvåg , Kalvøy , Lindøy , Sølyst , and Vassøy . It also includes

6264-422: The city began with the loss of people in rural areas, as a result of which the revenues of the cathedral and the bishop fell dramatically due to reduced rental income. In 1537 the bishop's and the monastery's estate and property was confiscated by the king. Kongsberg was plundered by Christoffer Trondsen in 1539, at which time St. Swithun's casket disappeared and Bishop Hoskuld Hoskuldsson may have been executed. In

6380-506: The company had 16 ships with offices in Hvitsten . Petter's son Thomas Fredrik "Fred" Olsen (1857–1933) or Fred. Olsen, whom the company is named after, took the company from a small business with a few boats into a powerful multinational shipping and shipbuilding business. He had a vision of providing high-quality service on a network of lines, at first domestically and, afterwards, internationally. To do this required steamships , of which

6496-576: The company's eight board members. That year also saw DNL start its first international route, when Valkyrien was started the route between Oslo and Stockholm . Part of the reason for the route was that transport to the Soviet Union could not go via Germany, where the only contemporary international flights from Oslo went. However, the Stockholm-service was not profitable, and terminated on 31 July. Stavanger Airport, Sola opened on 30 May, but with only

6612-533: The company's ships were in Allied service, though 28 were lost – about half the fleet. Rudolf died in 1951 and Thomas suffered ill health from 1955, eventually dying in 1969. Thomas's son, also named Fred. Olsen (born 1 January 1929), is now in control of the company, after becoming director in 1955. In the early 1970s, Fred. Olsen entered the offshore business, with Dolphin drilling rigs and part of Saga Petroleum . The Saga shares were sold in 1991 while Dolphin

6728-483: The current and historical composition of the council by political party . In September 2024, the mayor asked to be relieved of her duties; she is no longer a member of the Conservative Party; as of the first week of October, she has formally claimed that it would not be any significant disadvantage for her, to [continue to] take care of the office [that she holds, if authorities do not relieve her of her duties];

6844-593: The debates in parliament, the minority governing Liberal Party was in favor of Widerøe-operated sea plane routes, while the majority opposition from the Agrarian Party and the Labor Party wanted to increase investments in land airports. In 1933, Thomas S. Falck was appointed director of Bergenske Dampskibsselskab (BDS). Fred. Olsen wanted a partner for DNL, in part to strengthen its geographic spread, and meetings were held between Olsen family and Falck to introduce

6960-419: The early 2000s, consistently had an unemployment rate significantly lower than the European average. In August 2022, the unemployment rate was 1.6%. The city also appears on various lists of most expensive cities in the world, and it has even been ranked as the world's most expensive city by certain indices. The climate of the city is very mild by Nordic standards due to a strong maritime influence . As

7076-406: The eastern half of the island of Åmøy . There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland 's house at

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7192-418: The economy through public investments, and decided that construction of airports was to be accelerated. On 5 April, DNL was granted concession for a sea plane route along the coast from Oslo to Tromsø , plus the international route from Oslo via Kristiansand to Amsterdam. DNL received NOK 200,000 in state grants, plus NOK 100,000 from Norway Post, for the first year of operation. DNL decided to purchase

7308-533: The end of 2008, Fred. Olsen sold its part of Comarit and is no longer a stockholder of the Moroccan passenger carrier. Stavanger Stavanger ( / s t ə ˈ v æ ŋ ər / , UK also / s t æ ˈ -/ , US usually / s t ɑː ˈ v ɑː ŋ ər , s t ə ˈ -/ , Norwegian: [stɑˈvɑ̀ŋːər] , locally [staˈvǎŋːɔʁ] ) is a city and municipality in Norway . It

7424-511: The fertile Ryfylke Islands in the north. The earliest Christian impulses in Norway came to Stavanger region through trade connections with Continental Europe and Great Britain . This flourished during the Viking era. In the mid 10th century, traditional Norse burial customs ceased in the Stavanger area, at the same time as the first Christian priests began their work. Big stone crosses are visible memorials of this early Christian age (including

7540-628: The first was acquired in 1897. By 1914, the first motor ship was put in use on the South America line. In World War I , 23 of the company's 44 ships were sunk. After the first Fred. Olsen's death, his sons Rudolf Olsen and Thomas Fredrik Olsen took over the company. During their leadership, the company expanded, even entering the aviation business with its own airline Fred. Olsen Flyselskap in addition to later partial ownerships of Det Norske Luftfartselskap , Scandinavian Airlines System , Widerøe , and Sterling Airlines . During World War II ,

