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61-577: The Norton P11 is a 745 cc (45.5 cu in) air-cooled OHV parallel twin motorcycle that was made by Norton-Villiers from 1967 to 1969. Designed as an extremely light high power-to-weight ratio desert racer, P11 was revised in 1968 to the P11A and marketed as the Norton Ranger , a road legal version of the P11 with a more comfortable seat to make it suitable for normal road use. The Norton P11 gained

122-422: A bitter, sweet taste and causes inebriation. The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour. (see Ethylene glycol poisoning ). Propylene glycol

183-441: A characteristic odor due to the additive tolyltriazole , a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial-use tolyltriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the toluidine isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the manufacture of tolyltriazole. These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for

244-412: A closed circuit carrying liquid coolant through channels in the engine block and cylinder head. A fluid in these channels absorbs heat and then flows to a heat exchanger or radiator where the coolant releases heat into the air (or raw water , in the case of marine engines ). Thus, while they are not ultimately cooled by the liquid, as the heat is exchanged with some other fluid like air, because of

305-499: A colored dye (commonly a fluorescent green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification. A 1:1 dilution with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and 70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C). In

366-401: A coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such as HVAC chillers and solar water heaters . The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when water freezes . Commercially, both the additive (pure concentrate) and the mixture (diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on

427-430: A fluid is a function of its capacity and the difference in input and output temperatures. As the boiling point of water is reduced with lower pressure, and the water could not be efficiently pumped as steam, radiators had to have enough cooling power to account for the loss in cooling power as the aircraft climbed. The resulting radiators were quite large and caused a significant amount of aerodynamic drag . This placed

488-587: A front brake light and a Ranger 750 transfer on the oil tank and battery cover. By 1969, lighter two-stroke desert racers began to dominate the sport and the Norton Commando had started production and was selling well. It was decided to end production of the P11 series to concentrate on the Commando - which used a number of ideas developed on the P11 series. Air-cooled engine Air-cooled engines are widely seen in applications where weight or simplicity

549-486: A great percentage of the heat generated, around 44%, escapes through the exhaust. Another 8% or so ends up in the oil , which itself has to be cooled in an oil cooler . This means less than half of the heat has to be removed through other systems. In an air-cooled engine, only about 12% of the heat flows out through the metal fins. Air cooled engines usually run noisier, however it provides more simplicity which gives benefits when it comes to servicing and part replacement and

610-479: A high-capacity heat transfer medium . Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding. Antifreeze proteins refer to chemical compounds produced by certain animals , plants , and other organisms that prevent the formation of ice. In this way, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below

671-440: A horizontal fashion as a Flat engine , while vertical Straight-four engine have been used. Examples of past air-cooled road vehicles, in roughly chronological order, include: During the 1920s and 30s there was a great debate in the aviation industry about the merits of air-cooled vs. liquid-cooled designs. At the beginning of this period, the liquid used for cooling was water at ambient pressure. The amount of heat carried away by

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732-459: A hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) formulation (e.g., Zerex G-05), both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi). DEX-COOL specifically has caused controversy . Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in General Motors ' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and 4.3L engines. One of

793-417: A longer history, especially in the automotive industry. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog heat exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal. Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over

854-413: A range of electrochemically incompatible metals ( aluminum , cast iron , copper , brass , solder , etc.). Water pump seal lubricant is also added. Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of water as a heat transfer fluid . On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing voids (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and

915-415: A reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating system develops a reddish or black color, this indicates that iron in the system is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in

976-561: A reputation as a ' desert racer ' in the late 1960s but by 1969 lighter two stroke desert racers began to dominate the sport and the Norton had begun Commando production and it was selling well. Norton ended production of the P11 series to concentrate on the Commando, which used a number of ideas developed on the P11 series. Norton-Villiers developed the P11 from the Norton Atlas and Norton/Matchless N15CS and G15CS models as an export model for

1037-480: A traditional inhibitor, usually silicates. An example is Zerex G05, which is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the benzoate inhibitor. A HOAT coolant can have a life expectancy as high as 10 years / 180,000 miles. P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT. This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue. Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT. This technology

1098-556: A wide range of temperatures, and high specific heat and thermal conductivity. It also has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more desirable physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces. Similar mixtures are commonly used in HVAC and industrial heating or cooling systems as

1159-468: Is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-point depression for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature. However, all common antifreeze additives also have lower heat capacities than water, and do reduce water's ability to act as a coolant when added to it. Because water has good properties as

