Misplaced Pages

#588411

56-544: The board was previously named the Northern Region Marketing Board, a regional board that had earlier superseded the national and commodity specific Nigerian Groundnut Marketing Board after constitutional restructuring in 1954. The major revenue earner for the board was groundnut and the Northern region was one of the world's major exporter of the produce post-World War II and up to the early 1970s. Purchases by

112-405: A crown on the soil surface. Bambara is considered as a fast-growing crop. The growth cycle is between (min-max) 90–170 days and under optimal conditions the cycle is about 120–150 days to pod maturity. Flowers appear 40–60 days after planting. After pollination, the pod reaches maturity, and during another 55 days, the seeds fully develop, producing again every 30 days. Generative reproduction

168-460: A greater generation of the crop and enhance the availability to the greater population. With the generation of $ 1000 monthly incomes, the possibilities that the geocarpa groundnut offer to the economies of small-scale farming in Benin and other regions is promising. M geocarpum crops have been decreasing in production for years. The reduction is causing the adoption to halt, as farmers in regions new to

224-403: A history of religious and cultural significance for the crop is known. Although variation in regions may be present, Benin is host to a very female-empowered agriculture enterprise. Holding the main role in marketplace interactions, women have an important role in both the production and sale of their products. In southern Benin, where primary production occurs, both men and women contribute. In

280-475: A kilogram of the geocarpa groundnut could sell for $ 2–$ 4 - roughly three to five times the price of rice, and selling up to 30 bags a day produces noteworthy incomes. Specifically, incomes average $ 1000 a month for this product alone. Considering that this crop is being produced on an average of 0.48 ha of land, the underuse is evident. Increasing the area of farming land for this crop would be extremely beneficial to both producers and consumers, as it would allow for

336-522: A low level. However, insect pests can cause damage to stored grains, most importantly Bruchids . It is widely regarded as a pest and disease resistant crop. However, there is a lack of evidence to support this claim, with reports of fungal attacks by Rhizoctonia solani in Southern Thailand, and Cercospora canescens and Colletotrichum capsici in Nigeria, causing brown blotch disease . The crop

392-443: Is a small legume plant that grows to a height of 0.25–0.37m with compound leaves of three leaflets having stipules about 3 mm long. The flowers have a tube calyx about 1 mm long and 5 lobes about 1 mm long as well as a whitish yellow corolla, 4–7 mm long. The fruit is an indehiscent pod almost globose about 2.5 cm in diameter. The plant generally looks like bunched leaves arising from branched stems, which form

448-533: Is about 300 mm and optimal annual rainfall is between 750 mm and 1400 mm and should not exceed 3000 mm. Bambara groundnut can tolerate heavy rainfall, but it will result in yield losses if they happen at harvest. Before sowing, the seeds can be treated with pesticides to prevent insect and fungal attack, and being eaten by bush fowl ( Numida meleagris ). Priming the seeds with water by soaking them overnight and then drying them before sowing improves seedling emergence, vigour and yield. Sowing

504-600: Is also planted in ridges. Studies show that increased sowing density has a positive effect on production calculated on a per-area basis, but has a negative effect on per-plant yield. It is assumed that at higher sowing densities, increased competition between plants is the cause of lower pod and seed number per plant. The cropping system is semi-permanent and the Bambara groundnut can be cultivated as single crop or as intercrop . Best suited intercrops are sorghum , millet , maize , peanut , yams and cassava . Bambara groundnut

560-535: Is also susceptible to attack by cowpea weevil ( Callosobruchus maculatus ). The annual production of Bambara groundnut is estimated to be 0.2 million tonnes from an area of 0.25 million hectares worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the largest producer of Bambara groundnut, while a small quantity is produced in Southeast Asia (e.g., Thailand and Indonesia ), the United States, and Australia . Additionally,

616-694: Is an economic and affordable strategy to decrease malnutrition in Africa. The form and colour of Bambara groundnut were all important factors to optimize the best extraction yield of phytochemicals . Overall, the hulls of the crop were the optimum source of flavonoids and tannins: the brown and red hulls had the highest concentration of flavonoids compared to whole and dehulled, with the highest flavonoid concentration being rutin at 24.46 mg g−1 found in brown hulls and myricetin at 1.80 mg g−1 found in red hulls. Lastly, formulating products with higher concentration of Bambara groundnut hulls could potentially result in

