24-684: Elizabethan victory Earl of Westmorland Earl of Northumberland [REDACTED] Countess of Westmorland Countess of Northumberland (1538-1596) The Rising of the North of 1569, also called the Revolt of the Northern Earls or Northern Rebellion , was an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots . Elizabeth I succeeded her half-sister Mary I as queen of England in 1558. Elizabeth's accession
48-500: A busy worker to receive the rebels. Two of the leaders, the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, had fled into Scotland. Northumberland was captured by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton , and turned over to Elizabeth in 1572, who had him beheaded at York. After having been hidden at Ferniehirst Castle , Westmorland escaped to Flanders, where he died impoverished. His family lost their ancestral homes and his wife, Jane Howard , also fled to
72-556: A force of 700 English fugitives in the seaports of Flanders, who with the army of 103 companies of foot and 4000 horse, making together 30,000 men under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma ; and besides 12,000 men brought by the Duke of Guise to the coast of Normandy, intended for an attack on the West of England, under cover and protection of the Spanish Armada . Westmorland fled, to live in exile on
96-723: A long time at Fernyhurst Castle , Lord Kerr's house in Roxburghshire , but meanwhile, the Earl's cousin, Robert Constable , was hired by Sir Ralph Sadler to endeavour to track the unfortunate nobleman, and under the guise of friendship to betray him. Constable's correspondence appears among the Sadler State papers – an infamous memorial of treachery and baseness. Westmorland was at Huntly Castle in July 1570. After Northumberland had been captured and turned over to Elizabeth in 1572, Westmorland feared
120-531: A similar betrayal and left for Flanders , where he suffered the extremity of poverty. He would never see his wife, Jane Howard (died 1593) and their son and four daughters again. His vast inheritance was confiscated; Brancepeth , the stronghold of the Nevilles in war, and Raby , their festive Hall in peace, had passed into strangers' hands. A spy report sent from Paris to London in August 1585 states that Charles Neville,
144-445: A wooden tower surrounded by a pale (or pele). The first stone structure on the site was built in 1129 by Ivo, his grandson. The building grew to become a large pele tower and in the 14th century after William de Greystoke obtained a royal licence to castellate it, the castle was further enlarged. In 1571 the castle was in the ownership of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England through his marriage into
168-545: Is in the village of Greystoke 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Penrith in the county of Cumbria in northern England . ( grid reference NY435309 ). It is owned by the Howard family and is a private residence including a castle and family estate with no public access. In 1069, after the Norman conquest the English landlord Ligulf de Greystoke was re-granted his land and he built
192-499: The Dacre family , who had been the previous owners. The Howards were Catholics and Royalists and as a consequence during the Civil War the castle was laid waste by Parliamentarians under General Lambert in 1648. The castle was enlarged and altered in 1789. Then between 1838 and 1848, the castle was rebuilt to a design by Anthony Salvin , incorporating the older structures including
216-631: The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis , but the document did not arrive until the rebellion had been suppressed. The bull gave Elizabeth more reason to view Catholics with suspicion. It inspired conspiracies to assassinate her, starting with the Ridolfi plot. In 1587, Elizabeth brought Mary, Queen of Scots , to trial for treason ; she was convicted by the court and executed. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland (18 August 1542 – 16 November 1601)
240-713: The Catholic Howard family, Westmorland opposed Queen Elizabeth I 's Protestant policies and, in November 1569 he joined Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland in the Northern Rebellion against the Queen. The rebels captured Durham , and held a Catholic mass . Forces loyal to the queen mustered and crushed the rebellion, which failed in its attempt to rescue Mary, Queen of Scots from prison. The two earls escaped to Scotland . Westmorland found protection and concealment for
264-701: The Continent. She lived the rest of her life under house arrest. Her brother, the Duke of Norfolk, was first imprisoned, then pardoned. He was imprisoned again following the Ridolfi plot in 1571 and finally executed in 1572. Norfolk's treason charges included "comforting and relieving of the English rebels that stirred the Rebellion in the North since they have fled out of the realm." Altogether, 600 supporters of Mary were executed, while many others fled into exile. Queen Elizabeth declared martial law, exacting terrible retribution on
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#1732876136405288-418: The Continent; he was attainted by Parliament in 1571 ( Attainders of Earl of Westmorland and others Act 1571 ). He survived on a small pension from Philip II of Spain . George More wrote from Liège to William Cecil seeking religious toleration and the Earl's rehabilitation in August 1597. Westmorland died penniless and largely forgotten on 16 November 1601. Greystoke Castle Greystoke Castle