1220-517: Is commonly used as the main ingredient in the " e-liquid " used in electronic cigarettes . Propylene glycol oxidizes to lactic acid . Besides cooling system corrosion, biological fouling also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion rate of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection, pH , specific gravity , inhibitor level, color, and biological contamination. Propylene glycol should be replaced when it turns

1281-466: Is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the U.S. FDA allows propylene glycol to be added to a large number of ultra-processed foods , including ice cream , frozen custard , salad dressings, and baked goods , and it

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1342-522: Is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product, usually MEG (mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (mono propylene glycol). Ethylene glycol solutions first became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including automobiles , but there are lower-toxicity alternatives made with propylene glycol available. When ethylene glycol

1403-541: Is nevertheless recommended for RI measurement. Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results (40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity), although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration. The boiling point can be similarly determined by a concentration given from one of the three methods. Datasheets for glycol/water coolant mixtures are commonly available from chemical vendors. Most commercial antifreeze formulations include corrosion inhibiting compounds, and

1464-477: Is the primary goal. Their simplicity makes them suited for uses in small applications like chainsaws and lawn mowers , as well as small generators and similar roles. These qualities also make them highly suitable for aviation use, where they are widely used in general aviation aircraft and as auxiliary power units on larger aircraft. Their simplicity, in particular, also makes them common on motorcycles . Most modern internal combustion engines are cooled by

1525-574: Is typically used in European makes and is often dyed pink. All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers, and corrosion inhibitors. Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the safety data sheets (SDS) provided by the manufacturer list only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accordance with

1586-446: Is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are available, with additives that buffer the pH and reserve alkalinity of the solution to prevent oxidation of ethylene glycol and formation of these acids. Nitrites , silicates , borates and azoles may also be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal. Ethylene glycol has

1647-418: Is usually cheaper to be maintained. Many motorcycles use air cooling for the sake of reducing weight and complexity. Few current production automobiles have air-cooled engines (such as Tatra 815 ), but historically it was common for many high-volume vehicles. The orientation of the engine cylinders is commonly found in either single-cylinder or coupled in groups of two, and cylinders are commonly oriented in

1708-618: The 1900s. The first commercial production was by the New Way Motor Company of Lansing, Michigan, US. The company produced air-cooled engines in single and twin cylinders in both horizontal and vertical cylinder format. Subsequent to their initial production which was exported worldwide, other companies took up the advantages of this cooling method, especially in small portable engines. Applications include mowers, generators, outboard motors, pump sets, saw benches and auxiliary power plants and more. Antifreeze (coolant) An antifreeze

1769-677: The Light-Sport Aircraft ( LSA ) and ultralight aircraft market. Rotax uses a combination of air-cooled cylinders and liquid-cooled cylinder heads. Some small diesel engines, e.g. those made by Deutz AG and Lister Petter are air-cooled. Probably the only big Euro 5 truck air-cooled engine (V8 320 kW power 2100 N·m torque one) is being produced by Tatra . BOMAG part of the FAYAT group also utilizes an air cooled inline 6 cylinder motor, in many of their construction vehicles. Stationary or portable engines were commercially introduced early in

1830-565: The Navy underwriting air-cooled engine development at Pratt & Whitney and Wright Aeronautical . Most other groups, especially in Europe where aircraft performance was rapidly improving, were more concerned with the issue of drag. While air-cooled designs were common on light aircraft and trainers, as well as some transport aircraft and bombers , liquid-cooled designs remained much more common for fighters and high-performance bombers. The drag issue

1891-503: The OAT builds up. Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from its formulas. Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orange dye to differentiate it from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow), though some OAT products may contain a red or mauve dye. Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be compatible with all types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color. HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with

Norton P11 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-535: The P11 was revised to the P11A and marketed as the Norton Ranger, a road legal version of the P11 with a more comfortable seat to make it suitable for normal road use as well as off road racing. The P11A/Ranger also had a low level exhaust fitted with long tapered silencers with detachable end caps and baffles. The availability of spare parts at the Norton-Villiers factory led to several changes of specification, and

2013-439: The P11, P11A and Ranger were produced with four different types of oil tanks (two alloy, two steel), 3.6 gallon and 2.2 gallon petrol tanks, different types of handlebars, forks and frames, two ignition systems and two different cylinder heads (with the last models produced using Norton Commando castings). The last model made was the Norton Ranger 750 which was the same as the P.11A/Ranger with stronger side stand mounting brackets,