SECTION 10

#1732905129589

672-408: Is as important as the crop itself, but with proper implementation the production can carry on to harvests that will bring upon wealth, both in the economical and health sides of the matter. Vigna subterranea Vigna subterranea (common names: Bambara groundnut , Bambara nut , Bambara bean , manicongo , Congo goober , earth pea , ground-bean , or hog-peanut ) is a member of

728-517: Is better as a single crop. Cultivation is mainly performed manually and is comparable to the production of peanut . The Bambara groundnut can grow on soils with low fertility and is even reported to do better on these soils than on fertile ones. Nevertheless, phosphate fertilization can have a beneficial effect. For example, the application of superphosphate can improve the yield of the Bambara groundnut. Moreover, fertilization with phosphorus enhances

784-402: Is closely linked to the interplay of human migration , trade , colonialism and agricultural practices. The Bambara groundnut is predominantly cultivated across Sub-Saharan Africa , encompassing several regions. In West Africa , it is grown in countries such as Benin , Ghana , Togo , Nigeria , Ivory Coast , Mali , Burkina Faso , Guinea-Bissau , and Senegal . In Central Africa , it

840-420: Is for the Bambara groundnut autogamous, ( self-fertilization ), and ( self-pollinating ). After self-fertilization, pale yellow flowers are borne on the freely growing branching stems; these stems then grow downwards into the soil, taking the developing seed within the pods, which makes breeding and development of new cultivars for the traits of interest difficult. The seeds will form pods encasing seeds just below

896-710: Is found in Cameroon , Chad , the Central African Republic , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Nations in East Africa like Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , Ethiopia , and Sudan also cultivate it. In Southern Africa , it is grown in countries such as Angola , Namibia , Mozambique , Zambia , and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland ). Beyond Africa, Bambara groundnut has been introduced to other continents. On

952-437: Is located in the savanna of Africa which has weather conditions that are fairly humid in the south while being semiarid in the north . It offers growing conditions for a variety of crops that can be intercropped in the differing seasons, known as the dry season and rainy season, as well as having differing climate between the north and south. Southern climate is primarily stable, maintaining temperatures between 27 and 32 °C in

1008-455: Is mainly cultivated as intercrop , however the planting density varies between 6 and 29 plants per square meter. For woodland savannas of Côte d'Ivoire, the highest yield is attainable with a plant density of 25 plants per square meter. Despite its suitability for intercropping systems due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, a non-negligible proportion of farmers grow the Bambara groundnut in monoculture and report that its performance

1064-554: Is necessary for optimum flowering and pod formation and a relative humidity of 90%. The strict photoperiod requirement of Bambara also limits its productivity in countries further away from the equator. In some accessions, long days (>12h) negatively affect pod-setting, resulting in crop failure. The genus Vigna, which includes about 80 species, is found throughout the tropics. There are considerable morphological differences between wild and domesticated types of Bambara groundnuts. Long runners are produced by wild Bambara groundnut, and

1120-416: Is often called la lentille de terre . M. geocarpum is an herbaceous annual plant and a crop of minor economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa , tolerant of drought, with a growth habit similar to that of the peanut . M. geocarpum is a pulse belonging to the legume family. It is primarily produced in western Africa, specifically in Benin and surrounding regions. It can provide nutrition, income, and

1176-506: Is thought to have originated in West Africa , particularly in areas now known as Nigeria , Cameroon , and the Central African Republic . It was domesticated by local communities and has been cultivated for centuries as an important source of nutrition and sustenance . Its cultural significance is notable among the Bambara people of Mali, from whom its common name is derived. The spread of V. subterranea beyond its native range

SECTION 20

#1732905129589

1232-445: Is to focus on seed yield and nutritional quality traits. There is a notable gap between the potential yield of 4 t/ha and the average yield of 0.85 t/ha reported for African countries. Thus, breeding should aim at improving the yield. Results of studies exhibited high protein content among the test genotypes. Similarly, high levels of essential fatty acids , thiamine , ribovin, and vitamin K were recorded. Moreover, scientists examined

1288-440: Is usually performed manually by peasant farmers in tropical Africa, but it can also be done mechanically on industrial farms using modified soya bean planters. Manual sowing is generally done using a hoe or a cutlass to open the soil. One seed is placed in each hole which are then closed. Seedbed type doesn't seem to affect yield or biomass production of Bambara groundnut. The crop can thus be planted on flat terrain, although it