7656-418: The fish canning industry and associated subcontractors. In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea. After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed. On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Finnøy and Rennesøy merged with Stavanger to form

7772-525: The formal German surrender. Before repatriation, the Germans were required to remain and clean up after five years of occupation. There were 180 German minefields in Rogaland , with a total of 480,000 mines, all of which the German Wehrmacht were required to clear. Sixty-two Germans were killed and 94 were injured during mine clearance in Rogaland. Mines from this period continue to be uncovered. In 1969,

7888-585: The foundation of the International Air Transport Association and the International Civil Aviation Organization . The Swedish intercontinental airline, Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik managed to purchase ten Douglas DC-4 at the end of the war; they had initially planned on selling some to DDL and DNL, but were not permitted to negotiate any agreements with DNL. After the liberation of Norway on 8 May 1945,

8004-497: The full journey. During the first season, DNL transported 3,214 passengers and 31.6 tonnes (31.1 long tons; 34.8 short tons) of mail. It also took over Norwegian representation for Aerotransport, DDL, KLM, Sabena , Air France and Aero , and joined the International Air Traffic Association . At the end of the year, Havørn was purchased. On 6 June 1936, DNL registered its second Ju 52, LN-DAF Najaden . After

8120-410: The gas company were the most important places, and now came under control of the Germans. The city was conquered without conflict, but the first sparks of resistance had been ignited, and several men left the city and made their way to the Norwegian troops inside Gjesdal , there to join the armed struggle against the enemy. The Germans had placed a high priority to have a good railway connection between

8236-515: The immediate future, so it was better to start with sea plane services. Riiser-Larsen went on a national lecture tour to gain support for civil aviation from local politicians and businesspeople. He also negotiated agreements to pool flights to Sweden with Aerotransport , to Denmark with Det Danske Luftfartselskab , to Germany with Lufthansa and to the United Kingdom with Imperial Airways . By early 1934, DNL decided that they would instead apply for initial seaplane routes using two Waco Cabin . During

8352-665: The inlet, but also to the form of the mountain Valberget ( Staven meaning 'the staff,' is a common name of high and steep mountains in Norway). The last element is angr meaning 'inlet, bay'. Facing the North Sea , Stavanger has always been economically dependent on its access to the sea. Stavanger Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality

8468-475: The lake is a small island, Storeholmen. Store Stokkavatnet supplied Stavanger's drinking water from 1931 to 1959, and was later demoted to the reserve drinking water. In 2009 it was relegated once more, and it is now legal to swim in the water. Situated on the south west coast of Norway, Stavanger's climate is greatly influenced by the temperate water in the North Sea, and Atlantic lows giving mild westerlies also in winter. This creates warmer temperatures throughout

8584-409: The landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife. The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than 20 m (66 ft) above sea level, While 7% of the land is at 60 m (200 ft). Stavanger's highest point is the 514 m (1,686 ft) tall Bandåsen. The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from

8700-498: The large inland lakes such as Mosvatnet , Stora Stokkavatnet and Water Assen. Mosvatnet is 0.46 km (110 acres) making it the third largest in Stavanger after Hålandsvatnet and Store Stokkavatn. The lake supplied the city's drinking water from 1863 to 1931, and is now by far the most used recreation area in Stavanger. The path around the lake is 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long, and much used by cyclist and joggers; sampling conducted in 1995 showed that an estimated 560,000 people used

8816-600: The late 20th century due to its oil industry. Stavanger is known today as the Oil Capital of Norway. Norwegian energy company Equinor , the largest company in the Nordic region, has its headquarters in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger . Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, including

8932-406: The majority of Widerøe. Falck took contact with the other four shipping companies, and on 18 December the six shipping companies agreed to merge their interests into DNL. Ownership was split 40% by Fred. Olsen, 38% by Bergenske and 22% by the other four shipping companies. Widerøe was initially planned to be either dissolved or take over the smaller seaplane routes. The state was permitted to appoint

9048-471: The most important events in Stavanger's city history was the gift letter that King Magnus Erlingsson gave to Stavanger Bishop Eirik Ivarsson in the second half of the 1100s. Exactly when the king made this gift letter, and under what circumstances it happened, is unknown. It may have been in 1163–1164, in connection with the King Magnus's coronation, but could also have been around 1181–1184, in connection with

9164-502: The municipal council is scheduled to vote (October 14) in regard to - if she should be relieved of her duties. The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low- Jæren , a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in