2074-1039: The absence of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. Larger systems (such as HVAC systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which take responsibility for adding corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and remove accumulated contaminants. Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles: silicates and phosphates . American-made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates. European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates. Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates. Most modern cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL ), or with

2135-728: The anti-corrosion components presented as sodium or potassium 2-ethylhexanoate and ethylhexanoic acid is incompatible with nylon 6,6 and silicone rubber , and is a known plasticizer . Class action lawsuits were registered in several states of the US, and in Canada, to address some of these claims. The first of these to reach a decision was in Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007. Late in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in

2196-452: The antifreeze's freeze protection will need to be considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Three methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze point of the solution by measuring the concentration: Both specific gravity and refractive index are affected by temperature, although the former is affected much less catastrophically. Temperature compensation

2257-514: The basis of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s. Most automotive engines are "water"-cooled to remove waste heat , though the "water" used is actually a mixture of water and antifreeze. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive industry, which covers its primary function of convective heat transfer for internal combustion engines . When used in an automotive context, corrosion inhibitors are added to help protect vehicles' radiators , which often contain

2318-412: The catastrophic failure of the engine. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of galvanic corrosion . Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant system obviate these shortcomings of water. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by

2379-449: The context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the liquid phase , which is critical to efficient heat transfer and the proper functioning of heat exchangers . Most if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include anti-corrosion and anti- cavitation agents (that protect the hydraulic circuit from progressive wear). Water

2440-555: The cycle parts were made as light as possible, with a small alloy fuel tank. The magneto and Amal Monobloc carburettors on the prototype were replaced with twin coil capacitor ignition and twin Concentric carburettors, as well as a speedometer and tachometer and an alloy sump guard. The fuel tank and alloy oil tank were painted in Candy Apple Red with the frame in black. The new motorcycle was known as Project 11, and although testers of

2501-524: The development of coolants and their standards (VW TL 774 ) in collaboration with Haertol Chemie from Magdeburg. VW standards include: G11, G12, G12+, G12++, G13 and G12evo. Another company involved in the development is BASF (Glysantin), whose standards are: G30, G40, G48, G05, G33, and G34. Volkswagen Group: BASF: The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has

Norton P11 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-426: The engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume) propylene glycol diluted with distilled water and a 15 psi pressurized coolant system. Early engine coolant antifreeze was methanol (methyl alcohol). Ethylene glycol was developed because its higher boiling point was more compatible with heating systems. The Volkswagen Group has been particularly committed to

2623-442: The environment due to its low toxicity and reduced CO 2 emissions . However, since 2018, they have moved on to G12EVO (TL 774-L) which no longer contains glycerol. Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems. Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to be drained and refilled,

2684-448: The freezing point of water. Antifreeze proteins bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal. Cryoprotectants are commonly used in cryobiology to prevent or inhibit freezing in sperm, blood, stem cells, plant seeds, etc. Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol (all used in automotive antifreeze) are commonly used as biological cryoprotectants. Most antifreeze

2745-461: The growing sport of desert racing. Prototyped by Californian Norton Distributor Bob Blair using the Atlas 750 cc twin cylinder engine in a Matchless G85 CS (Competition Springframe) Reynolds 531 lightweight steel frame. Blair might have been responding to requests from the importer, Joseph Berliner of Berliner Motor Corporation . The aim was to achieve the best possible power-to-weight ratio , so all

2806-461: The latter which works well with the hard water found in the United States, but is a plasticizer that can cause gaskets to leak. According to internal GM documents, the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is caused by pressure caps that fail in the open position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at

2867-568: The liquid-coolant circuit they are known as liquid-cooled . In contrast, heat generated by an air-cooled engine is released directly into the air. Typically this is facilitated with metal fins covering the outside of the Cylinder Head and cylinders which increase the surface area that air can act on. Air may be force fed with the use of a fan and shroud to achieve efficient cooling with high volumes of air or simply by natural air flow with well designed and angled fins. In all combustion engines,

2928-544: The manufacturer's recommendations. Common additives include sodium silicate , disodium phosphate , sodium molybdate , sodium borate , denatonium benzoate , and dextrin (hydroxyethyl starch). Disodium fluorescein dye is added to conventional ethylene glycol formulas to visually distinguish leaked amounts from other vehicle fluids, and as a marker of type to distinguish it from incompatible types. This dye fluoresces bright green when illuminated by blue or UV light from daylight or testing lamps. Automotive antifreeze has