1344-713: The Caribbean , it is grown in Dominican Republic where it is known as " manicongo ", it was once common in local markets but has since declined in prevalence over the past decades. This particular lineage, descends from seeds that were carried to the Americas by enslaved people during the Atlantic slave trade and the Age of Discovery . Bambara groundnut is a herbaceous, intermediate, annual plant, with creeping stems at ground level. It

1400-813: The Indian Ocean Islands , it is found in Madagascar , where it is known locally as voanjobory or voanjabory and remains an important component of traditional cuisine. It is also cultivated in Mauritius and the Comoro Islands . In Asia , it is cultivated in India , particularly in the state of Karnataka , and in Indonesia , especially on the island of Java . In Australasia , it is grown in Papua New Guinea . In

1456-530: The Vigna subterranea can reduce protein digestibility, affecting bioavailability of amino acids by up to 50%, as well as lowering digestibility and bioavailability of other nutrients. ANFs include enzyme inhibitors , flatulence factors, tannins , phytic acid and saponins . ANFs can be removed or lowered by a variety of treatments: The seeds are used for food, beverages because of their high protein content and for digestive system applications. In West Africa,

1512-572: The 1960s and early 1970s, the producer price was competitively lower than its competition in Niger Republic, this induced smuggling or producers shifting to plant other crops, in addition, a drought in the Sahel region affected production lowering the volume of purchase by the board. Macrotyloma geocarpum Macrotyloma geocarpum is also known as the ground bean , geocarpa groundnut , Hausa groundnut , or Kersting's groundnut . In French, it

1568-536: The Democratic Republic of the Congo with a total production of 0.06, 0.05, 0.04, 0.03, 0.02, and 0.01 million tonnes, respectively. The yield level of Bambara groundnut in Africa varies from 0.6 to 1 tonne per hectare, depending on variety and production conditions. However, unshelled mean yields of up to 3 tonnes per hectare were reported when cultivating some landraces in the transition agro-ecological zone in Nigeria . A low mean yield of 0.85 tonnes per hectare

1624-607: The Hausa to turn to cotton production. However, the Hausa had sufficient agricultural expertise to realize cotton required more labor and the European prices offered for groundnuts were more attractive than those for cotton. "Within two years, the peasant farmers of Hausaland were producing so many tonnes of groundnuts that the railway was unable to cope with the traffic. As a result, the European merchants in Kano had to stockpile sacks of groundnuts in

1680-564: The ability to alleviate hunger given the further production and enhancement of current practices. Yields reach 500 kg/ha (450 lb/acre) in dry seed. Following the construction of the Nigerian railway system , which extended from Lagos in 1896 to Ibadan in 1900 and Kano in 1911, the Hausa of northern Nigeria became major producers of groundnuts. They surprised the British, who had expected

1736-477: The bean is not cooked enough, it can cause bloating of the stomach, constipation and flatulence. In South Eastern Nigeria, particularly in Enugu, the dried Bambara beans are ground into a fine powder, then mixed with palm oil, water and, more rarely, vegetables (e.g., utazi), then poured into banana leaf wraps or one-liter cellophane bags before being boiled into a pudding to make okpa , a common breakfast food. During

Northern Nigeria Marketing Board - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-541: The board included price stabilization through the means of setting a fixed price for each buying seasons and to minimize fluctuations in prices. It also included promotion of agricultural research and development, purchase of export commodities, fixing prices for all grades of groundnuts, cotton, benniseeds , oil palm , soya beans and Cocoa within the Northern Region, appointment of license buying agents and marketing, shipping, and storage of export products. A key part of

1848-552: The board increased from 178,000 tonnes in the 1949/1950 buying season to 787,000 tonnes in the 1963/1964 season. In the 1960s, excess funds of the board was contributed funds to the development of Ahmadu Bello University , Hamdala Hotel, Kaduna, Kaduna Textiles, and Bank of the North. The board is now defunct. The board's history dates back to 1949 when the colonial government initiated a statutory monopoly institution for groundnut marketing. In 1954, self government became established within

1904-449: The chemical properties of starches in Bambara groundnut. The results revealed that seed source and crop management practices affected chemical composition. Food fortification, the use of artificial supplements, and food imports are among the strategies used to overcome the problem of malnutrition in Africa. The adoption of traditional plant breeding methods to enhance nutritional benefits of locally grown food crops such as Bambara groundnut