312-456: The appearance of good relations with the Queen. He held out against a siege of the royal army under Baron Hunsdon but then attacked the retreating army at Gelt River . Though Hunsdon was outnumbered, he charged Dacre's foot with his cavalry, killing 300–400 and capturing 200–300 men. Dacre escaped via Scotland to Brussels , where he died in exile. Some of the rebels escaped into Scotland. Regent Mar wrote that Agnes Gray, Lady Home , had been
336-552: The fugitive Earl of Westmorland, might, as part of a concerted Catholic invasion of England, land in Cumberland or Lancashire , bringing with him the son or sons of Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland . Historians are obliged to wonder which son(s) the report means, as sources indicate that all sons were in England at the time of their father's mysterious death (possibly murder, possibly suicide) in 1585. In 1588, Westmorland commanded
360-413: The latter's untimely death in 1569, this had descended to his sisters, all married to sons of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk . Dacre returned to Northern England, ostensibly a faithful partisan of Elizabeth, but his intentions remain unclear. After the retreat of the rebels, he seized Greystoke Castle and fortified his own Naworth Castle , where he gathered 3,000 Cumbrian troops and tried to keep up
384-488: The ordinary folk of the Yorkshire Dales, despite the lack of any popular support for the Earls' Rising, with her demand for at least 700 executions. The victims of this purge were, as a contemporary account said "wholly of the meanest sort of people", so that hardly a village escaped the sight of a public hanging. In 1570, Pope Pius V had tried to aid the rebellion by excommunicating Elizabeth and declaring her deposed in
408-482: The pele tower, and the estates were developed by Charles Howard into a modern farm. In 1868 the house caught fire and many treasures and works of art were lost. However, the castle was rebuilt under Henry Howard , again by Salvin. During the Second World War , the army requisitioned the castle and estate as a tank drivers' training area. The castle itself became a prisoner of war camp . Consequently, much damage
432-527: The population, supported Mary's claim as a way to restore Roman Catholicism. This position was especially strong in Northern England , where several powerful nobles were Roman Catholics; there had been similar risings against Henry VIII; the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 and Bigod's Rebellion of 1537. Supporters of Mary hoped for aid from France (among Scots) and possibly Spain (among English). Mary's position
456-453: The rebels marched south to Bramham Moor , while Elizabeth struggled to raise forces sufficient to confront them. But, hearing of a large force being raised by the Earl of Sussex , the rebels abandoned plans to besiege York , and captured Barnard Castle instead. They proceeded to Clifford Moor, but found little popular support. Sussex marched out from York on 13 December 1569 with 10,000 men against
480-416: The rebels' 6,000, and was followed by 12,000 men under Baron Clinton . The rebel earls retreated northward and finally dispersed their forces, fleeing into Scotland. A questionable role in the rebellion was played by Leonard Dacre , an early sympathiser of Mary. At the outbreak of the rebellion, he travelled to Elizabeth's court at Windsor to claim the heritage of his young nephew, the 5th Baron Dacre. After
504-549: Was an English nobleman and one of the leaders of the Rising of the North in 1569. He was the son of Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland and Lady Anne Manners, second daughter of Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland . In 1563, he married Jane Howard , daughter of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey , and Frances de Vere, Countess of Surrey . She was the sister of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , and Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton . A Catholic by upbringing, and allied to
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#1732876136405528-468: Was disputed due to the questioned legitimacy of the marriage of her parents ( Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn ), and Elizabeth's own questioned legitimacy due to the Act of Succession 1536 . Under Henry VIII and his advisor Thomas Cromwell , power was gradually shifted from regional institutions to royal control. This course was encouraged by Elizabeth's counsellors such as William Cecil and a policy of centralization
552-683: Was strengthened by the birth of her son, James , in 1566 but weakened again when she was deposed in July 1567. Following this, she fled to England and at the time of the Rising was in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury , on Elizabeth's orders. The rebellion was led by Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland , and Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland . Seven hundred soldiers assembled at Brancepeth Castle . In November 1569 Westmorland and Northumberland occupied Durham . Thomas Plumtree (see right) celebrated Mass in Durham Cathedral . From Durham,
576-413: Was the approach favoured by Elizabeth herself at least in regards to the northern border region. Opponents of Elizabeth looked to Mary, Queen of Scots , the descendant of Henry VIII's sister Margaret . The claims were initially put forward by Mary's father-in-law, King Henry II of France , and Mary upheld them after her return to Scotland in 1561. Many English Catholics , then a significant portion of
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