2989-471: The melting points of aqueous solutions. Salts are frequently used for de-icing , but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce corrosion of metals. Low molecular weight organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Solutions of organic compounds, especially alcohols , in water are effective. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol , etc. have been

3050-506: The much smaller radiators and less fluid in the system, the weight and drag of these designs was well below contemporary air-cooled designs. On a weight basis, these liquid-cooled designs offered as much as 30% better performance. In the late- and post-war era, the high-performance field quickly moved to jet engines . This took away the primary market for late-model liquid-cooled engines. Those roles that remained with piston power were mostly slower designs and civilian aircraft. In these roles,

3111-529: The prototype suggested that it should be called the Cheetah 45, it was eventually shortened to P11 and built at the former Associated Motor Cycles factory in Woolwich , London, largely from spare parts. The first P11 (No. 121007) was completed in March 1967 and the first batch were exported to the US and launched under the advertising slogan "Dynamite on wheels". They sold well with demand outstripping supply. In 1968

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3172-481: The radiator size by 50% compared to water cooled designs. The experiments were extremely successful and by 1932 the company had switched all future designs to this coolant. At the time, Union Carbide held a monopoly on the industrial process to make glycol, so it was initially used only in the US, with Allison Engines picking it up soon after. It was not until the mid-1930s that Rolls-Royce adopted it as supplies improved, converting all of their engines to glycol. With

3233-514: The remaining 49 states. GM ( Motors Liquidation Company ) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid. According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' [non-OAT] coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine". DEX-COOL antifreeze uses two inhibitors: sebacate and 2-EHA ( 2-ethylhexanoic acid ),

3294-404: The same time as DEX-COOL). This exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in turn can aggravate the pressure cap problem as contamination holds the caps open permanently. Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolants use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while

3355-454: The simplicity and reduction in servicing needs is far more important than drag, and from the end of the war on almost all piston aviation engines have been air-cooled, with few exceptions. As of 2020 , most of the engines manufactured by Lycoming and Continental are used by major manufacturers of light aircraft Cirrus , Cessna and so on. Other engine manufactures using air-cooled engine technology are ULPower and Jabiru , more active in

3416-458: The steam through tubes located just under the skin of the wings and fuselage, where the fast moving outside air condensed it back to water. While this concept was used on a number of record-setting aircraft in the late 1930s, it always proved impractical for production aircraft for a wide variety of reasons. In 1929, Curtiss began experiments replacing water with ethylene glycol in a Curtiss D-12 engine. Glycol could run up to 250 C and reduced

3477-539: The system. Propylene glycol methyl ether is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines. It is more volatile than glycol. Once used for automotive antifreeze, glycerol has the advantage of being non-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive. It is not however used widely. Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol . Volkswagen introduced G13 (TL 774-G) antifreezes containing glycerol in 2008, marketed as better for

3538-454: The two designs roughly equal in terms of power to drag, but the air-cooled designs were almost always lighter and simpler. In 1921, the US Navy , largely due to the efforts of Commander Bruce G. Leighton , decided that the simplicity of the air-cooled design would result in less maintenance workload, which was paramount given the limited working area of aircraft carriers . Leighton's efforts led to

3599-578: The volume of water required and the size of the radiator by as much as 30%, which opened the way to a new generation of high-powered, relatively low-drag liquid cooled inline engines such as the Rolls-Royce Merlin and Daimler-Benz DB601 , which had an advantage over the unpressurized early versions of the Jumo 211 . This also led to development work attempting to eliminate the radiator entirely using evaporative cooling , allowing it to turn to steam and running

3660-424: Was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. It is cheap, nontoxic, and has a high heat capacity. It however has only a 100 Kelvin liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. To address these problems, alternative coolants with improved properties were developed. Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution, which depend on the concentration of dissolved substances. Salts lower

3721-489: Was upset by the 1929 introduction of the NACA cowl , which greatly reduced the drag of air-cooled engines in spite of their larger frontal area, and the drag related to cooling was at this point largely even. In the late 1920s into the 1930s, a number of European companies introduced cooling system that kept the water under pressure allowed it to reach much higher temperatures without boiling, carrying away more heat and thus reducing

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