1960-474: The crop are unwilling to take chances with crops not seen to be a feasible option. With proper implementation and production practices, these constraints can be lifted. One problem is that it is viewed as crop for elders to farm; a reduction in plantation has been occurring and will continue to decrease unless wider adoption is met. Further education in agriculture practices could alleviate this issue. Rusts and mildews can be problematic diseases for this crop in

2016-741: The crop is cultivated in Brazil , where it was putatively introduced in the 1600s with the slave trade. West Africa is the main Bambara groundnut production region in SSA, where Burkina Faso, Niger, and Cameroon are the leading producers, contributing to 74% of global production. However, it was reported by Ghanaian farmers to contribute neither to a large part of the subsistence food nor of the income. World production of Vigna subterranea increased from 29,800 tonnes in 1972 to 79,155 tonnes in 2015. The top six Bambara groundnut producing countries in Africa in 2018 include Burkina Faso , Niger, Cameroon , Mali, Togo and

2072-410: The crop's nitrogen fixation and increases its nitrogen content. The Bambara bean typically takes about 130–150 days to mature, but early or late harvests only marginally reduce the yield. The pods, which grow belowground, are harvested manually by pulling out the whole crop and picking the pods by hand. Then, they are usually dried in the sun for some days. Post-harvest losses are reported to be on

2128-413: The diet and culture of populations. The leaves, rich in phosphorus, are used for livestock feed. Seeds are given to pigs and poultry. The Bambara groundnut is used in some traditional African medicine . There are genetic resources available for breeding since around 6145 germplasms of the Bambara groundnut have been collected and are stored ex situ. The primary goal of Bambara improvement programs

2184-466: The family Fabaceae . Its name is derived from the Bambara ethnic group . The plant originated in West Africa . As a food and source of income, the Bambara groundnut is considered to be the third most important leguminous crop in those African countries where it is grown, after peanut and cowpea . The crop is mainly cultivated, sold and processed by women, and is, thus, particularly valuable for female subsistence farmers. Bambara groundnut represents

2240-422: The harvest easier and prevent rotting of the pods. Stony areas are typically avoided to prevent damage of the pods. Optimal soil depth is between 50 and 100 cm, with a light soil texture . Soil fertility should be low and soil pH is best suited between 5 and 6.5 and should not be lower than 4.3 or higher than 7. Bambara groundnut is tolerant to salinity , but high sodium chloride concentration in

2296-399: The initial purpose of the marketing board was price stability, fixing producer prices whereby excess surplus is saved during rainy times to be used to subsidize farmers during lean times. However, in 1962, this policy was changed and surplus was mandated to be used for developmental purposes. Between the years 1947 to 1961, the surplus earning of the firm was approximately, 32 million pounds. In

Northern Nigeria Marketing Board - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-413: The more humid parts of its range. M. geocarpum is indigenous to west Africa, but is not widely grown there, and shows low levels of morphological variation. The need to maintain genetic diversity and food security by continuing to grow this crop throughout its historical range may be more important than promoting its adoption in new regions. It is most widely grown where markets for it exist and where

2408-447: The north, however, operations run by primarily females are dominant. Women contribute to the production of many underused crop species in Benin more than their counterparts, and the increase in production could enhance the position and empowerment of women in Africa. The geocarpa groundnut can be rotated with other species, thus reducing the risk of health degradation to soils. Producing as much as possible without degrading soil quality

2464-427: The nuts are eaten as a snack, roasted and salted, processed into cake, or as a meal, boiled similarly to other beans. The Bambara groundnut needs to be cooked for a relatively long time, which means that more fuel is needed than for cooking other legumes. The cooking time for fresh beans is 45–60 minutes, and dry beans may even take 3–4 hours. This presents an obstacle to a more widespread use of this crop. Moreover, if

2520-451: The process of biological nitrogen fixation . Its potential to be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer in agriculture has been investigated for many years. The process is also very important to improve soil fertility and to supply other non-leguminous crops with the nitrogen left in the soil after the legume is harvested. Optimal soils for Bambara groundnut production are sandy soils to prevent waterlogging . Well-drained soils make

2576-405: The rainy season in many parts of central Nigeria, the fresh Bambara beans are cooked with their shells still on them, then eaten as a snack. Bambara groundnut milk can be fermented with lactic acid bacteria to make a probiotic beverage that not only increase the economic value of the nutritious legume but also help in addressing malnutrition . The Bambara groundnut plays an important role in