9280-590: The operations from Oslo via Kristiansand to Amsterdam with KLM. The route was initially operated with a Douglas DC-2 , leased from KLM. DNL had discussed cooperating with British Airways and extending the Amsterdam-route to London, but this was not done. After the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, all international routes and operations in Southern Norway were terminated. Two aircraft were requisitioned by

9396-535: The original aircraft crashed within four years. The land DC-3s were used on international routes, while the sea planes were used on domestic routes. Negotiations between DNL, DDL and Aerotransport to consolidate their transatlantic operations started on 2 February 1946. Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik had started services from Stockholm to New York, but a consortium was discussed whereby the three airlines would pool their operations to create economy of scale . Disagreement existed over which airport should be used as

9512-536: The planes, a total of six Fokker and three Caproni aircraft, were old and outdated. Shortly after the attack began, however, they took off. The German air attack increased in intensity. The bombardment lasted for about an hour before 10 slow Ju 52 transport aircraft arrived over the airport. They had taken off from the airport at Hamburg a few hours earlier. In a parachute assault, the transport planes first dropped yellow containers containing weapons and equipment, then between 10 and 12 paratroopers from each plane. This

9628-402: The public sector and 75.6% in the private sector and public enterprises. Industry has in recent years become highly decentralized. The most important of the newer industrial areas are Forus in the south, on the border of Sandnes and Sola , and Dusavik (mainly petroleum-related activities) in the north, on the border of Randfontein. Significant older industrial areas are Hillevåg , Buøy ,

9744-648: The rights to seek compensation for any requisitions and other costs incurred by the German invasion. Operations started on 1 April 1946, from Oslo to Copenhagen. Eight days later, the route from Oslo via Stavanger to London opened, and on 15 April from Oslo to Stockholm, and on the same day, some of the Copenhagen routes started stopping in Gothenburg. the route to Copenhagen was extended from Copenhagen to Zürich and Marseille on 29 April. On 22 May, 13 people were killed in an accident at Fornebu. The first domestic route, from Trondheim to Tromsø, opened on 27 May, followed by

9860-574: The service from Reykjavík to Bergen and onwards to various destinations in Europe. The contract was signed in March and DNL bought a Sikorsky S-43 flying boat , registered as LN-DAG and christened Valkyrien . However, after the aircraft was delivered and three weeks before the route was to be inaugurated, Pan Am changed their mind, canceled the agreement and decided that the transatlantic route should instead operate via Newfoundland to Foynes in Ireland, and via

9976-553: The ship. After sending the crew off in lifeboats, Æger used 25 shots with 10 cm (3.9 in) Bofors guns to sink Roda . Early on the morning of 9 April 1940, explosions and bomb blasts from Sola -edge and news bulletins on radio announced the German attack on Norway . Sola Airport was the Germans' first target on North Jæren . The airport was attacked by six German Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters at around 8 am. The airport had been built in 1937, and in April 1940 fortifications round

10092-523: The south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between 0 and 50 m (0 and 164 ft) in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet , Stora Stokkavatnet , and Mosvatnet ) and three fjords ( Hafrsfjorden , Byfjorden , and Gandsfjorden ); sea and water form

10208-428: The state and Norway Post for the service. In 1933, the brothers Viggo Widerøe and Arild Widerøe —who would found Widerøe in 1934—also applied for routes in the same areas, but using sea planes on the route from Oslo via Kristiansand and Stavanger to Haugesund. Also Norske Luftruter applied, but a three-year concession was granted to Widerøe. The government stated that no airports had been built yet, and would not be in

10324-439: The state through loans. While ESAS proved profitable for Aerotransport and DDL, it became a burden for DNL. The former two had a much closer overlap between their routes, while DNL had operated without direct competition with the other two on most of its routes. Instead of coordinating resources, ESAS had become another administrative level; there were also concerns from Norway that administrative and operative staff were leaking to

10440-584: The support Stavanger Bishop Erik gave King Magnus at the end of the king's fight against the late King Sverre . It is undoubtedly correct to characterize Stavanger as a church city throughout the Middle Ages , up to the Reformation . The Reformation, however, dealt a hard blow to the Church in specific and Stavanger in general. The cathedral, the bishop and canons of the monastery had been large landowners. Recession of

10556-488: The theater and Bergelandstunnelen, east towards E39. The park is located next to old Stavanger Hospital, which also has a large park area around the main building. Through the park runs Kannik creek, which comes to the surface at the statue of the Little Mermaid and runs into Breiavannet. Kannikkbekken runs mostly underground, in pipes, before it reaches Kannik park. Outside the city center, the park southerly in relation to

10672-440: The three national airlines continued to compete on inter-Scandinavian and European traffic. All three were represented with sales offices in each of the other countries, and all three maintained sales offices in all foreign cities they served. Informal discussions to pool international routes started in 1947, after all three companies had suffered losses on these routes. After SILA and Aerotransport merged, negotiations started between

10788-522: The three. The brand name "Scandinavian Airlines System" was to be used on all flights, domestic and international, and the airlines would coordinate their services to avoid parallel flights. Domestic scheduling would remain at the discretion of each national airline. DNL would then close its Swedish and Danish offices, and retain Scandinavian offices in other European cities. The pool agreement, which became known as European Scandinavian Airlines System (EASA),

10904-528: The time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration , a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States , commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America. Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger ,

11020-521: The transatlantic route; DNL, DDL, Aero and Aerotransport planned to start a route from Foynes via Stavanger, Oslo and Stockholm to Moscow. However, Pan Am decided to move the route to the Azores when it commenced in 1939 and DNL's Shannon-plans were terminated. Following this, the Nordic airlines started negotiating the possibility of cooperating on their own transatlantic route via Iceland and Newfoundland. In 1940,

11136-408: The vine remains unknown. The Old Norse form of the name was Stafangr . The origin of the name has been discussed for decades, and the most used interpretation is that it originally was the name of the inlet now called Vågen, which was the original site of the city, on the east shore of the bay. The first element of the name is stafr meaning 'staff' or 'branch'. This could refer to the form of

11252-417: The walking trail around Mosvatnet. At the south end is Mosvangen Camping, Stavanger Svømmestadion old man and Vålandskogen, and to the west is Rogaland Kunstmuseum. Stora Stokkavatnet is 2.19 km (0.85 sq mi) – the largest in Stavanger. Right at Stora Stokkavatnet is the 0.15 km (0.058 sq mi) Litla Stokkavatnet. The hiking trail around the lakes is 8.2 km (5.1 mi) long. In

11368-431: The working population in the city was employed in industry . Structural changes in industry and the strong development of the service sector have radically changed the city's economic base, and the service industry now represents over 11 percent of employment. However, the city still has 29 percent of the county's industrial employment . Engineering is now the main industry with 59 percent of manufacturing employment. This

11484-492: The world's most punctual airports of its category by OAG in 2020. Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas (ONS), which is the second largest exhibition and conference for the energy sector. The Gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavia's leading food festivals. The city is also known for being one of the nation's premier culinary clusters. Stavanger

11600-427: The year compared to other cities at similar latitudes, and also gives plentiful precipitation in the form of rain, especially in late autumn and winter. According to Köppen climate classification , Stavanger experiences a temperate oceanic climate ( Cfb ) with five months with a mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F). Spring and early summer is the driest season. The all-time high 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) at

11716-550: Was NOK 25.2 million, with the state owning 20%, Fred. Olsen and Bergenske 10% each. In total, 49% of the shares were owned by shipping companies, 19.5% by banks, insurance, trade and industrial companies, and 12% by individuals. At least 75% of the company had to be owned by the state, Norwegian citizens or companies controlled by Norwegians. All the major shipping companies supported DNL with capital, except Wilh. Wilhelmsen , who wanted to focus on shipping, and Ludvig G. Braathen , who founded his own airline, Braathens SAFE , which

11832-406: Was appointed for DNL, led by Falck. When the proposition reached parliament, it was decided that the share capital in the company should be raised to between NOK 25 and 30 million to insure more owners, since the original NOK 15 million had already been sold. The cabinet was also granted permission to at their discretion purchase shares for an addition NOK 5 million. A 20-year concession

11948-401: Was awarded the 2008 European Capital of Culture alongside Liverpool . The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North- Jæren was an economic and military center as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at

12064-690: Was close to starting transatlantic flights in cooperation with Pan Am , but services never commenced despite purchasing a Sikorsky S-43 . After the outbreak of World War II , DNL ceased operations from 1941 to 1946. From then, DNL started international flights using Douglas DC-3 and introduced Short Sandringhams on domestic sea routes. Along with Aerotransport of Sweden and Det Danske Luftfartselskab of Denmark, DNL founded Overseas Scandinavian Airlines System to pool transatlantic flights. In 1948, all of DNL's services were re-branded as SAS and pooled through European Scandinavian Airlines System . The company experienced four fatal accidents. The first DNL