2632-412: The red hull resulted in having with the highest concentrations of chlorogenic and ellagic acid among tannin compounds. Bambara groundnut has nutritive value ranging between 57.9% to 64% carbohydrate and 24.0% to 25.5% protein content. In comparison, soybean ( Glycine max ) and chickpea ( Cicer ariteneum ) have 27% and 61% of carbohydrates. The presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in

2688-412: The regions and the groundnut board became the foundation for the Northern Region Marketing Board. About 32 million pounds from the groundnut board was transferred to the new regional organization. In 1962, the organization began drawing funds through the means of a commercial bill issued drawn on the national produce and marketing company, exporters of the produce to Europe. Some aims and functions of

2744-509: The seeds are smaller (9–11 mm long) and more uniform in size. The pods are thin and do not wrinkle when drying. Domesticated versions are more compact, have fleshy pods that wrinkle as they dry, with longer, less slender, and more erect petioles, and larger seeds (11–15 mm long). Wild and domesticated types are sometimes distinguished as var. spontanea (Harms) Hepper (wild) and var. subterranea (cultivated). Like many other legumes , Bambara groundnut fixes atmospheric nitrogen through

2800-458: The soil will result in yield losses. The production is best suited between a latitude of 20° and 30°, i.e. the tropical wet and dry ( Aw ) and the subtropical dry summer ( Cs ) climate zones. Optimal temperature is between 19 °C and 30 °C. Temperatures below 16 °C and above 38 °C are not suited for the production of Bambara groundnut. The Bambara groundnut is very drought-resistant. The minimal annual rainfall requirement

2856-453: The soil. The pods are round, wrinkled and each contains one or two seeds that are round, smooth and very hard when dried.The seeds may be cream colored, brown, red, mottled or black eyed and their size is about 8.5–15 mm × 6.5–10 mm × 5.5–9 mm. Several factors are essential for promoting cross-pollination in Bambara and these include a proper nursery habitat, short day lengths (<12h), an average temperature of 26 °C, which

SECTION 50

#1732905129589

2912-490: The south west of Burkina Faso. The geocarpa groundnut pod develops in the ground in pods in regions in Benin under the previously noted climate conditions. The growing conditions that allow for the success of the groundnut are seen in several countries across Africa in the savanna. While the groundnut provides nutrition and the potential to alleviate hunger in Africa, it also offers potential to reduce poverty by contributing economically to small-scale farmers. In Benin in 2012,

2968-770: The streets." This is a great example of the African initiative taken by peasant producers to adapt to a cash economy. It is not clear, however, whether the "Hausa groundnut", M. geocarpum , was the groundnut being produced in such significant numbers, as peanuts and Bambara groundnuts are also grown in the region. M. geocarpum is noted for relatively low yields, but high protein content and desirable flavour. Per 100g of dried seed, it consists of 9.7 g of water, 348 kcal, 19.4 g protein, 1.1 g fat, 66.6 g carbohydrates, 5.5 g fibre, 103 mg calcium, 392 mg phosphorus, 15 mg iron, 0.76 mg thiamin, 0.19 mg riboflavin, and 2.3 mg niacin. Leaves can also be eaten. Benin

3024-535: The third most important grain legume in semi-arid Africa. It is resistant to high temperatures and is suitable for marginal soils where other leguminous crops cannot be grown. It is a low-impact crop. The entire plant is known for soil improvement because of nitrogen fixation. Vigna subterranea is geocarpy which ripens its pods underground, much like the peanut (also called a groundnut ). They can be eaten fresh or boiled after drying, and can be ground either fresh or dry to make puddings . The Bambara groundnut

3080-411: The warmest season and 22 to 25 °C during the colder season. In the north, temperatures fluctuate between 27 and 32 °C in the dry season and 25 to 27 °C during the lowest season. Mergeai notes that cultivated forms of Kersting's groundnut are known, but not commonly grown, in coastal African nations from Senegal to Nigeria. Tamini records the declining cultivation of Kersting's groundnut in

3136-573: Was reported in Ghana under good management practices close to yield levels of other legumes such as cowpeas (0.80 tonnes per hecatare) and pigeon peas (0.78 tonnes per hectare). This nutrient-dense legume is sometimes termed a “complete food” due to its balanced macronutrient composition. It is considered to be a neglected and underutilized food source in Benin . The brown hull showed the highest concentrations of rutin and myricetin among flavonoids , while

#588411