12180-451: Was commissioned to design the official coat of arms of Stavanger, a work that lasted from the end of the 1920s until approved on 11 August 1939. His design is also used as the city's arms, flag, and seal. The coat of arms is based upon a seal which dated from 1591. It shows a branch of vine ( Vitis vinifera ). Which leaves and branch type that is depicted on the coat of arms has been hotly debated. The original meaning and representation of

12296-544: Was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation. With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life. Stavanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt ). On 1 January 1867,

12412-627: Was granted to DNL by parliament on 15 February. In February, DNL procured a four-story building in Oslo City Center, and continued and a hangar at Fornebu. The company started to acquire offices in the various cities it was going to serve; within a few weeks of parliament's decision, DNL had 300 employees, and by June it reached 1,500, with an average age of 27 years. The company had ordered three Douglas DC-3 and two DC-4. On 27 March, public sales of shares started, which raised an additional NOK 3.7 million from 1,900 purchasers. Total share capital

12528-471: Was granted to Norske Luftruter, but DNL was granted the concession to operate the ferry to the island from Oslo East Station . In 1930, the government appointed a civil aviation commission, led by Admiral von der Lippe, to consider all aspects of civil aviation in Norway. It concluded in 1932, and recommended that a single, large national airline be established. The same year, the Municipality of Oslo and

12644-403: Was intended to be a charter airline , and later became SAS's main Norwegian competitor. Det Norske Luftfartselskap A/S was founded on 2 July 1946; it took the name, part of the personnel and the agreements and arrangements DNL had. Det Norske Luftfartselskap Fred. Olsen & Bergenske was bought by Fred. Olsen, and became Fred Olsen Air Transport (Fred. Olsen Flyselskap). That company received

12760-479: Was made by the Ministry of Defense on 18 January 1946, and sent to parliament. It discussed several options, such as creating a government agency or a state-owned limited company, permitting several airlines to operate the different routes, and looked at the possibility that the shipowners were purchasing DNL shares to hinder competition with their shipping lines. It concluded with a part private, part state-owned company

12876-449: Was only the second ever wartime parachute assault; the first had occurred only three hours earlier, when a bridge south of Denmark was captured in the same way. At the Sola airport, the concrete bunker held out longest, but was eventually put out of action with a hand grenade. While Norwegian soldiers were badly injured in the attempted defense, there were no fatalities; in contrast, the Germans lost several. Lieutenant Thor Tang, who led

12992-472: Was preferred, and that the state should purchase shares for NOK 5 million. While the Labor Party at the time was in favor of nationalization , the proposition stated that this was a possibility to limit the state's spending of dearly needed capital. By then, the Civil Aviation Board had procured two DC-4 for NOK 7.7 million, which would be transferred to DNL. From 21 January, an interim board

13108-613: Was registered on 4 May 1927, with a share capital of NOK 6,500, with Arnold Ræstad and the main shareholder. On 18 June, the share capital was raised to NOK 50,000, including a 20% stake owned by the Municipality of Oslo and Norway Post . At the time, the only service to Norway was Lufthansa , who operated from Gressholmen Airport in Oslo via Gothenburg and Copenhagen to Warnemünde in Germany. Both DNL and Norske Luftruter applied for ground handling for Lufthansa at Gressholmen. This

13224-554: Was repurchased in 1999. Fred. Olsen Renewables has been involved in wind power since 1997 with wind farms in Norway , Sweden , Ireland and the United Kingdom . In 1980, it was involved in Nimslo , a company making 3D cameras, which later went bankrupt. Fred. Olsen is today owned by Anette S. Olsen , the fifth generation of the family and daughter of Fred. Olsen. She took over ownership of Fred. Olsen & Co. in 1995 and has since been CEO, though Fred. Olsen has remained Chairman. At

13340-451: Was sent to the United States to study the operations of United Airlines and Northwest Airlines . On a meeting on 17 July, Norway's nine largest shipping companies agreed to raise NOK 15 to 20 million in share capital, and the company to join IATA. The task of making a recommendation for a permanent solution for the national airline was given to a new Civil Aviation Board, which had Falck as

13456-531: Was taken into use on 18 April 1948. Per M. Backe became CEO of OSAS, and was replaced by Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen. ESAS had two opposing goals: to operate the partner's aircraft along the 3–2–2 ratio, and operate them most rationally. Because of the un-unified fleet composition, these were often not possible to combine. DNL lost NOK 17 million in 1948, in part because it had the least efficient aircraft and received no compensation for its higher operating costs. To remain liquid, DNL received NOK 35 in capital from

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